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川中地區(qū)中下侏羅統(tǒng)致密油儲(chǔ)層裂縫發(fā)育特征

2016-04-20 12:18:14呂文雅曾聯(lián)波張俊輝陳雙全黃平
關(guān)鍵詞:沙溪廟大安灰?guī)r

呂文雅+曾聯(lián)波+張俊輝+陳雙全+黃平+呂鵬+米華存

摘要:裂縫是川中地區(qū)中下侏羅統(tǒng)致密油儲(chǔ)層重要的儲(chǔ)集空間和主要的滲流通道,影響油氣富集和單井產(chǎn)能。利用野外露頭、巖芯和成像測(cè)井資料,對(duì)川中地區(qū)致密儲(chǔ)層裂縫成因類型和發(fā)育特征進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)分析。在地質(zhì)成因上,該區(qū)中下侏羅統(tǒng)沙溪廟組一段致密砂巖和大安寨組致密灰?guī)r儲(chǔ)層的裂縫可以分為構(gòu)造裂縫與成巖裂縫兩種類型,其中以構(gòu)造裂縫為主。按照裂縫傾角,構(gòu)造裂縫可以進(jìn)一步分為低角度裂縫(0°~30°)、斜交裂縫(30°~60°)和高角度裂縫(大于60°)。由于低角度裂縫的直井鉆遇率高,而斜交裂縫與高角度裂縫的直井鉆遇率依次降低,所以對(duì)其裂縫密度統(tǒng)計(jì)時(shí)需要進(jìn)行校正。根據(jù)裂縫與巖芯的空間幾何關(guān)系,采用裂縫面法線方向上單位長(zhǎng)度的裂縫條數(shù)進(jìn)行校正。結(jié)果表明,該區(qū)沙溪廟組一段和大安寨組高角度裂縫線密度遠(yuǎn)大于低角度裂縫,反映該區(qū)致密油儲(chǔ)層具有以高角度裂縫為主的特點(diǎn),修正了過(guò)去長(zhǎng)期以低角度裂縫為主的認(rèn)識(shí),對(duì)深入認(rèn)識(shí)該區(qū)裂縫發(fā)育規(guī)律和指導(dǎo)致密油勘探開(kāi)發(fā)具有重要意義。

關(guān)鍵詞:裂縫;致密油儲(chǔ)層;發(fā)育特征;密度;樣品偏差;高角度;中下侏羅統(tǒng);四川盆地

中圖分類號(hào):P618.13;TE122文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A

Development Characteristics of Fractures in the MiddleLower

Jurassic Tight Oil Reservoirs in Central Sichuan Basin

LU Wenya1, ZENG Lianbo1, ZHANG Junhui1,2, CHEN Shuangquan3, HUANG Ping4, LU Peng1, MI Huacun5

(1. College of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China; 2. Exploration and Development

Research Institute of Southwest Company, SINOPEC, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China; 3. College of Geophysics

and Information Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China; 4. Exploration and

Development Research Institute of Southwest Company, PetroChina, Chengdu 610051, Sichuan, China;

5. Yumen Oilfield Company, PetroChina, Jiuquan 735200, Gansu, China)

Abstract: Fractures are important storage space and fluid channels, influencing oilgas accumulation and well production in the MiddleLower Jurassic tight oil reservoirs in central Sichuan Basin. Based on the data of analogous outcrops, cores and image logs, the fracture origin types and development characteristics were systematically analyzed. According to the geological origins, the tectonic and diagenetic fractures are developed in the MiddleLower Jurassic tight oil reservoirs of the first member of Shaximiao Formation and Daanzhai Formation in central Sichuan Basin, and the tectonic fracture is the main one. According to the dip angles of fractures, the fractures can be divided into three types, i. e. low dipangle fractures (0°30°), oblique dipangle fractures (30°60°) and high dipangle fractures (more than 60°). Because low dipangle fractures present high encountered rates in vertical wells, and oblique and high dipangle fractures present gradual decrement of encountered rates, it is necessary to make a correction related to fracture intensity statistics. According to the spatial geometric relationship of fracture and core, the fracture number per meter of length in the normal direction of fracture surface was used to correct the calculation. The results show that the linear intensities of high dipangle fractures are much greater than those of low dipangle fractures in the first member of Shaximiao Formation and Daanzhai Formation; high dipangle fractures are the most abundant in these tight oil reservoirs; thus, it corrects the past understanding that low dipangle fractures are the major, which is of great significance for further understanding fracture development rules and guiding tight oil exploration and development in this area.

