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中考閱讀理解填詞題型分析及解題技巧

2016-05-14 17:16姜經(jīng)志
關(guān)鍵詞:空格全文短文

姜經(jīng)志

短文填空是近年來全國各省市中考中的常見題型。主要有選詞填空型、首字母填空型、自由填空型、動(dòng)詞填空型、短語句子填空型等類型。本文結(jié)合中考英語試題分述如下:

【應(yīng)對(duì)策略】

中考英語試題中的“選詞填空型”短文填空要求考生利用所給的單詞(一般有名詞、代詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞、數(shù)詞、冠詞、介詞和連詞等)補(bǔ)全一篇有空缺的短文。要想提高此類題型的答題準(zhǔn)確率,考生除了要進(jìn)行大量的課外閱讀,積累豐富的語言知識(shí)外,還需掌握一定的解題技巧。做好這類題,主要從以下幾個(gè)方面入手:

1. 通讀全文,明確大意。

越過空格,通讀全文,理順題意,找到關(guān)鍵信息(暗示詞)。要填的單詞肯定是在一定的語言環(huán)境中才能確定。只有了解了短文大意,把握了全文的主導(dǎo)方向,才能正確理解空缺詞所在的句子,縮小詞的選擇范圍。

2. 根據(jù)語法,判定詞性。

一般的空缺都可以通過其所在的句式結(jié)構(gòu)和句法成分來判斷其詞性,從而進(jìn)一步縮小詞的選擇范圍。

3. 利用語境,確定詞形。

確定了一個(gè)單詞的詞性后,可通過上下文來幫助確定其形式。如動(dòng)詞的數(shù)、時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)、不定式、-ing形式;名詞的數(shù)和所有格;代詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)及各種形式;形容詞、副詞的比較級(jí)以及基數(shù)詞、序數(shù)詞的轉(zhuǎn)換形式等。

4. 復(fù)讀全文,驗(yàn)證答案。

填完單詞后,不要孤立地逐個(gè)詞檢查,應(yīng)復(fù)讀全文,仔細(xì)檢查所填單詞是否符合文章的意思,讀起來是否流暢、合乎句法等。發(fā)現(xiàn)問題應(yīng)及時(shí)更正。通過復(fù)讀全文,很可能利用語感將個(gè)別特別難的空缺順口“讀”出來。復(fù)讀時(shí)注意“三審”:一審語法、詞匯對(duì)不對(duì);二審邏輯關(guān)系順不順;三審有沒有筆誤。

【典型例題】

用方框中所給單詞的適當(dāng)形式填空,使短文通順、意思完整,每空限填一詞,每詞限用一次。方框中有兩個(gè)詞是多余的。

After a quick breakfast, I went into the lecture hall in a hurry. A famous teacher was 1 to the students. He was holding up a $100 bill. Then he said to the three hundred students, “Who would like this $100 bill?” The students put up 2 hands at once. Then he said, “I am going to give this $100 bill to one of you, but 3 , let me do this.” He made the bill into a ball. Then he said, “Who 4 it now?” The hands went back into the air. “Well,” he said, “what if I do this?” And he 5 it on the floor and stepped on it. He picked up the 6 bill and said, “Who still wants it?” Hands went back again into the air.

“My friends,” he said, “you have learned a valuable (有價(jià)值的) 7 today. No matter what I did to the $100 bill!Many 8 in our life, we are dropped and stepped on. We feel as if we are worth nothing. But remember, no matter what 9 happened to you, you will never lose your value: You are 10 valuable to those people who love you. Your value doesnt come from what you do or whom you know, but who you are.”

【答案與解析】

短文內(nèi)容是關(guān)于一位著名的教師給學(xué)生上了一堂很有價(jià)值的課,使學(xué)生終身受益。

1. speaking。表示“和某人講話”,應(yīng)用speak to sb.,此處是過去進(jìn)行時(shí),故填speaking。

2. their。代替students應(yīng)用形容詞性物主代詞their。

3. first。根據(jù)句意,此處應(yīng)用序數(shù)詞first,意為“首先”。

4. wants。主語Who是單數(shù),故應(yīng)填wants。

5. dropped。表示“扔到地上”的“扔”,應(yīng)用drop,根據(jù)上下文,此處應(yīng)用其過去式dropped。

6. dirty。用腳踩過之后,$100鈔票是臟的。故用填dirty。

7. lesson。該句意為“你們已經(jīng)上了一堂很有價(jià)值的課”,表示“課”應(yīng)用lesson。

8. times。表示“次數(shù)”,many后應(yīng)用times。 9. has。疑問詞what作主語,謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù),故此處應(yīng)用助動(dòng)詞has。

