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重T2WI和增強(qiáng)T1WI MRI聯(lián)合評(píng)估淚囊鼻淚管的優(yōu)勢(shì)

2016-04-28 03:23司建榮張雅麗金梅戴灼南杜潔嫦
磁共振成像 2016年1期
關(guān)鍵詞:磁共振成像圖像增強(qiáng)

司建榮,張雅麗,金梅,戴灼南,杜潔嫦

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重T2WI和增強(qiáng)T1WI MRI聯(lián)合評(píng)估淚囊鼻淚管的優(yōu)勢(shì)

司建榮1*,張雅麗1,金梅2,戴灼南1,杜潔嫦1

[摘要]目的 探討MRI重T2WI (h-T2WI)和增強(qiáng)T1WI (Ce-T1WI)組合序列對(duì)正常和阻塞的淚囊鼻淚管的顯示能力。材料與方法 在脂肪抑制的基礎(chǔ)上,用h-T2WI和Ce-T1WI序列,薄層連續(xù)掃描正常和有阻塞的淚囊鼻淚管,掃描方位是軸面(AP)和冠狀面(CP),用靜態(tài)和動(dòng)態(tài)兩種掃描方式。結(jié)果 靜態(tài)掃描正常淚囊鼻淚管23例46側(cè),其中24側(cè)用h-T2WI+Ce-T1WI+AP+CP組合,6側(cè)用h-T2 WI+Ce-T1 WI+AP組合,8側(cè)用h-T2 WI+AP+CP組合,8側(cè)用Ce-T1WI+AP+CP組合。動(dòng)態(tài)軸面掃描正常淚囊鼻淚管10例20側(cè),均用h-T2WI+AP組合。靜態(tài)掃描阻塞的淚囊鼻淚管9例10側(cè),均用h-T2WI+Ce-T1WI+AP+CP組合。正常和有阻塞的淚囊鼻淚管均能被良好顯示。(1)正常的淚囊鼻淚管:靜態(tài)掃描見淚囊鼻淚管的管腔狹小,鼻淚管更小,并且形態(tài)多樣;動(dòng)態(tài)掃描見部分節(jié)段的管腔可自主性增大或變小。橫斷面上淚囊呈長(zhǎng)橢圓形(16側(cè))或裂隙狀(30側(cè)),移行部均呈半月形,鼻淚管呈短橢圓形(28側(cè))或類圓形(18側(cè))。用靜態(tài)h-T2WI序列,軸面圖像上94.7% (36/38 側(cè))的淚囊鼻淚管呈現(xiàn)了3層信號(hào)結(jié)構(gòu),冠狀面圖上31.2% (10/32 側(cè))呈現(xiàn)了3層信號(hào)結(jié)構(gòu);這3層信號(hào)結(jié)構(gòu)分別代表了管腔內(nèi)容物、管壁內(nèi)1/4和管壁外3/4;管腔內(nèi)的淚液、淚膜和空氣分別呈最高信號(hào)、高信號(hào)和最低信號(hào);管壁內(nèi)1/4呈低信號(hào),管壁外3/4呈高信號(hào)。在Ce-T1WI序列上,管壁可以被明顯強(qiáng)化。(2)有阻塞的淚囊鼻淚管:梗阻部位和病變的范圍均被精確顯示,其中管腔狹窄1側(cè),閉塞9側(cè);梗阻點(diǎn)以上管腔積液(膿)擴(kuò)張,管壁變??;梗阻點(diǎn)管腔消失或明顯狹小,在h-T2WI上喪失3層信號(hào)結(jié)構(gòu)。結(jié)論 h-T2WI結(jié)合Ce-T1WI序列的MRI,可以清晰的顯示正常生理狀態(tài)下的淚囊鼻淚管的管腔、管壁的層次和行經(jīng);也能夠精確顯示有梗阻的淚囊鼻淚管的梗阻部位、病灶范圍,區(qū)分有血供和無(wú)血供的組織結(jié)構(gòu)。動(dòng)態(tài)h-T2WI發(fā)現(xiàn)正常管腔的大小有自主性變化。

[關(guān)鍵詞]淚器;磁共振成像;圖像增強(qiáng)

1.廣東省中西醫(yī)結(jié)合醫(yī)院放射科,佛山 528200

2.廣東省中西醫(yī)結(jié)合醫(yī)院眼科,佛山528200

司建榮, Email: sjr1963nian@sina.com

接受日期:2015-11-27

司建榮, 張雅麗, 金梅, 等.重T2WI和增強(qiáng)T1WI MRI聯(lián)合評(píng)估淚囊鼻淚管的優(yōu)勢(shì).磁共振成像, 2016, 7(1): 20–27.