Key words: fracture; tight oil reservoir; development characteristic; intensity; sample bias; highdip angle; MiddleLower Jurassic; Sichuan Basin

0引言

致密油是致密儲(chǔ)層油的簡(jiǎn)稱,通常是指賦存于孔隙度小于10%、覆壓基質(zhì)滲透率小于0.1×10-3μm2的致密砂巖和灰?guī)r等儲(chǔ)集層中的石油[16]。致密油是全球非常規(guī)油氣勘探開(kāi)發(fā)的重要領(lǐng)域,具有較好的發(fā)展前景和較高的商業(yè)價(jià)值[712]。中國(guó)致密油資源豐富,儲(chǔ)量大且分布廣,目前鄂爾多斯盆地、四川盆地、松遼盆地、準(zhǔn)噶爾盆地、渤海灣盆地等地區(qū)致密油勘探開(kāi)發(fā)正在進(jìn)行中[1]。

四川盆地大規(guī)模油氣勘探始于1953年,是中國(guó)最早發(fā)現(xiàn)油氣資源的盆地之一。川中地區(qū)中下侏羅統(tǒng)作為四川盆地唯一以含油為主的層系,其石油資源十分豐富,但其儲(chǔ)層的物性極差,儲(chǔ)集空間多樣且非均質(zhì)性強(qiáng),屬于典型的致密儲(chǔ)層。在強(qiáng)烈的構(gòu)造變形及后期成巖作用下,該區(qū)致密儲(chǔ)層天然裂縫發(fā)育[1315]。天然裂縫是該區(qū)致密儲(chǔ)層重要的儲(chǔ)集空間和主要的滲流通道,影響著致密油分布及致密儲(chǔ)層的勘探與開(kāi)發(fā)[1619]。因此,研究致密儲(chǔ)層裂縫分布特征及其發(fā)育規(guī)律對(duì)致密油的合理開(kāi)發(fā)具有重要的理論與實(shí)際意義。

許多學(xué)者對(duì)川中地區(qū)中下侏羅統(tǒng)致密油的成藏機(jī)理、資源評(píng)價(jià)、富集規(guī)律、產(chǎn)能控制因素以及致密儲(chǔ)層微觀特征和發(fā)育機(jī)理等方面進(jìn)行了大量研究[2033]。前人對(duì)川中地區(qū)裂縫也開(kāi)展了一些工作。秦啟榮等探討了川中地區(qū)大安寨組裂縫的成因模式,認(rèn)為川中東緣地區(qū)大安寨組裂縫在近EW向和NW—SE向水平擠壓應(yīng)力作用下形成NE向、NW向、近EW向和近SN向4組裂縫[34];劉莉萍等研究認(rèn)為川中公山廟地區(qū)沙溪廟組一段亦發(fā)育NE向、EW向、NW向、SN向裂縫,其中NE向和EW向裂縫對(duì)油氣運(yùn)聚起重要作用[3536];胡宗全等探討了大安寨灰?guī)r裂縫及巖石孔隙結(jié)構(gòu)的分形特征,提出了階梯狀孔隙結(jié)構(gòu)模型[37];趙輝等研究認(rèn)為川中地區(qū)大安寨段主要以低斜水平縫為主,而高角度裂縫不發(fā)育,并通過(guò)常規(guī)測(cè)井曲線對(duì)裂縫進(jìn)行了評(píng)價(jià),探討了裂縫發(fā)育程度對(duì)產(chǎn)能的影響[38]。

本文在研究中下侏羅統(tǒng)沙溪廟組一段致密砂巖和大安寨組致密灰?guī)r儲(chǔ)層裂縫分布特征的基礎(chǔ)上,考慮鉆井取芯造成的樣品偏差(Sampling Bias),采用裂縫面法線方向上單位長(zhǎng)度的裂縫條數(shù)表征方法,對(duì)不同角度的裂縫密度進(jìn)行了重新統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,提出了川中地區(qū)沙溪廟組一段和大安寨組致密儲(chǔ)層都是以高角度構(gòu)造裂縫為主的新認(rèn)識(shí)。