10. always。表示“一直”、“總是”應(yīng)用always。

【應(yīng)對(duì)策略】中考英語試題中的“首字母填空型”短文填空的具體要求是根據(jù)句意和已給的首字母,在句子的空白處填上適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~,使句子意思完整、語法正確。文章中提供的首字母同時(shí)起著提示和限定的作用。該題型既考查學(xué)生的單詞記憶和拼寫能力,又考查學(xué)生對(duì)句子的理解和運(yùn)用能力。做好這類題,主要從以下幾個(gè)方面入手:

1. 通讀全句,把握句意。

我們可以先跳過空格粗讀短文,盡量理解文章的內(nèi)容,為填寫意思相符的答案做好準(zhǔn)備。只有文章意思清楚了,才可能根據(jù)文意進(jìn)行合理的判斷,從而有可能突然產(chǎn)生“靈感”,將斷層點(diǎn)的意義信息比較準(zhǔn)確地反映出來。

2. 注意精讀,反復(fù)琢磨。

掌握大意后,還應(yīng)逐詞地仔細(xì)閱讀,從文章中找出句與文、句與句、詞與句、詞與詞之間的關(guān)系,以便初步確定答案。做這類題,有的可根據(jù)固定用法來判斷,有的可通過上下文意思來判斷。遇到難詞時(shí),就抓住空詞句及其前后的句子反復(fù)推敲、再三琢磨該詞在句中的作用,由此判斷出該詞的意義。

3. 把握詞義,填寫準(zhǔn)確。

這里的“準(zhǔn)確”應(yīng)包括:

(1)符合要求。即所填單詞必須以規(guī)定字母開頭。

(2)符合意思。既符合整篇文章的基調(diào),更符合所在句子的含義,不可出現(xiàn)意義斷層,說東道西的情況。

(3)符合語法。意義相符了,單詞選準(zhǔn)了,還要注意所填單詞是否要作詞形變化,如名詞是否要用復(fù)數(shù)形式,形容詞是否要用比較級(jí),動(dòng)詞是否要變時(shí)態(tài)等。

4. 復(fù)讀全文,驗(yàn)證答案。

看所填單詞是不是最佳單詞,拼寫是否準(zhǔn)確無誤,詞形是否要作必要的變化,短文是否前后連貫一致,情節(jié)發(fā)展是否合理,議論是否合乎邏輯等。在檢查時(shí),同學(xué)們應(yīng)從詞法、句法、慣用法等方面考慮答案的準(zhǔn)確性,做到含義、形式都正確。

【典型例題】

根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容及首字母提示,寫出所缺單詞,補(bǔ)全短文,使短文完整通順。

Think about two people you know. How would you describe their personalities? Are they the s 1 ? Of course not!Everyone is different. Even identical twins have different personalities.

Some people are very outgoing (外向的) and friendly. They like to be w 2 other people all the time. Maybe they like to be the centre of attention. And some people are quiet—maybe even s 3 . They can be friendly, too. But they like to be alone or with just a f 4 friends.

Some people worry a lot. They may worry about many things, such as their jobs, their families and anything that may happen in the future. H 5 , some people dont worry about anything!They n 6 mind what is going on next. These people are very relaxed.

Some people are hard-working. They always do their b 7 . But some people are lazy. They dont care about d 8 things right or getting things done on time. Hard-working people always get more chances than those lazy o 9 in life.

And dont f 10 this: Everyone is different. That means you are special!

【答案與解析】

短文內(nèi)容是關(guān)于如何描述兩個(gè)人的個(gè)性特征。

1. same。the same意為“相同的”。same前通常要加定冠詞the。

2. with。be with other people意為“與別人在一起”。

3. shy。一些人很文靜,甚至害羞。表示“害羞”應(yīng)用shy。

4. few。a few相當(dāng)于some,表示“一些”、“幾個(gè)”。

5. However。表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系,“然而”應(yīng)用however。

6. never。表示“從不”用never。

7. best。do ones best意為“盡最大努力”。 8. doing。about是介詞,其后應(yīng)用動(dòng)詞的-ing形式。

9. ones。代詞ones此處代替people。

10. forget。表示“忘記”,此處應(yīng)用forget。

【應(yīng)試策略】中考英語試題中的“自由填空型”短文填空的特點(diǎn)是將一篇短文中的若干個(gè)詞抽出后,不給任何提示,完全由考生根據(jù)短文的意思,在每個(gè)空格中填上一個(gè)單詞,使短文意思完整。