Benefits of the combination of MRI heavily-T2WI and contrast-enhanced T1WI pulse sequences to examine human lacrimal sac and nasolacrimal duct

SI Jian-rong1*, ZHANG Ya-li1, JIN Mei2, DAI Zhuo-nan1, DU Jie-chang1

1Department of Radiology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Foshan 528200, China

2Ophthalmology Department, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Foshan 528200, China

*Correspondence to: Si JR, E-mail: sjr1963nian@sina.com

Received 28 Sep 2015, Accepted 27 Nov 2015

Abstract Objective: To evaluate capability of the combination of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) heavily-T2 weighted imaging (h-T2WI) and contrastenhanced T1 weighted imaging (Ce-T1WI) pulse sequences revealing the anatomic details of normal or obstructed human lacrimal sac (LS) -nasolacrimal duct (NLD).Materials and Methods: Using 1.5 T MRI system, the normal and obstructed human LS-NLDs were imaged by h-T2WI and Ce-T1WI pulse sequences both with the fatsaturation technique.LS-NLD was scanned on its axial plane (AP) and coronal plane (CP).The thinnist slice thickness, consecutive sections (no spacing), static and dynamic scanning procedures were adopted.Results: Forty-six sides of normal LS-NLD(23 subjects) were imaged with the static scanning.Of them 24 sides were scanned with a combination of h-T2WI+Ce-T1WI+AP+CP, 6 sides with a combination of h-T2WI+Ce-T1WI+AP, 8 sides with a combination of h-T2WI+AP+CP, 8 sides with a combination of Ce-T1WI+AP+CP.The static scanning of 10 sides of obstructed LS-NLD (9 patients) was performed with a combination of h-T2WI+Ce-T1WI+AP+CP.The dynamic scanning of 20 sides of normal LS-NLD (10 subjects) was done with a combination of h-T2WI+AP.The normal and obstructed LS-NLDs were revealed vividly.(1)The normal LS-NLD.On the static scanning, their lumens were narrow and small, the size and shape of their lumens varied at different levels of LS-NLD, and NLD lumen was narrower and smaller than LS.On the dynamic scanning, the autonomous lumen changes (getting small or large) had been noticed.On cross sectional view, LS was long-ellipse (16 sides) or slit-shaped (30 sides), the junction was crescent, and NLD was short-ellipse (28 sides) or circular (18 sides).By h-T2WI, three-layer different signal intensities were revealed on a lot of images of LS-NLD, and 94.7% (36/38 sides) and 31.2% (10/32 sides) of LS-NLDs showed this signal pattern on axial and coronal scanning respectively.The three layer signals represented respectively (a) contents (tear, tear film or air) in their lumens, (b) medial part of their wall that was smaller than a quarter of their wall thickness and (c) lateral part of their wall that was more than three-fourths of their wall thickness.The tear, the tear film and the air in their lemen gave the most hyper-intense signal, middle-intense signal and the most hypo-intense signal respectively.The medial part and lateral part wall gave a hypo- and middle-intense signals respectively.The medial part wall consists of the epithelium layer, blood capillary layer and postcapillary venule layer, and the latter both are embedded in the lamina propria.The lateral part wall is venous lacunae layer embedded in the lamina propria, too.Ce-T1WI was able to enhance obviously the signal intensity of LS-NLD wall, therefor to promote distinguishing their wall from lumen (or contents).(2) The obstructed LS-NLD.Location and extent of the obstructive lesions were revealed precisely in all of the obstructed LS-NLDs.One side was lumen stricture and 9 sides were lumen occlusion.A lot of liquid (or pus) had been accumulated in the proximal LS-NLD lumen of the obstruction site, the lumen was dilatated, its wall was thinned and only showed one signal intensity.The lumen stricture might be revealed like an “hourglass” pattern.The site of lumen occlusion lost the normal three-layer signal pattern.Conclusions: MRI h-T2WI combined with Ce-T1WI pulse sequences can vividly reveal the lumen (or natures of the contents), wall and route of the normal human LS-NLD in normal physiological condition, and even can reveal detailed layers of their wall.They also can reveal the precise location and extent of lesions in the obstructed LS-NLDs.The tissues with blood supply can be distinguished from one (or the contents) without blood supply by this way.The autonomous size change of the normal LS-NLD lumens is revealed by the dynamic h-T2WI.This combination of MR pulse sequences can achieve aims of other imaging methods which are used to reveal LS-NLD and their lesions, so it is likely to replace the other approaches of dacryocystography with the combination.

Key words Lacrimal apparatus; Magnetic resonance imaging; Image enhancement

淚囊鼻淚管MRI檢查,無(wú)放射線輻射,醫(yī)源性損傷風(fēng)險(xiǎn)低,并可做到非侵入性;目前常用的方法是MR淚囊造影術(shù)(MR dacryocystography,MR DCG),或MR淚道水成像(MR hydrography)[1-9],目標(biāo)是顯示它們的管腔。本研究是在MR脂肪抑制技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)上,用重T2WI和增強(qiáng)T1WI序列,在軸面和冠狀面兩個(gè)方位上連續(xù)薄層掃描淚囊鼻淚管,目的是探求一種既能顯示管腔、又能顯示管壁的MRI序列組合;同時(shí),觀察正常和有阻塞的淚囊鼻淚管的靜態(tài)MRI表現(xiàn),觀察正常管腔形態(tài)和大小的動(dòng)態(tài)變化。

1  材料與方法

1.1研究對(duì)象

1.1.1靜態(tài)掃描正常的淚囊和鼻淚管

共23例46側(cè);男10例,女13例,年齡10~67 歲,平均(48.5±17.2)歲。受檢者在臨床上均無(wú)眼鼻部癥狀和體征,無(wú)眼鼻部手術(shù)和面部外傷病史,MRI檢查眼和淚囊鼻淚管無(wú)異常發(fā)現(xiàn)。其中正常人4例,臨床診斷需要頭顱部位MRI平掃和增強(qiáng)檢查的病人19例;首先滿足臨床診斷檢查的需要,然后再進(jìn)行正常淚囊鼻淚管的掃描。

