●黃文杰
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董鼎山:一個紐約客的文心鄉(xiāng)情
●黃文杰
董鼎山Dong Dingshan, who called himself a New Yorker
2015年12月19日,旅居紐約的美籍華裔作家、評論家董鼎山先生,在紐約去世,享年93歲。董鼎山,一個時代的知識分子,通過在《讀書》《文匯報》《新民晚報》等報刊撰文和出版等身的著作,開啟人們對當(dāng)代世界文學(xué)的認(rèn)識之途。
1922年的寧波江北岸老外灘是一個華洋雜陳、中西文化碰撞的處所。每日大型輪船裝載客貨,一片擁擠繁忙;百貨公司林立馬路兩邊,有大小報關(guān)行、外僑設(shè)立的洋行、貨物堆棧等。董鼎山出生在江北岸里馬路的泗洲塘,即現(xiàn)在人民路一帶。父親董振甫在中馬路經(jīng)營著一個有很好名聲的店鋪—“董順記顏料號”。在董鼎山的回憶中,小時候住雙層五開間前后兩進(jìn)的新式寓宅,陽臺有雕花的欄桿,非常華麗。這種精致的住宅在寧波江北外灘現(xiàn)在還保留很多,原先的主人大多是近代甬滬灘上的聞人。
寧波商幫重視教育,而且視野開闊,善于接受新思想。這個新式家庭的父親把董鼎山送進(jìn)教會學(xué)校讀書。他初中就讀于寧波斐迪中學(xué),高中在浙東中學(xué),由斐迪中學(xué)與三一書院合并而成??箲?zhàn)爆發(fā)后,董鼎山隨父親轉(zhuǎn)到上海復(fù)旦附中讀書,畢業(yè)后進(jìn)入圣約翰大學(xué)。如同大多數(shù)商幫家庭,希望孩子從事實(shí)業(yè),然而董鼎山卻熱愛文學(xué),父親董振甫說:“當(dāng)作家你一輩子得住亭子間,還是學(xué)著做生意吧!”董鼎山斬釘截鐵地回答:“住亭子間有啥不好啦,我就是想當(dāng)作家!”
董鼎山的文學(xué)夢始于幼時,與弟弟董樂山從小一起讀《封神榜》《西游記》《七俠五義》到《紅樓夢》《啼笑因緣》等;董樂山后來也成為著名的翻譯家、作家、美國文化研究學(xué)者。
董鼎山由斐迪中學(xué)的藏書接觸到現(xiàn)代小說,喜歡上了巴金的《電》與《火》,深受巴金文學(xué)中反抗封建禮教、反對國民黨政府統(tǒng)治、追求社會進(jìn)步與變革的思想影響。他最早發(fā)表的為《論戰(zhàn)時寧波中等教育》一文,當(dāng)時還是一名14歲的中學(xué)生,因?yàn)椤捌咂呤伦儭卑l(fā)生,他對學(xué)校不關(guān)抗戰(zhàn)痛癢的課程非常不滿,在課堂上發(fā)表意見,老師鼓勵他寫成文章報稿給寧波《時事公報》副刊,結(jié)果刊發(fā)后在寧波引起很大的反響。
左圖 1944年,在圣約翰大學(xué);右圖 1945年,圣約翰大學(xué)畢業(yè)照Left: Dong Dingshan in St John University in 1944; Dong Dingshan graduated from St. John University in 1945.