解答此類題目時(shí),考生所填的詞在詞義上要能使短文意思順理成章,在語法邏輯上正確無誤。因此,做好這類題,主要從以下幾個(gè)方面入手:

1. 通讀短文,掌握大意。

先讀懂短文,掌握其大意,然后再根據(jù)詞匯和語法知識(shí),結(jié)合文章的內(nèi)容和上下句結(jié)構(gòu)填入適當(dāng)?shù)脑~語(有時(shí)會(huì)出現(xiàn)多個(gè)答案)。

2. 細(xì)讀短文,確定答案。

在理解文章大意的基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)所填詞語進(jìn)行反復(fù)推敲。注意:可數(shù)與不可數(shù)名詞;名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)、形容詞、副詞的級(jí)別變化;人稱代詞、物主代詞和反身代詞之間的轉(zhuǎn)換以及不定代詞的用法;連詞的正確使用;各類詞語之間的轉(zhuǎn)換。

3. 仔細(xì)核實(shí)所填詞語。

在填完后要仔細(xì)核實(shí)所填詞語的拼寫是否正確,大小寫是否恰當(dāng);句子結(jié)構(gòu)是否正確,前后意思是否連貫;全文是否通順。若發(fā)現(xiàn)問題根據(jù)所學(xué)的詞匯和語法知識(shí)重新推敲,最終敲定答案。

【典型例題】

根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容,在短文中的空格處填上一個(gè)恰當(dāng)?shù)脑~,使短文完整、通順。

Tang Ling often smoked cigarettes (香煙) in his schools washing room. He started smoking 1 the age of 14. One day he learnt that the NBA star Yan Ming, an ambassador (大使) to the Chinese Association on Tobacco Control (中國控?zé)焻f(xié)會(huì)), asked people not to smoke. Yan Ming was Tangs favorite star, 2 his words meant a lot to him. He decided to 3 up smoking.

According to the Chinese Association on Tobacco Control, about 350 million Chinese smoke. Among 4 , 50 million are teenagers. Sun Jiangping of Beijing University said, “Teenagers can get cigarettes 5 , especially when their parents smoke or shops 6 cigarettes to them. Its very important 7 parents to help their children stop smoking.”

A 15-year-old boy named Li Kun from Beijing said his 8 didnt smoke. Because they thought smoking could make people feel badly ill, they only allowed him to play with friends without smoking. Living in such a good family helped Li say 9 to cigarettes. Some of his smoking classmates once told Li that smoking made boys look 10 , but Li disagreed. He said, “Smoking is unhealthy and its not cool at all. Please stop smoking now!”

【答案與解析】

短文內(nèi)容是關(guān)于如何對(duì)待吸煙的問題。

1. at。at the age of 是固定搭配,意為“在……歲時(shí)”。

2. so/ and。此處應(yīng)填表示并列或因果關(guān)系的連詞。

3. give。decide to后面應(yīng)接動(dòng)詞原形;give up smoking意為“戒煙”。

4. them/those。介詞among后面應(yīng)接代詞。them/ those可以代替about 350 million Chinese。

5. easily。副詞用來修飾動(dòng)詞。easily意為“容易地”。

6. sell/ offer。此處應(yīng)填動(dòng)詞。sell/ offer sb. to do sth. 表示“賣/提供某物給某人”。

7. for。Its very important for sb. to do sth. 表示“對(duì)某人來說做某事是重要的”。

8. parents/ family。根據(jù)下文的“Living in such a good family”可以確定。

9. no。say no to 意為“拒絕”。

10. cool。look cool意為“看起來酷”。

【應(yīng)對(duì)策略】中考“動(dòng)詞填空型”短文填空提供一些動(dòng)詞,要求同學(xué)們用其正確形式填空,考查形式可以分為兩種情況:

1. 動(dòng)詞放在短文中空格的后面。

這種類型比較簡(jiǎn)單,類似于單句的動(dòng)詞填空,同學(xué)們做題時(shí)只要考慮動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)及其變化形式等是否符合文章的意思就行了。