1.1.2動(dòng)態(tài)軸面掃描正常的淚囊和鼻淚管

共10例20側(cè),男8例,女2列,年齡20~40歲,平均(28.0±6.9)歲,受檢者全部為作者的同事。

1.1.3 靜態(tài)掃描有阻塞的淚囊和鼻淚管

共9例10側(cè);男3例,女6例,年齡33~64歲,平均(42.3±14.1)歲。淚溢病史3個(gè)月至10年;其中雙側(cè)梗阻1例,單側(cè)梗阻8例。原發(fā)性獲得性梗阻8例8側(cè),放射治療后梗阻1例2側(cè)。檢查當(dāng)日,不進(jìn)行淚道沖洗,以免注入空氣,產(chǎn)生偽影。通過(guò)淚道沖洗和MRI檢查確定的淚囊前梗阻,未納入本次研究。

1.2檢查方法

1.2.1一般方法

與受檢者本人或監(jiān)護(hù)人簽署相關(guān)檢查知情同意書。用GE 1.5 T Signa Infinity 磁共振儀,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)正交頭部線圈。增強(qiáng)掃描對(duì)比劑用釓噴酸葡胺注射液,用量0.2 ml/Kg體重,前臂靜脈注射后1~10 min內(nèi)掃描。在MRI機(jī)配套的工作站或GE AW4.5 工作站上進(jìn)行圖像觀察和后處理。

1.2.2靜態(tài)掃描

掃描時(shí)被檢查者仰臥、閉眼,盡量減少眼球運(yùn)動(dòng),保持平穩(wěn)呼吸,防止頭顱運(yùn)動(dòng)。用重T2WI和增強(qiáng)T1WI序列,序列轉(zhuǎn)換期間可以瞬目。

1.2.3動(dòng)態(tài)軸面掃描

被檢查者仰臥,掃描期間嚴(yán)格要求閉眼;用軸面重T2WI脂肪抑制序列,不停歇連續(xù)掃描4遍,每遍掃描時(shí)間4 min 15 s,共17 min。

1.2.4掃描范圍、掃描平面和掃描序列參數(shù)

掃描范圍包括全部淚道系統(tǒng)。軸面掃描,掃描平面平行于眼眶下緣;冠狀面掃描,掃描平面是前鼻棘前緣與額結(jié)節(jié)連線夾角9°的平面,并參考軸面上顯示的淚囊和鼻淚管的位置定位。(1)軸面重T2WI脂肪抑制序列(FRFSE-XL):TR 5100.0 ms,TE 120.0 ms,層厚1.6 mm,層間隔0 mm,矩陣 288×224,F(xiàn)OV 180 mm×160 mm;掃描層數(shù)34 層,掃描時(shí)間4 min 15 s。(2)冠狀面重T2WI脂肪抑制序列(FSE-XL):TR 4200.0 ms,TE 150.0 ms,層厚1.6 mm,層間隔0 mm,矩陣320×256,F(xiàn)OV 180 mm×150 mm;掃描層數(shù)9層,掃描時(shí)間2 min 52 s。(3)增強(qiáng)T1WI脂肪抑制序列(FSE-XL ):TR 450.0 ms,TE 最小,軸面層厚1.8 mm,冠狀面層厚1.2 mm,層間隔0 mm;矩陣 288×224,F(xiàn)OV 180 mm×150 mm;掃描層數(shù):軸面24 層,冠狀面12層,掃描時(shí)間:軸面5 min 46 s,冠狀面 2 min 53 s。

1.2.5圖像質(zhì)量評(píng)估標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

分為優(yōu)秀、中等和差三個(gè)等級(jí),由2名高年資MRI室醫(yī)師共同進(jìn)行,達(dá)成一致意見。優(yōu)秀指圖像無(wú)明顯偽影,淚囊鼻淚管邊緣清晰銳利,管壁與管腔內(nèi)容物(淚液、氣體、淚膜等)分界清晰明確;或在重T2WI上,淚囊鼻淚管的部分層面顯現(xiàn)3層信號(hào)結(jié)構(gòu)(圖1~4)。中等指圖像有偽影,淚囊鼻淚管邊緣稍顯毛糙,淚囊鼻淚管的整體形態(tài)和管腔的觀察不受影響,管壁與管腔內(nèi)液(氣)體分界清晰。差指圖像偽影多,不能分辨淚囊鼻淚管邊緣、以及管壁與管腔內(nèi)容物,影響對(duì)淚囊鼻淚管整體形態(tài)觀察。

表1 靜態(tài)掃描正常淚囊鼻淚管圖像質(zhì)量統(tǒng)計(jì)Tab.1 Quality grades of static MRI of the normal lacrimal sac and nasolacrimal duct

2  結(jié)果

2.1正常淚囊鼻淚管

2.1.1靜態(tài)掃描序列分布和圖像質(zhì)量結(jié)果

在23 例46側(cè)正常淚囊鼻淚管中,同時(shí)進(jìn)行了重T2WI和增強(qiáng)T1WI兩個(gè)序列、軸面和冠狀面兩個(gè)方位的受檢者12例24側(cè)。同時(shí)進(jìn)行了重T2WI和增強(qiáng)T1WI兩個(gè)序列、只有軸面一個(gè)方位的受檢者3例6側(cè)。單純進(jìn)行了重T2WI軸面和冠狀面兩個(gè)方位的受檢者4例8側(cè)。單純進(jìn)行了增強(qiáng)T1WI軸面和冠狀面兩個(gè)方位的受檢者4例8側(cè)。圖像質(zhì)量統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果見表1。