在上海圣約翰大學(xué)英文系,董鼎山攻讀英國文學(xué),在哈代、狄更斯、莎士比亞、彌爾頓等人的原文著作中汲取文學(xué)營養(yǎng),并深受魯迅先生所編上海《申報》副刊《自由談》影響。這時,他被著名編輯柯靈所賞識,他的作品經(jīng)常在柯靈所編的副刊如《世紀(jì)風(fēng)》《草原》《筆會》上,以堅衛(wèi)等筆名發(fā)表。同時,董鼎山也為《萬象》《雜志》《幸福》等期刊撰寫小說、散文、影評。他還在沈寂主編的《幸?!吩驴嫌谩傲詈纭钡墓P名發(fā)表言情小說,據(jù)說曾迷倒無數(shù)妙齡少女,并出版過小說集《幻想的土地》。而董鼎山一生似乎對言情創(chuàng)作并不重視,而是傾情于在柯靈所編報刊上撰寫言論。大學(xué)畢業(yè)后,他先后在《辛報》《申報》《東南日報》當(dāng)編輯與記者,大約兩年時間,這也就是董鼎山以老報人自稱的原因。
1947年董鼎山赴美留學(xué),當(dāng)他再次回到寧波時,已是兩鬢染霜,那是闊別故鄉(xiāng)41年的1988年了。
1983年圣誕節(jié)合家福A family picture taken on Christmas Day 1983
《天下真小》是三聯(lián)出版社1984年出版的董鼎山的第一本結(jié)集。取書名“天下真小”,意思是表達(dá)在這個越來越縮小的世界中,搭建一座文化橋梁,來增進(jìn)美國與中國互相了解的愿望。
本來,董鼎山打算在美留學(xué)三四年,但因時事變遷巨大,最終未能回國,成為留美游子。先在密蘇里大學(xué)讀新聞學(xué)碩士;因中文報刊生存艱難,11年后,董鼎山改讀哥倫比亞大學(xué)圖書館學(xué)碩士,畢業(yè)后成為紐約市立大學(xué)教授,直至1989年退休。
董鼎山立志成為作家,卻以報人、教授立身,而作家的副業(yè)卻又讓他獲得巨大聲譽(yù)。他早年為《紐約時報》《洛杉磯時報》《美聯(lián)社特寫》等撰寫英文稿;后又長期為紐約《僑報》寫作專欄,《僑報》曾向董鼎山頒發(fā)“美國華裔作家終身成就獎”。但最為輝煌的還是接受《讀書》雜志約稿,開設(shè)“紐約通訊”專欄。董鼎山在《董鼎山文集·自序》中回憶,1978年,他回國在北京見到了弟弟董樂山帶來的老友馮亦代。馮亦代是《讀書》的主創(chuàng)者之一,專攻美國文學(xué),他請求董鼎山開欄目介紹以美國當(dāng)代文壇為中心的美國文化,于是董鼎山用重新拾起的中文寫作。
當(dāng)時國門剛剛打開,對外文化隔絕三十多年,國內(nèi)知識分子對美國文壇可以說毫不知情,這位“紐約客”以己之長適時打開了一個國人睜眼看世界的重要窗口。董鼎山在17年專欄寫作中,連續(xù)發(fā)表近百篇文章,幾乎構(gòu)成一個時代的“西風(fēng)窗”縮影,厄普代克、諾曼·梅勒、海明威、艾倫·坡、菲利普·羅斯、凱魯·亞克等一批二十世紀(jì)偉大作家及其作品,大都是通過他的筆墨向國內(nèi)傳播,并得到普及;許多讀者是看到董鼎山的介紹文章后,再進(jìn)一步去追蹤自己感興趣的作家、作品。
董鼎山又是一個性情中人,熱情真摯,坦率開朗;遇事剛正不阿、嫉惡如仇。他介紹美國作家客觀公正,既贊賞他們的才華,也不掩飾他們的惡習(xí)。他不認(rèn)為美國的文化便是至善至美。他常常以嘲諷的口吻來談美國,這在他的各本專著中隨處可見。他的文筆活潑質(zhì)樸、自由自在,這種言論立場與語態(tài)風(fēng)格也極為當(dāng)時知識分子所喜愛。
董鼎山的文章屬于報人寫作,表現(xiàn)為深入淺出、親切隨意的智識言談,體例上更接近于通訊,與板起面孔同受眾有距離感的學(xué)術(shù)文章不同。董鼎山認(rèn)為書評有兩種,一種是推介,一種是評論,他把自己的作品歸屬于推介。日積月累的閱讀與寫作使他能夠融會貫通,他的作品極有趣味與深度。他說:“要討論一個作家、一本作品,首先要把主題融通消化。然后不但加上自己的意見,也滲入自己的風(fēng)格,把讀者慢慢地吸引入我自己所能享受的境界?!毕愀邸白x書良友文庫”主編杜漸,曾這樣評論董鼎山的文風(fēng):“像他那樣把文章寫得既平易又深刻,是極不容易的,越是清醇的酒越難釀,淺白而又有深意的文章,也最難寫?!焙髞怼蹲x書》文體轉(zhuǎn)向嚴(yán)正的學(xué)術(shù),喜歡隨意作文的董鼎山漸漸淡出了《讀書》。
1988年,董鼎山又結(jié)集出版《西窗漫記》,連同第一本書集《天下真小》兩書風(fēng)行一時。繼《讀書》之后,又有《博覽群書》雜志邀請他開設(shè)“紐約傳真”專欄;后又有香港、臺北的報刊也紛紛約稿,他的創(chuàng)作進(jìn)入了高峰期,陸續(xù)結(jié)集為《書、人、事》《留美三十年》《西邊拾葉》《美國作家與作品》《西窗拾葉》《第三種讀書》《紐約文化掃描》《董鼎山文集》《自己的視角》《紐約客閑話》《美國夢的另一面》等20余種書,被視為“影響整整一代讀書人”。2000年12月,董鼎山榮獲紐約國際文化藝術(shù)中心頒發(fā)的“終身貢獻(xiàn)獎”。這是給這位半個世紀(jì)以來從事中美文化交流的使者之最高獎勵。