2. 動(dòng)詞放在短文前面或后面。

這種類型比上一類型難度大,因?yàn)樗紫纫笸瑢W(xué)們根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容選擇意思相符的動(dòng)詞,然后再用動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。供選擇的動(dòng)詞數(shù)目有時(shí)和空格數(shù)相等,也可能多于所填寫的空格數(shù)。對(duì)于這種類型的題目,我們應(yīng)該先讀短文再看動(dòng)詞。若有個(gè)別動(dòng)詞把握不住,就把它暫時(shí)放下,等其他空格填好了,再結(jié)合下文的意思把它填上。另外,在填空的過程中,應(yīng)注意詞組或短語的搭配,有些動(dòng)詞和另外的詞搭配在一起后可能會(huì)產(chǎn)生新的意義。

【典型例題】

閱讀短文,用括號(hào)內(nèi)所給動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空(必要時(shí)可加情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或助動(dòng)詞)。

Henry and Charlie were good friends. They worked in a shop. These days Henry did not come to work, but Charlie did not know why. The shopkeeper said there were too many workers in the shop, so he (1) _____ (send) some away. Charlie heard of it and wanted to tell his friend Henry about the shopkeepers plan. He went to him after supper. When he got there he (2) _____ (meet) Henrys wife at the door.

“Henry (3) _____ (go) out, hasnt he?” asked Charlie.

“No, he (4) _____ (be) in bed,” answered the woman.

“Whats wrong with him?”

“He (5) _____ (not feel) well,” said his wife.

“What on earth is happening?”

“He (6) _____ (not fall) asleep the whole night.”

Charlie went into the bedroom and saw his friend (7) _____ (lie) in bed, crying loudly in pain.

“Have you seen a doctor, Henry?” asked Charlie.

“Not yet,” said Henry. “My wife bought some medicine for me and I took some just now.”

“Youd better (8) _____ (go) to see a doctor. They will help you, I think.”

“Sorry, I (9) _____ (not agree) with you,” said Henry. “Last year I had a terrible stomachache, the doctor cut part of my stomach. Last week I got a bad toothache and the dentist had my tooth (10) _____ (pull). God knows what the doctor will do with my head this time!”

【答案與解析】

通讀全文,可以了解到本文講述的是Henry 和Charlie 是好朋友。Charlie聽說商店要減員,他決定去告訴Henry這件事。

1. was going to/ would send。語境分析,此處應(yīng)用過去將來時(shí)。

2. met。根據(jù)上下文,此處應(yīng)用一般過去時(shí)。

3. has gone。根據(jù)后面的hasnt可以判斷,此處應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。

4. is。表示目前的情況用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。

5. isnt feeling/ doesnt feel。

6. didnt/ couldnt fall。表示過去的動(dòng)作應(yīng)用一般過去時(shí)。

7. lying?!皊ee sb. doing sth.”表示“看見某人正在做某事”。

8. go。had better (最好)后面應(yīng)接動(dòng)詞原形。

9. cant/ dont agree。

10. pulled。have sth. done意為“請(qǐng)人做某事”。

【應(yīng)試策略】中考“短語句子型”短文填空主要考查學(xué)生的語篇理解能力。要求考生根據(jù)語篇情景,用恰當(dāng)?shù)亩陶Z或句子填空,使之意思完整。這種題屬開放性試題,考生填寫的內(nèi)容只要語句通順、符合題意即可。在做題時(shí),應(yīng)注意動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài),注意句子的完整性。特別要注意上下文的聯(lián)系和對(duì)短文的整體理解。

【典型例題】

根據(jù)語篇情景,用恰當(dāng)?shù)亩陶Z或句子填空,使之意思完整。

The first day of April is commonly known as April Fools Day, and on this day people can play tricks (惡作?。?on their friends. For example, you can try to make one of your friends believe something that 1 . If your friend falls into your trick, he or she is an April Fool.

“Rita, the head teacher wants you,” said one of her classmates on April 1.

“All right,” she answered and ran to the office building. When she finally 2 , the teacher told her that he didnt want her.

When Rita came back, everyone around her 3 , “April fool!” Rita laughed too, but felt so sorry for having been made a fool.

【答案與解析】

通讀全文,可以了解到本文講述的是有關(guān)愚人節(jié)的故事。

1. is not true/ doesnt (really) happen。所填內(nèi)容與前面的that一起作定語,修飾前面的something。

2. found/ saw/ met the (head) teacher。句意為“當(dāng)她最后找到/看見/發(fā)現(xiàn)校長時(shí),……”。

3. laughed and shouted?!爱?dāng)Rita回來時(shí),她周圍的人都笑她并大喊……?!?/p>

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構(gòu)思精巧余味無窮 諷刺鞭撻淋漓盡致——再談“虛榮”貫穿《項(xiàng)鏈》全文
短文改錯(cuò)
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