圖像質(zhì)量?jī)?yōu)秀比例:重T2WI軸面圖像94.7% (36/38側(cè)),重T2WI冠狀面圖像31.2% (10/32側(cè)),增強(qiáng)T1WI軸面圖像100% (38/38側(cè)),增強(qiáng)T1WI冠狀面圖像78.1% (25/32側(cè));圖像質(zhì)量不佳的主要原因是頭顱、眼球和鼻翼的運(yùn)動(dòng),以及管腔內(nèi)空氣造成的偽影。

2.1.2靜態(tài)掃描時(shí)淚囊和鼻淚管的形態(tài)和管腔表現(xiàn)

淚囊鼻淚管從前上內(nèi)逐漸向后下外下走行,在冠狀面和矢狀面上二者不完全處在同一平面,管徑也不相同,因此只在少數(shù)冠狀層面能顯示淚囊鼻淚管全程。Hasner瓣下緣呈內(nèi)高外低的弧形,但一部分人缺失(11側(cè))。 橫斷面的形態(tài):淚囊呈長(zhǎng)橢圓形(16側(cè))或裂隙狀(30側(cè)),移行部全部呈半月形(后外側(cè)的壓跡所致),鼻淚管呈短橢圓形(28側(cè))或類圓形(18側(cè))。

通過(guò)管腔內(nèi)的淚膜、淚液和空氣,可判斷管腔的大小和形態(tài)、黏膜厚度、淚道海綿體的機(jī)能狀態(tài)(萎陷和充盈);如果管腔內(nèi)沒有淚液和空氣,只有淚膜,管腔則處于閉合狀態(tài)。淚囊鼻淚管管腔狹小,形態(tài)和大小在不同的層面完全不同,管腔可呈偏心性或不規(guī)則花瓣形,表明黏膜的厚度在各個(gè)平面、在每個(gè)平面的不同方位有較大變化;淚囊黏膜厚度明顯小于鼻淚管;淚囊腔全程充盈淚液的情況常見(24側(cè)),而鼻淚管僅見斑點(diǎn)狀淚液分布,因此可以說(shuō)淚囊的管腔相對(duì)大于鼻淚管;淚囊腔雖然可以全程充盈淚液,但不飽滿,甚至可以用“癟陷”來(lái)描述(圖3)。淚囊、移行部和鼻淚管可見全程充盈空氣的情形(10側(cè))。

圖1  女,58歲,正常的雙側(cè)鼻淚管下段橫斷面(箭),上圖和下圖是相同層面。上圖,重T2WI。 右側(cè)有3層信號(hào),從內(nèi)到外,高信號(hào)的是淚液,低信號(hào)的是管壁內(nèi)側(cè)部分,稍高信號(hào)的是管壁外側(cè)部分。左側(cè)有2層信號(hào),最低信號(hào)的是腔內(nèi)空氣,稍高信號(hào)是管壁。下圖,增強(qiáng)T1WI。雙側(cè)均呈現(xiàn)2層信號(hào),右側(cè)中心低信號(hào)是淚液,左側(cè)中心最低信號(hào)是空氣,雙側(cè)管壁呈高信號(hào) 圖2 男,19歲,正常的雙側(cè)淚囊下部橫斷面(箭),重T2WI,腔內(nèi)有較多淚液。從內(nèi)到外呈現(xiàn)典型的高信號(hào)-低信號(hào)-稍高信號(hào)3層信號(hào)分布。注意:淚液中心的稍低信號(hào)區(qū)域,是偽影 圖3 女,23歲,正常的雙側(cè)淚囊鼻淚管(箭)冠狀面,重T2WI。雙側(cè)淚囊和鼻淚管均可見不對(duì)稱、不規(guī)則分布的花紋狀3層信號(hào):高信號(hào)的是淚液,低信號(hào)的是管壁內(nèi)側(cè)部分,稍高信號(hào)的是管壁外側(cè)部分;呈現(xiàn)了典型的管腔形態(tài)多變和狹小的特點(diǎn);淚囊腔內(nèi)淚液相對(duì)多于鼻淚管。右側(cè)內(nèi)眥靜脈顯示(箭頭) 圖4 女,40歲,正常的雙側(cè)鼻淚管下段(箭)軸面動(dòng)態(tài)掃描,重T2WI。在正常生理狀態(tài)下的連續(xù)4期同層面掃描,每期耗時(shí)4 min 15 s。淚液呈高信號(hào),淚膜呈中等信號(hào)。管壁內(nèi)1/4呈低信號(hào),管壁外3/4呈中等信號(hào)。右側(cè)管腔由大變小,左側(cè)管腔幾乎無(wú)變化Fig.1 A 58-year-old female normal subject.The axial plane sections of the lower parts of the nasolacrimal duct (NLD) (arrows).The upper figure is at the same level as the lower one.The upper figure, heavily-T2 weighted image (h-T2WI), reveals three layer signals on the right NLD and two layer signals on the left NLD respectively.On the right side, the hyper-intense signal represents the tear, the hypo-intense signal represents the medial part of its wall and the middle-intense signal represents the lateral part of its wall.On the left side, the hypo-intense signal represents air, and the middle-intense signal represents its wall.The lower figure, contrast-enhanced T1 weighted image (Ce-T1WI), reveals two layer signals on both sides.On the right side, the hypo-intense signal represents the tear, the hyper-intense signal represents its wall.On the left side, the hypo-intense signal represents air, and the hyper-intense signal represents its wall.Fig.2 A 19-year-old male normal subject.h-T2WI.The axial plane sections of the lower parts of the lacrimal sac (LS) (arrows).Typical three layer signals are exhibited on both sides.They are the hyper-intense signal (tear), hypo-intense signal (the medial wall) and middle-intense signal (the lateral wall) from center to outside.Notes: the hypo-intense signal in the center of the tear are the artifact.Fig.3 A 23-year-old female normal subject.The coronal plane sections of LS-NLD (arrows), h-T2WI, reveals three layer signals on both sides.But these signals are asymmetry, irregular and decorative patterns that indicate their lumen features shch as narrow, small and various shapes at different levels of LS-NLD.The hyper-intense signal represents the tear, the hypo-intense signal represents the medial part of their wall and the middle-intense signal represents the lateral part of their wall.There is relatively more tear in LS than in NLD.Right venae angularis is revealed (arrowhead).Fig.4 A 40-year-old female normal subject.Dynamic axial h-T2WI.Cross sections through the bilateral lower part of NLD (arrows).They are acquired at the same level in four phases (every phase taking 4 minutes 15 seconds) under normal physiological coditon.The tear gives the most hyper-intense signal, the tear film gives a middle-intense signal; the medial part of their wall gives a hypo-intense signal, the lateral part of their wall gives a middle-intense signal.Size of the right lumen shows a distinct change (getting smaller), but the left remains almost unchanged.