董鼎山(右)與妻子蓓琪晚年合影Dong Dingshan and his wife in their evening years
董鼎山久居美國,但熱愛祖國的赤子之心未泯。讀他的書,時時可感他對中華傳統(tǒng)文化的摯愛、對祖國對故鄉(xiāng)的拳拳愛心。
董鼎山不只是“美國文學(xué)大使”,同時又是一個摯愛故土的游子,樂于把中國文藝界的情況傳遞給外國。1973年,經(jīng)周恩來總理特批,董鼎山首次以海外歸國觀摩的“專欄作家”身份抵京訪問后,以飽含摯情的筆墨,寫下了大量優(yōu)美的散文隨筆作品,先在美國報刊刊出,隨后各國報刊紛紛轉(zhuǎn)載,影響極大。在參與美國著名出版家H·W·Wilson所編的《世界作家辭典》時,他義不容辭地致力于中國作家小傳的撰寫。茅盾、巴金、老舍、艾青、王蒙、張潔、楊絳、張賢亮、馮驥才、諶容、陸文夫等,都是由他撰寫并收錄??梢哉f,定居美國50多年,董鼎山已然是美國公民,但又是一個真正的中國人,一個文化意識與感情歸屬上的中國人,是殷殷厚望于祖國故土早日富強(qiáng)統(tǒng)一的中國人。
1988年,董鼎山應(yīng)浙東中學(xué)時的老同學(xué)、寧波大學(xué)首任校長朱兆祥之邀到寧波大學(xué)講學(xué)。當(dāng)時他返國已約10次,但回鄉(xiāng)還是第一次,也是唯一的一次。在老家待了兩個月,這是董鼎山最為陶醉、最為過癮的日子,一方面能以自身圖書館管理專業(yè)資深學(xué)者身份與寧波大學(xué)等展開深入交流,另一方面重訪故地家園,老外灘的幼時光景、母校的變遷都讓他唏噓不已。在《父親的“背影”》一文中,他回憶的正是在寧波老外灘時光。那一天他告別到寧波來處理店務(wù)的父親,而這一別竟是永不相見。少小離家老大回的董鼎山,滿口寧波話,也讓接待的人員驚訝不已。一次,一位寧波大學(xué)的友人請董鼎山到一餐館用餐,問他要吃什么,董鼎山立即說:臭豆腐、臭冬瓜。后來他記錄這件事,說:“我白米飯連吃五碗,在座老鄉(xiāng)們與堂倌大驚失色(當(dāng)時我66歲)。20年后我仍在夢想?!?/p>
董鼎山的家庭是個典型的“聯(lián)合國”:中國人娶瑞典人為妻,女兒是美國人。在通常的印象中,異國婚姻是不牢固的,然而他與夫人蓓琪卻達(dá)到中國人所崇尚的那種白頭偕老的圓滿境界。而他們婚姻圓滿幸福的秘笈,董鼎山認(rèn)為源于夫人對中國文化的鐘愛。蓓琪燒得一手好吃的中國菜,董鼎山喜歡吃的紅燒肉是她的保留節(jié)目。在每年春節(jié),全家一定要吃團(tuán)圓飯,鋪大紅桌布、點(diǎn)紅蠟燭,給外孫女分壓歲錢,營造喜慶氣氛。當(dāng)然,在年夜飯中,一定有老家寧波的套菜“十大碗”?!罢娴氖侵袊^賢妻良母”,董鼎山如是說。蓓琪以她的善良與真情贏得了所有親友的喜愛。回寧波那次,家鄉(xiāng)的故舊都對這位寧波洋媳婦充滿好感與尊敬。
Dong Dingshan: New Yorker of Chinese Heart
By Huang Wenjie
The 93-year-old Dong Dingshan passed away in New Yorker on December 19, 2015. When the news reached China, Chinese intelligentsia mourned the essayist and commentator who over the past decades published numerous essays in influential Chinese media such as Wenhua News and Xinmin Evening News, two Shanghai-based news media and Reading, a Beijing-based review of books. His insight and enlightening comments on a full range of subjects opened a window on the literary world for Chinese who had just put an end to the chaos and were eager to see and understand the outside world.