1地質(zhì)概況

川中地區(qū)位于四川盆地中部,北起大巴山、米倉(cāng)山山前帶,南抵樂(lè)山—宜賓斷褶帶,西起龍泉山構(gòu)造帶,東至華鎣山深大斷裂帶的平緩褶皺帶,面積約8×104 km2(圖1)。川中地區(qū)中下侏羅統(tǒng)是四川盆地的主要含油層系,目前在珍珠沖組、東岳廟組、馬鞍山組、大安寨組、涼高山組和沙溪廟組一段都見(jiàn)到了良好的油氣顯示,其中主力層系為沙溪廟組一段、涼高山組和大安寨組,并發(fā)現(xiàn)了桂花、龍崗、蓮池、蓬萊鎮(zhèn)、公山廟等多個(gè)含油構(gòu)造。

Ⅰ為川東高陡斷褶帶;Ⅱ?yàn)榇系途彅囫迬?;Ⅲ為川西南低緩斷褶帶;Ⅳ為川西低緩斷褶帶;Ⅴ為川中平緩斷褶?/p>

圖1四川盆地構(gòu)造位置及主要致密油分布

Fig.1Structure Location of Sichuan Basin and Distribution of Main Tight Oil Reservoirs

本次研究主要為沙溪廟組一段砂巖儲(chǔ)層和大安寨組灰?guī)r儲(chǔ)層,其中沙溪廟組一段砂巖主要發(fā)育三角洲分流河道和河口壩砂體,大安寨組灰?guī)r為淡水湖相混合沉積,發(fā)育灰褐色介殼灰?guī)r、泥質(zhì)介殼灰?guī)r與黑色頁(yè)巖、灰黑色泥巖的不等厚互層[20,2425](圖2)。

根據(jù)樣品物性分析結(jié)果,沙溪廟組一段砂巖的孔隙度主要分布在10%~60%之間,平均值為34%,滲透率大部分小于10×10-3 μm2[22,26],大安寨組灰?guī)r絕大多數(shù)樣品孔隙度小于20%,介于081%~3.22%之間,大部分樣品滲透率小于0.1×10-3 μm2 [22,24,2627],均表現(xiàn)為典型的低孔致密儲(chǔ)層。鏡下微觀特征分析表明,川中地區(qū)沙溪廟組一段致密砂巖和大安寨組致密灰?guī)r儲(chǔ)集空間類型多樣且分布復(fù)雜,受后期壓實(shí)、膠結(jié)及溶蝕作用影響,儲(chǔ)層非均質(zhì)性極強(qiáng),同時(shí)在后期構(gòu)造應(yīng)力作用下,天然裂縫普遍發(fā)育,構(gòu)成裂縫孔隙型雙重介質(zhì)儲(chǔ)層特征。

圖2川中地區(qū)侏羅系地層綜合柱狀圖

Fig.2Synthetic Stratigraphic Column of Jurassic in Central Sichuan Basin

2裂縫成因類型

依據(jù)控制天然裂縫形成的地質(zhì)因素,沉積儲(chǔ)層天然裂縫的成因類型通常分為構(gòu)造裂縫、成巖裂縫、異常高壓裂縫、收縮裂縫以及溶蝕裂縫等類型[13,3946]。根據(jù)野外相似露頭、巖芯及成像測(cè)井資料,川中地區(qū)沙溪廟組一段致密砂巖和大安寨組致密灰?guī)r儲(chǔ)層中普遍發(fā)育有構(gòu)造裂縫和成巖裂縫,其中以構(gòu)造裂縫為主。

在力學(xué)性質(zhì)上,構(gòu)造裂縫主要為剪切裂縫,裂縫產(chǎn)狀穩(wěn)定,裂縫面平直光滑,常見(jiàn)滑動(dòng)擦痕甚至階步,裂縫多成雁列式排列,有時(shí)可見(jiàn)羽飾構(gòu)造[圖3(a)~(c)]。成巖裂縫一般順著微層理面分布,是儲(chǔ)層巖石在成巖過(guò)程中由于壓實(shí)或壓溶等地質(zhì)作用而產(chǎn)生的天然裂縫[4748]。研究區(qū)成巖裂縫多為低角度裂縫,尤其在巖性分界面處較為發(fā)育,沿層理面可出現(xiàn)斷續(xù)、彎曲、分枝等特征[圖3(d)]。