2.1.3動(dòng)態(tài)掃描時(shí)淚囊鼻淚管的管腔變化

在軸面動(dòng)態(tài)重T2WI脂肪抑制序列圖上,比對(duì)層面相同、掃描時(shí)相不同的4幅圖像。如果淚液(或空氣)明顯增多或變少、出現(xiàn)或消失,就視為管腔有明顯變化,否則為管腔無(wú)變化(圖4)??偣矑呙?0例20側(cè),圖像質(zhì)量全部?jī)?yōu)秀;其中5例8側(cè)淚囊鼻淚管完全充氣,管腔寬大直通。自下而上,將淚囊鼻淚管分為4個(gè)區(qū)段,Hasner瓣段、鼻淚管段、移行部段和淚囊段,分別統(tǒng)計(jì)每個(gè)區(qū)段內(nèi)管腔變化的發(fā)生率(有變化的層面數(shù)量/總層面數(shù)量),結(jié)果依次為:11.9% (5/42層)、22.4% (28/125 層)、14.2% (6/42層)和12.0% (13/108層)。

2.1.4淚囊和鼻淚管的信號(hào)表現(xiàn)(圖1~4)

在重T2WI序列上,從淚囊鼻淚管斷面的中心向外,常常依次可見最高(最低,或稍高)信號(hào)-低信號(hào)-較高信號(hào)3層信號(hào)分布;中心信號(hào)代表管腔內(nèi)容物(淚液,空氣,或淚膜),最外2層信號(hào)代表管壁。但在淚囊和含氣較多的鼻淚管斷面,從中心向外,常僅顯示2層信號(hào),即最高(最低)信號(hào)-稍高信號(hào),分別代表管腔內(nèi)容物(淚液,或空氣)和管壁;在靜態(tài)重T2WI軸面和冠狀面圖像上,分別有94.7% (36/38側(cè))和31.2% (10/32側(cè))的淚囊鼻淚管的許多層面清晰顯示了3層信號(hào)結(jié)構(gòu)。在脂肪抑制增強(qiáng)軸面T1WI序列上,絕大多數(shù)(43側(cè))淚囊鼻淚管僅顯示2層信號(hào),即低信號(hào)-高信號(hào)2層,分別代表管腔內(nèi)容物和管壁;偶爾可見3層信號(hào)分布(3側(cè))。

2.2有阻塞的淚囊鼻淚管(圖5,6)

全部進(jìn)行了靜態(tài)重T2WI和增強(qiáng)T1WI兩個(gè)序列、軸面和冠狀面兩個(gè)方位的掃描;圖像質(zhì)量全部?jī)?yōu)秀。全部病例精確顯示了淚囊、鼻淚管及其阻塞部位、梗阻段長(zhǎng)度和和其他細(xì)節(jié)。在9 例10側(cè)病變中,移行部梗阻7側(cè),鼻淚管下端(Hasner瓣區(qū)域)梗阻3側(cè);管腔狹窄1側(cè),閉塞9側(cè)。

梗阻點(diǎn)以上淚囊鼻淚管的表現(xiàn):管腔積液(膿),管腔擴(kuò)大,管壁變薄,管壁在重T2WI上只呈現(xiàn)單一信號(hào);積液擴(kuò)張的管腔內(nèi)信號(hào)隨內(nèi)容物性質(zhì)變化,可以是水樣高信號(hào)(6側(cè))、高-低混雜信號(hào)或與管壁一樣的稍高信號(hào)(4側(cè));特別要注意的是,在積液較多時(shí),液體中心會(huì)形成低信號(hào)偽影(圖2,6A)。在增強(qiáng)T1WI上,管腔內(nèi)信號(hào)也隨內(nèi)容物性質(zhì)變化,(與同層面肌肉比)呈現(xiàn)不同形態(tài)的低、等、高信號(hào);管壁可以明顯強(qiáng)化(8側(cè))或強(qiáng)化不明顯(2側(cè))。

