胡菊英 胡俊
名詞性從句,是指在復合句中性質(zhì)相當于名詞的從句。它包括主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。歷年全國各省市高考試題對名詞性從句都考查較多。
例1 (2013·重慶卷)That struck me most in the movie was the fathers deep love for his son.
解析 That→What。此題考查主語從句,what在從句中充當主語。
例2 (2015·全國卷Ⅱ)After looking at the toy for some time, he turned around and found where his parents were missing.
解析 where→that,或去掉where。此題考查賓語從句,that在句中不充當任何成分,可以省略。
例3 (2014·北京卷) The best moment for the football star was _____ he scored the winning goal.
解析 when??疾楸碚Z從句。句意:對一個足球明星來說,進球得分的時刻是最好的時刻。根據(jù)題干中的moment一詞推斷,后面說的應(yīng)該是“……的時候”。
例4 (2012·浙江卷) I made a promise to myself _______ this year, my first year in high school, would be different.
解析 that。此題考查同位語從句。句意:我對自己作出了承諾,今年——我讀中學的第一年——將會有所不同。that引導的從句是對promise進行解釋和說明,that在句中不充當任何成分,通常不能省略。
縱觀歷年高考試題,我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)名詞性從句考查的焦點主要在以下幾個方面:
[that與what的區(qū)別]
1. 連詞that在引導名詞性從句時本身沒有意義,在從句中不充當任何句子成分。
that引導主語從句位于句首時,that無意義,但是不可省略。如:That you didnt know the rules wont be an excuse for your failure.
that引導表語從句時,一般不省略。如:My decision is that all of us are to start at 6 oclock tomorrow morning.
that引導同位語從句時,應(yīng)在某些抽象名詞如fact, hope, desire, thought, suggestion, idea, news, problem, possibility等后,對前面的名詞起補充說明的作用,在從句中不充當任何成分,一般不省略。如:Modern science has given clear evidence that smoking can lead to many diseases.
that引導賓語從句時,在句中不充當任何成分,在口語或非正式的文體中常被省去,但如果從句是并列句,第二個分句前的that不可省略。如:He said (that) he liked rain very much and that he wouldnt use an umbrella when it was raining.
2. 連詞what引導名詞性從句時,what在從句中充當主語、賓語、表語等。如:
What matters most in learning English is enough practice. (主語)
What he considered a great proposal was turned down by the boss. (賓語)
China is no longer what she used to be. (表語)
[名詞性從句的語序、時態(tài)問題]
由who, whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whichever等關(guān)聯(lián)詞引導的名詞性從句,應(yīng)注意句子要用陳述語序。如:
Scientists study how human brains work to make computers.
I want to know what he has told you.
She always thinks of how she can work well.
在含有賓語從句的主從復合句中,當主句的謂語動詞是過去時態(tài)時,從句須用表示過去的某種時態(tài);當賓語從句表述的是客觀事實、科學真理以及格言等時,其時態(tài)不受主句限制,常用一般現(xiàn)在時;當主句的時態(tài)是一般現(xiàn)在時、現(xiàn)在進行時、現(xiàn)在完成時等,從句可根據(jù)情況選用各種適合的時態(tài)。如:
He asked when they would go to the party.
The teacher told us that light travels faster than sound.
Do you know he has gone to Beijing?
[it作形式主語/賓語的用法]
1. that引導主語從句時,常用it作形式主語,常見的句型有:
it+be+形容詞(obvious, natural, surprising, good, wonderful, possible, etc.)+that從句。如:It is obvious that they should get well prepared for their future.
it+be+名詞詞組(no wonder, an honor, a good thing, a pity)+that從句。如:He plays computers all day. It is no wonder that he failed to pass the test.
it+be+過去分詞(said, reported, thought, expected, announced, etc.)+that從句。如:It is decided that the meeting has been put off till next Monday.
2. 特殊疑問詞引導主語從句,常用it作形式主語。如:It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting.
3. 在可以接復合賓語的動詞之后,如think, make, consider等,可以用it作形式賓語。如:He has made it clear that he will not give in.
[whether與if的區(qū)別]
whether和if在賓語從句中經(jīng)??梢曰Q,但下列情況常用whether,不用if。
1. 與or或or not連用時只能用whether。如:He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not.
2. 從句作介詞賓語時只能用whether。如:It depends on whether you can do the work well.
3. 在引導主語從句、表語從句和同位語從句時一般用whether不用if。如:
It doesnt matter whether you pay by cash or credit card in this store.
The question is whether it is worth trying.
[“疑問詞+ever”引導的名詞性從句]
1. “疑問詞+ever”可引導名詞性從句,在主從句中要充當一定的成分。whoever與whatever表示泛指,意為“無論誰”“無論什么”;whichever表示在特定范圍內(nèi)選擇,意為“無論……的哪一個/哪一些”。如:
There are various things on sale, so you can choose whatever interests you.
We have plenty of books. You may take whichever you like.
2. “疑問詞+ever”還可以引導讓步狀語從句。
3. “no matter+疑問詞”只能引導讓步狀語從句。
[名詞性從句中的虛擬語氣]
1. 表示“建議、要求、請求或命令”等意義的詞出現(xiàn)在主語、表語和同位語從句中時,謂語要用“should+動詞原形”的虛擬結(jié)構(gòu),should可以省略。如:
Its suggested that one (should) take exercise every day. (主語從句)
His suggestion is that you (should) take measures at once. (表語從句)
He made a suggestion that you (should) take measures at once. (同位語從句)
2. 在主語從句中,表示“做某事很重要、很必要、很遺憾或者很奇怪”時,謂語也要用“should +動詞原形”,should可以省略。如:
Its important/necessary that we (should) learn English well.
Its a pity that he (should) be late again.
[考查同位語從句與定語從句的區(qū)別]
同位語從句是對前面名詞的內(nèi)容作進一步的解釋、說明,引導詞that只起引導作用,在句中不作任何成分,一般不可省略;定語從句是對前面名詞進行修飾、限制,引導詞在句中作一定的句子成分,作賓語時可以省略。如:
The news that they had won the game soon spread over the whole school.
他們贏得比賽的消息很快就傳遍了整個學校。(同位語從句,進一步解釋the news的內(nèi)容)
The news (that) you told me yesterday was really disappointing.
你昨天告訴我的消息真的很令人失望。(定語從句,它指的是“你昨天告訴我的那個消息”)