3裂縫發(fā)育特征

3.1裂縫傾角分類

按照裂縫傾角大小,研究區(qū)沙溪廟組一段致密砂巖和大安寨組致密灰?guī)r儲(chǔ)層的構(gòu)造裂縫又可以進(jìn)一步分為高角度裂縫(大于60°)、傾斜裂縫(30°~60°)和低角度裂縫(0°~30°)。高角度裂縫為典型的構(gòu)造裂縫,其方向性明顯,裂縫面上見(jiàn)擦痕等典型特征,表明其主要為剪切裂縫[圖3(a)]。傾斜裂縫與高角度裂縫常成組發(fā)育,且常伴隨礦物充填,分布較規(guī)則,規(guī)律性明顯并具有相應(yīng)的裂縫面特征,反映傾斜裂縫同樣以構(gòu)造成因的剪切裂縫為主[圖3(b)]。低角度裂縫常常與微層理面呈小角度相交或順微層理面分布。低角度裂縫有兩種成因類型:一類為構(gòu)造成因,裂縫面上常常具有礦物充填甚至擦痕分布,表現(xiàn)為順層滑脫裂縫或剪切裂縫[圖3(c)];另一類為成巖裂縫,順著微層理面分布,為巖層在成巖過(guò)程中由于壓實(shí)和壓溶作用形成的裂縫[圖3(d)]。

研究區(qū)巖芯都是直井取芯。在直井巖芯上,低角度裂縫的巖芯鉆遇率最高,其次是斜交裂縫,而高角度裂縫的巖芯鉆遇率最低。因此,如果在直井巖芯上進(jìn)行裂縫統(tǒng)計(jì),自然是低角度裂縫的數(shù)量最多,尤其在大安寨組致密灰?guī)r中更是如此(圖4)。

圖件由36口井長(zhǎng)度為2 136.0 m的巖芯統(tǒng)計(jì)得到

依據(jù)巖芯上不同傾角裂縫的分布頻率,按照常規(guī)的視密度(即單位巖芯上鉆遇的裂縫條數(shù))統(tǒng)計(jì)[4950],分布頻率高的裂縫視密度自然最大,因而前人得出該區(qū)低角度裂縫最發(fā)育而高角度裂縫不太發(fā)育的認(rèn)識(shí)[38]。由于直井巖芯鉆遇高角度裂縫有一個(gè)概率問(wèn)題,巖芯直徑有限(通常小于裂縫間距),鉆井巖芯是否鉆遇到高角度裂縫具有很大的隨機(jī)性,所以常規(guī)的單位巖芯上鉆遇裂縫條數(shù)的視密度不能反映裂縫在地下的真實(shí)發(fā)育情況,必須要對(duì)不同傾角裂縫密度校正成真密度以后才可以進(jìn)行對(duì)比[48]。

3.2裂縫密度統(tǒng)計(jì)方法

裂縫密度是衡量裂縫發(fā)育程度的主要參數(shù),包括線密度、面密度和體積密度。由于構(gòu)造裂縫的方向性明顯,所以通常用線密度來(lái)反映構(gòu)造裂縫的發(fā)育程度[48]。在直井巖芯上,單位巖芯鉆遇的低角度裂縫條數(shù)基本可以代表其真實(shí)線密度,而單位巖芯鉆遇的斜交裂縫和高角度裂縫條數(shù)不能夠代表其真實(shí)的線密度。

直井巖芯僅為一口之見(jiàn),井徑的大小通常要小于甚至遠(yuǎn)小于裂縫的間距[4953],且鉆井過(guò)程中井軌跡偏離鉛直方向(即發(fā)生井斜),因而在對(duì)直井巖芯高角度裂縫密度進(jìn)行描述和統(tǒng)計(jì)時(shí),由于鉆遇率的問(wèn)題,或即使巖芯鉆遇裂縫,巖芯上觀察到的裂縫高度、延伸長(zhǎng)度也存在限制,會(huì)導(dǎo)致以巖芯描述地下裂縫的真實(shí)分布總存在固有樣品偏差(Sampling Bias)。為了消除裂縫視密度的偏差,本文采用裂縫面法線方向上單位長(zhǎng)度的裂縫條數(shù)來(lái)表征裂縫的線密度(圖5)。其計(jì)算公式為