梗阻部位的表現(xiàn):管腔消失或明顯狹小;在重T2WI序列上喪失3層信號(hào)結(jié)構(gòu);在重T2WI和增強(qiáng)T1WI上,局部信號(hào)與正常管壁相同或稍低。每個(gè)梗阻點(diǎn)各有其形態(tài)特點(diǎn),總體上分為狹窄(1側(cè))和閉塞(9側(cè))二類;梗阻點(diǎn)以下管腔內(nèi)有空氣時(shí)(1側(cè)),狹窄表現(xiàn)為局部管壁梭形增厚,呈“沙漏”樣(圖6B);閉塞的表現(xiàn)是管腔的中斷(圖5B)。如果梗阻點(diǎn)(非Hasner瓣區(qū)域)以下是正常的、不含氣體的淚囊或鼻淚管(6側(cè)),病變段局部與正常段的信號(hào)可能相同,此時(shí),病變段特點(diǎn)是喪失3層信號(hào)結(jié)構(gòu),并且在連續(xù)的橫斷面上顯示更佳。

梗阻點(diǎn)(非Hasner瓣區(qū)域)以下的表現(xiàn)(6側(cè)):它屬于正常,在重T2WI序列上顯示3層信號(hào)結(jié)構(gòu);如果腔內(nèi)沒有空氣或液體時(shí),管腔內(nèi)僅有高信號(hào)的淚膜。

3  討論

3.1淚囊鼻淚管的解剖組織學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)為MR成像提供了天然對(duì)比度

正常生理狀態(tài)下,淚囊鼻淚管的解剖行經(jīng)周圍有筋膜、眶脂體和骨質(zhì),管腔內(nèi)有淚膜、淚液或空氣[10-11],這種管腔內(nèi)、管壁和管壁周圍不同的組織成分,為淚囊鼻淚管管壁在MRI上的顯現(xiàn)提供了天然對(duì)比,而管腔內(nèi)容物的多寡則代表了管腔的大小和形態(tài)及開放與關(guān)閉狀態(tài)。

淚囊鼻淚管管壁是由上皮層和固有層構(gòu)成的黏膜組織;上皮層有2層上皮細(xì)胞;在上皮之下,固有層內(nèi)包埋著極端豐富的、被特異化的血管叢,即淚道海綿體[10,12-13]。淚道海綿體的基本血運(yùn)有其自身特點(diǎn):供血?jiǎng)用}發(fā)出的、垂直穿過(guò)固有層的分支,僅僅在上皮下面再分出表淺的連拱狀分支,以供應(yīng)上皮下密集的毛細(xì)血管網(wǎng);緊鄰毛細(xì)血管網(wǎng)的是收集它們血液的、短小的毛細(xì)血管后微靜脈(postcapillary venule),而毛細(xì)血管后微靜脈的血液又導(dǎo)入再靠外圍的、管腔寬大、走行盤曲的靜脈腔隙(venous lacunae);這些靜脈腔隙最終引流到骨內(nèi)、或靠近骨的靜脈[10]。

觀察光學(xué)顯微鏡下淚囊鼻淚管橫斷面的表現(xiàn)[10, 12-13],筆者發(fā)現(xiàn)小于管壁厚度1/4的內(nèi)側(cè)部分,由上皮層和包埋有毛細(xì)血管層和毛細(xì)血管后微靜脈層的固有層構(gòu)成,由于血管管腔所占面積相對(duì)小,所以顯得較為致密;大于管壁厚度3/4的外側(cè)部分,由包埋有靜脈腔隙層的固有層構(gòu)成,由于血管管腔所占面積相對(duì)大,所以顯得較為疏松。這種結(jié)構(gòu),又奠定了MRI上管壁呈現(xiàn)不同信號(hào)層次的基礎(chǔ)。

3.2重T2WI和增強(qiáng)T1WI

靜態(tài)重T2WI和增強(qiáng)T1WI可顯示正常淚囊鼻淚管的管腔、管壁層次和周圍組織;動(dòng)態(tài)軸面重T2WI可以顯示正常淚囊鼻淚管管腔的動(dòng)態(tài)變化。

MRI雖然具有良好的軟組織分辨能力,但在常規(guī)T2WI或常規(guī)T2WI脂肪抑制序列上,當(dāng)淚囊鼻淚管管腔內(nèi)淚液較少,或僅有淚膜時(shí),管腔與管壁信號(hào)近似,管壁常常呈現(xiàn)同一種信號(hào);在水成像序列上[1-2, 4-7, 9],管腔內(nèi)的液體呈明顯高信號(hào),而管壁呈現(xiàn)極低信號(hào),管壁不能顯示。

與常規(guī)T2WI相比,本研究中,T2WI序列應(yīng)用了較長(zhǎng)的TR和較長(zhǎng)的TE,即TR和TE比常規(guī)T2WI序列長(zhǎng),比水成像序列短,因此也稱之為重T2WI;該重T2WI脂肪抑制序列,秉承了常規(guī)T2WI和水成像序列的優(yōu)點(diǎn),即使非常少量的淚液也能在該序列上保持明顯的高信號(hào),淚膜呈高信號(hào),同時(shí)增加了管腔內(nèi)的淚液(或淚膜)、管壁內(nèi)側(cè)1/4、管壁外側(cè)3/4和周圍組織之間的對(duì)比,具體表現(xiàn)為:腔內(nèi)容物、管壁內(nèi)側(cè)1/4、管壁外側(cè)3/4和管壁周圍組織呈現(xiàn)不同的信號(hào),即淚囊鼻淚管呈現(xiàn)3層信號(hào)(圖1~4)。