董鼎山在紐約書房(攝于2012年9月15日)Dong Dingshan in his study in New York on September 15, 2012
Dong Dingshan was born in 1922 to a family of businesspeople of Ningbo, a port city in eastern Zhejiang and opposite of Shanghai across the giant Hangzhou Bay. He attended a local church school. After World War II broke, he went to Shanghai. Eventually he enrolled as an English major at Saint John’s University, one of the best universities in Asia of those days. After graduation, he worked for two years as a commentator and contributed essays to local newspapers in Shanghai. That was why in later years he considered himself as a newsman.
He went to the United States to further his studies in 1947. After attaining master degrees in journalism and library science, he taught at the City University of New York until he retired in 1989. Though he didn’t write novels as he had aspired to in his boyhood years, he became a writer for Ed-Op pages of various prestigious news media including New York Times, Los Angeles Times, and AP features. In particular, he wrote a column for decades for a local Chinese newspaper entitled Qiao Bao or the China Press.
After living so many years in America, he finally managed to come back home for the first time in 1973. He traveled in China and wrote essays about what he witnessed. These essays were reprinted in overseas newspapers and magazines.
In 1978, he came back again. Through his younger brother Dong Leshan, a famed translator, he met with Feng Yidai, who was then in charge of launching a monthly review of books for Chinese intellectuals. Dong Dingshan and Feng Yidai talked and Dong agreed to write a column about literature for the magazine. Dong contributed to the monthly for 17 years and his essays opened a great window on important names in American literature such as John Updike, Norman Mailer, Ernest Hemingway, Edgar Allan Poe, Phillip Roth and Jack Kerouc. Many Chinese read these essays and went on to read the books Dong had recommended. It was not until the magazine turned more academic that Dong stopped contributing his essays to it.
2006年董鼎山與著名學(xué)者、作家夏志清、王渝、巫一毛等聚會紐約。The picture captures a moment when Dong Dingshan meets with Xia Zhiqing, Wang Yu and Wu Yimao in New York in 2006.
Dong wrote for general readers. He considered his book reviews as recommendations, not as in-depth criticism. The essays, which were dynamic, candid, and free of fancy or academic words and phrases, appealed to Chinese readers in that particular historical period. He wrote about American writers in an objective and fair way: praising their talents and mentioning their defects. Dong didn’t think American culture was perfect. In some cases his ironic tone was sharp.
Pretty soon, Dong had established himself as a popular writer in Chinese media. Two collections he published in 1988 made his reputation go far and wide. He began to write for other magazines on the mainland as well as in Hong Kong and Taipei. All these articles were reprinted in his collections and reached more readers. Altogether, he published more than 20 collections of his essays in China. He is described an influence on the whole generation of readers. He also wrote entries on prominent Chinese novelists for a database of international authors published by H. W. Wilson, an American company that provides print and digital content aimed at patrons of public school, college, and professional libraries in both the United States and internationally.
In December 2000, he was awarded Life Achievement Award issued by New York Culture and Art Media Center for his contribution to the dialogue between China and USA.