ρ=ncos αLcos θ(1)

式中:ρ為裂縫的線密度;n為巖芯上觀察到的裂縫條數(shù);L為累計(jì)的巖芯長(zhǎng)度;α為井軌跡與鉛直方向的夾角;θ為裂縫的傾角。

3.3結(jié)果分析

圖件由36口井長(zhǎng)度為2 136.0 m的巖芯統(tǒng)計(jì)得到

如果按照常用的單位巖芯上裂縫條數(shù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì),統(tǒng)計(jì)的水平裂縫密度為真線密度,而高角度裂縫和斜交裂縫都為視線密度。雖然研究區(qū)巖芯上觀察到的低角度裂縫數(shù)量較多[圖6(a)、圖7(a)],但是將高角度裂縫和斜交裂縫根據(jù)其與巖芯的幾何關(guān)系進(jìn)行校正,結(jié)果表明:沙溪廟組一段細(xì)砂巖、粉砂巖、泥質(zhì)粉砂巖及泥巖中高角度裂縫線密度最大,分布在045~123條·m-1之間,其次為斜交裂縫,其線密度小于0.55條·m-1,低角度裂縫發(fā)育程度較弱,其線密度小于0.33 條·m-1,而粉砂質(zhì)泥巖中裂縫整體發(fā)育程度較差[圖6(b)];大安寨組灰?guī)r、泥質(zhì)灰?guī)r、灰質(zhì)泥巖和泥巖中高角度裂縫線密度最大,分布在0.38~0.82條·m-1之間,其次為低角度裂縫,其線密度分布在0.09~0.57條·m-1之間,斜交裂縫發(fā)育程度較弱,其線密度分布一般小于025條·m-1,分布在0.05~0.24條·m-1之間[圖7(b)]。這表明沙溪廟組一段致密砂巖儲(chǔ)層和大安寨組致密灰?guī)r儲(chǔ)層均以高角度裂縫為主,而不是過(guò)去認(rèn)識(shí)的以低角度裂縫為主,而且在大安寨組致密灰?guī)r中低角度裂縫也較發(fā)育,其低角度裂縫線密度為057 條·m-1,相對(duì)于其他巖性的低角度裂縫線密度更高。大安寨組致密灰?guī)r的高角度與低角度裂縫同時(shí)發(fā)育的這種特點(diǎn),對(duì)其致密油氣富集和開(kāi)發(fā)具有重要意義。在地層條件下,這些高角度裂縫和低角度裂縫可以構(gòu)成相互交織的網(wǎng)狀,形成良好的裂縫滲流網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng),可為致密儲(chǔ)層的油氣流動(dòng)提供滲流通道,有利于該區(qū)致密油的開(kāi)發(fā)。

圖件由36口井長(zhǎng)度為2 136.0 m的巖芯統(tǒng)計(jì)得到

4結(jié)語(yǔ)

(1)川中地區(qū)中下侏羅統(tǒng)沙溪廟組一段致密砂巖和大安寨組致密灰?guī)r儲(chǔ)層普遍發(fā)育構(gòu)造裂縫與成巖裂縫,其中以構(gòu)造裂縫為主。

(2)直井巖芯的裂縫視線密度反映不了裂縫的真實(shí)發(fā)育情況,根據(jù)裂縫與巖芯的空間幾何關(guān)系,采用裂縫面法線方向上單位長(zhǎng)度的裂縫條數(shù)來(lái)表征裂縫的線密度可以較好地彌補(bǔ)因取芯造成的樣品偏差,更好地表征裂縫的發(fā)育程度。

(3)校正以后的裂縫線密度對(duì)比表明,川中地區(qū)沙溪廟組一段致密砂巖和大安寨組致密灰?guī)r均以高角度構(gòu)造裂縫為主,修正了過(guò)去以低角度裂縫為主的認(rèn)識(shí)。其中大安寨組致密灰?guī)r低角度構(gòu)造裂縫也較發(fā)育,大安寨組致密灰?guī)r的高角度與低角度裂縫可以構(gòu)成相互交織的網(wǎng)狀,形成良好的裂縫滲流網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng),為致密油儲(chǔ)層提供滲流通道,有利于致密油開(kāi)發(fā)。

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