通過(guò)比對(duì)淚囊鼻淚管在光鏡下的橫斷面組織結(jié)構(gòu)[10, 12-13]與重T2WI的橫斷面信號(hào)表現(xiàn),發(fā)現(xiàn)管壁的組織結(jié)構(gòu)分層與MRI信號(hào)分層相吻合:管壁的內(nèi)側(cè)1/4厚度,雖然由上皮層、毛細(xì)血管層和毛細(xì)血管后微靜脈層構(gòu)成[10],但只呈現(xiàn)一種信號(hào)(即低信號(hào)),與此區(qū)域組織成分分布較密集有關(guān);管壁外側(cè)3/4厚度的靜脈腔隙層,呈現(xiàn)另外一種信號(hào)(即較高信號(hào)),而與此處組織結(jié)構(gòu)疏松含有大量血管有關(guān)。

在脂肪抑制增強(qiáng)T1WI序列上,因?yàn)闇I囊鼻淚管的管壁富有血管,可以明顯被強(qiáng)化,常常只呈現(xiàn)一種信號(hào)(即高信號(hào));管腔內(nèi)容物則保持平掃時(shí)原有的低信號(hào)。

動(dòng)態(tài)軸面重T2WI掃描,雖然可以顯示管腔的動(dòng)態(tài)變化,但因?yàn)槊總€(gè)掃描期相的時(shí)間較長(zhǎng),不利于觀察管腔的快速變化。動(dòng)態(tài)掃描中發(fā)現(xiàn)的管腔大小的自主性變化,從另一方面印證了靜態(tài)掃描發(fā)現(xiàn)的淚囊鼻淚管的管腔形態(tài)和大小在不同的平面的變化,就是黏膜厚度動(dòng)態(tài)變化的結(jié)果。

需要解釋的是:在重T2WI上,占管壁厚度約1/4的內(nèi)側(cè)低信號(hào)層,它的厚度比例并非恒定,因?yàn)樵谡I頎顟B(tài)下,淚道海綿體靜脈腔隙(容受靜脈)的萎陷可致管壁變薄,反之,靜脈腔隙的充盈可致管壁增厚[10]。增強(qiáng)T1WI上,管壁強(qiáng)化常不均勻,可見小點(diǎn)狀明顯強(qiáng)化區(qū)域,其與重T2WI上的局限性高信號(hào)一致,應(yīng)該是反映了局部有開放的較大血管腔隙,而信號(hào)相對(duì)低的區(qū)域血管腔隙可能呈萎陷狀態(tài)。

本研究中使用的方法,及其觀察到的正常淚囊鼻淚管的靜態(tài)和動(dòng)態(tài)MRI表現(xiàn),可能為某些疾病的早期診斷,如原發(fā)性獲得性淚囊鼻淚管梗阻的早期診斷,找到了有效的檢查方法和建立了參照基礎(chǔ);也可能為淚囊鼻淚管的生理解剖學(xué)研究提供了新的手段,特別是在閉眼狀態(tài)下,動(dòng)態(tài)掃描觀察到的管腔的自主性變化,可能有助于理解淚囊鼻淚管在傳輸淚液過(guò)程中的生理功能。

3.3靜態(tài)重T2WI和增強(qiáng)T1WI序列組合可顯示阻塞淚囊鼻淚管的全程和病變的細(xì)節(jié)

本組檢查有梗阻的淚囊鼻淚管數(shù)量不多,僅有10側(cè),但均明確顯示了梗阻部位、病變累及的長(zhǎng)度,還能區(qū)分管腔狹窄與閉塞。因?yàn)楣W杞喂芮粌?nèi)容物成分復(fù)雜,平掃時(shí)其信號(hào)與正常或異常的管壁可能相近,這兩種序列的聯(lián)合應(yīng)用,可鑒別無(wú)血供、少血供、富血供的組織和成分;在兩種序列上,梗阻處病變段的信號(hào)與正常管壁信號(hào)可能相同,為了判斷梗阻段的長(zhǎng)度,需要冠狀面與軸面結(jié)合,并借助如下征象:梗阻近段管腔擴(kuò)張、管壁變??;梗阻遠(yuǎn)段尚屬于正常,在重T2WI上有3層信號(hào)分布,管腔內(nèi)可能只有淚膜信號(hào)而無(wú)淚液信號(hào);梗阻段管腔消失,在重T2WI上3層信號(hào)消失,只呈現(xiàn)一種信號(hào)。

本組病例,根據(jù)其臨床病史,梗阻部位無(wú)疑是包括了肉芽組織和瘢痕組織的慢性炎性改變;如果是其他病因所致的梗阻,如腫瘤、外傷等,局部形態(tài)表現(xiàn)和信號(hào)改變有待于進(jìn)一步觀察。淚道阻塞是常見病,治療方法很多,但遠(yuǎn)期療效均不太理想,原因之一是對(duì)早期病灶和病灶的治療(手術(shù))前評(píng)估達(dá)不到精準(zhǔn);用重T2WI結(jié)合增強(qiáng)T1WI的掃描,可以非常準(zhǔn)確的顯示位于淚囊鼻淚管中的病灶部位和范圍,這是其他檢查無(wú)可比擬的,為選用損傷小、療效好而且持久的治療方法,提供了可靠的信息。

3.4圖像偽影的抑制和MRI序列參數(shù)的優(yōu)化

從本組的觀察結(jié)果來(lái)看,影響圖像質(zhì)量的主要因素是運(yùn)動(dòng)偽影和管腔內(nèi)、鼻腔內(nèi)、鼻竇內(nèi)的空氣造成的磁化率偽影,通過(guò)固定頭部、與被檢者良好的溝通、最大可能地消除對(duì)噪聲的恐懼和在磁體內(nèi)的幽閉恐懼,可以基本消除運(yùn)動(dòng)偽影。本研究中所選用的掃描參數(shù),兼顧了層厚、視野、信噪比、采集時(shí)間等;層厚越薄,部分容積效應(yīng)越小,組織分辨率越高,掃描層數(shù)增加,掃描時(shí)間增加,信噪比降低;層厚越厚,則正好相反。不同的MRI設(shè)備,掃描參數(shù)應(yīng)該還可以進(jìn)一步優(yōu)化,采集時(shí)間應(yīng)該可以進(jìn)一步縮短[14]。但要注意識(shí)別MRI圖像上的各種偽影和其他正常結(jié)構(gòu),如內(nèi)眥靜脈和鼻竇黏膜等(圖3)。

3.5結(jié)論

總之,在脂肪抑制技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)之上,重T2WI結(jié)合增強(qiáng)T1WI,軸面圖像結(jié)合冠狀面圖像,再結(jié)合動(dòng)態(tài)重T2WI掃描,可以清晰的顯示正常生理狀態(tài)下的淚囊鼻淚管的管腔、管腔內(nèi)容物性質(zhì)、管壁結(jié)構(gòu)層次和行經(jīng),及其管腔的動(dòng)態(tài)變化;可以顯示有阻塞的淚囊鼻淚管的全程和病變部位的細(xì)節(jié);增強(qiáng)掃描有助于區(qū)別阻塞點(diǎn)無(wú)血液供應(yīng)的管腔內(nèi)沉積物與有血液供應(yīng)的管壁、肉芽組織等。這種MRI序列組合,可實(shí)現(xiàn)各種淚囊鼻淚管影像學(xué)檢查的目標(biāo),因此有望替代它們,其中包括淚道逆行插管造影術(shù)[15];遺憾的是該檢查不能顯示正常的淚小管和淚總管。

參考文獻(xiàn)[References]

[1]Wang Y, Zhou J, Chen LL, et al.Clinical application value of MR dacryocystography using 3D FIESTA to analyze the cause of epiphora.J Chin Clin Med Imaging, 2015, 26(2): 77–80.

王悅, 周軍,陳琳琳,等.磁共振成像技術(shù)3D FIESTA序列對(duì)溢淚病因分析的臨床應(yīng)用價(jià)值.中國(guó)臨床醫(yī)學(xué)影像雜志, 2015, 26(2): 77–80.

[2]Jing Z, Lang C, Qiu-Xia W, et al.High-spatial-resolution isotropic three-dimensional fast-recovery fast spin-echo magnetic resonance dacryocystography combined with topical administration of sterile saline solution.Eur J Radiol, 2013, 82(9): 1546–1551.

[3]Coskun B, Ilgit E, Onal B, et al.MR dacryocystography in the evaluation of patients with obstructive epiphora treated by means of interventional radiologic procedures.Am J Neuroradiol, 2012, 33(1): 141–147.

[4]Cubuk R, Tasali N, Aydin S, et al.Dynamic MR dacryocystography in patients with epiphora.Eur J Radiol, 2010, 73(2): 230–233.

[5]Detorakis ET, Drakonaki E, Papadaki E, et al.Watery eye following patent external DCR: an MR dacryocystography study.Orbit, 2010, 29(5): 239–243.

[6]Zhang J, Shu HG, Hu JW et al.Nasolacrimal duct imaging using MR hydrography and its clinical application.Chin J Radiol, 2008, 42(6): 614–617.

張菁, 舒紅格, 胡軍武, 等.MR鼻淚管成像的臨床應(yīng)用.中華放射學(xué)雜志, 2008, 42(6): 614–617.

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[9]Takehara Y, Isoda H, Kurihashi K, et al.Dynamic MR dacryocystography: a new method for evaluating nasolacrimal duct obstructions.Am J Roentgenol, 2000, 175(2): 469–473.

[10]Paulsen FP, Thale AB, Hallmann UJ, et al.The cavernous body of the human efferent tear ducts: function in tear outflow mechanism.Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2000, 41(5): 965–970.

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[12]Ayub M, Thale AB, Hedderich J, et al.The cavernous body of the human efferent tear ducts contributes to regulation of tear outflow.Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2003, 44(11): 4900–4907.

[13]Paulsen F, Hallmann U, Paulsen J, et al.Innervation of the cavernous body of the human efferent tear ducts and function in tear outflow mechanism.J Anat, 2000, 197(Pt 2): 177–187.

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[15]Wang TT, Tao H, Han C, et al.Preliminary study on CT retrograde intubation dacryocystography (CT-RIDC) and its impact factors.Chin J Ophthalmol, 2014, 10(50): 766–771.

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DOI:10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2016.01.005

文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A

中圖分類號(hào):R445.2;R777.23

收稿日期:2015-09-28

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