胡發(fā)高
單項選擇,也被稱作“單項填空”,是全國大多數(shù)地區(qū)中考英語試題中必考的題型之一。該大題由10到20小題組成,主要涉及對名詞、冠詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞、副詞、連詞、介詞、情態(tài)動詞、動詞、時態(tài)、語態(tài)、非謂語形式、句型、語序、主謂一致、習慣用法及交際用語的考查,是一種容量大、考查面廣的題型。解答單項選擇題,除了需要具備較扎實的詞法、語法、句型、固定搭配、習慣用法等方面的語言功底外,還應掌握一些必要的解題方法,以提高解題的準確率。
一、根據(jù)時間判斷
考查時態(tài)是中考英語單項選擇題中的“重頭戲”。英語句子的時態(tài),大部分是依據(jù)明確的時間狀語來判定的。例如:句中有yesterday、last night、two days ago等時間狀語時,句子用一般過去時;句中有tomorrow、the day after tomor-row、next week、in a few days等時間狀語時,句子用一般將來時;句中有already、yet、for three years、for a long time、in the past/last few years、since 1995、since she left home等表示“一段時間”的狀語時,句子用現(xiàn)在完成時;句中有by the end of last month、before he moved here等表示“過去截止時間”的狀語時,句子用過去完成時。解題時,我們要準確運用這些時態(tài)與時間的對應關系。
但同時我們也應注意,有些題目沒有提供明確的時間狀語,需要我們根據(jù)上下文的相關信息來判斷答案,這就自然而然地增加了解題難度。解答這類題目,必須通過仔細觀察,分析判斷語言情境,尋找出暗含的時間信息來確定上下句之間的時態(tài)關系。
【考例】
1.(2015年宜賓卷)Over fifty countries______the AIIB(亞投行)so far.
A.joined
B.was joining
C. had joined
D.have joined
2.(2015年汕尾卷)-The TV program Voice of Youth is really great.
-I think so.It____the hearts of lots of fans since it started.
A.lose and touch
B.won and touched
C.has won and touched
D.has lost and hit
3.(2015年成都卷)Chengdu is a greener city now because more and more trees____every spring.
A.were planted
B.are planted
C.will be planted
4.(2015年廣州卷)The weather forecast says that____another storm tomorrow.
A.there will have
B.there will be
C.there has
D.there has been
5.(2015年濱州卷)-Look at the signl It says"No Smoking".
-Oh,sorry,I____it.
A.don't see
B.haven't seen
C.wasn't seen
D.didn't see
6.(2015年安徽卷)-Cathy,can you an-swer the door?I____the room.
-I'm coming,mum.
A.clean
B.cleaned
C.have cleaned
D.am cleaning
7.(2015年益陽卷)-What were you do-ing at 8:00 last Sunday?
-I______rubbish with my classmates by Zijiang River.
A.picked up
B.am picking up
C.was picking up
1.D。句中有表示現(xiàn)在完成時的時間狀語so far,因此本題應選擇have joined。句意為:到目前為止,有五十多個國家加入了亞投行。
2.C。本句的時間狀語是since it started。since引導的從句或短語做時間狀語時,主句或句子的謂語要用現(xiàn)在完成時,因此本題應選擇has won and touched。
3.B。本句有明確表示一般現(xiàn)在時的時間狀語every spring,因此本題應選擇are planted。
4.B。本句有明確表示一般將來時的時間狀語tomorrow,因此本題應選擇there will be做賓語從句的謂語。
5.D。本句中沒有明確的時間狀語,但根據(jù)語境分析,“沒有看到‘禁止吸煙這個警示牌”的動作發(fā)生在對方的提醒之前,即“發(fā)生在過去”,因此應選擇didn't see。
6.D。本句中沒有明確的時間狀語,但根據(jù)“can you answer the door(你能去開下門嗎)”的語境分析,媽媽“正在打掃房間”,因此應選擇am cleaning表示正在進行的動作。
7.C。答語中的時間就是問句中的at 8:00 last Sunday,問句中用的是were doing,那么答語中也要用過去進行時was picking up。
二、根據(jù)相關常識判斷
中考英語單項選擇題中,有一部分試題常以“常識”作為載體,考查學生理解句意的能力。這類試題常以名詞、代詞、動詞、形容詞或副詞等作為選項。要解答這類題目,我們應首先推敲句意,然后根據(jù)相關常識判斷答案。
【考例】
1.(2015年重慶B卷)The____of Chongqing is really hot,but I still like livinghere.
A.spring
B.summer
C.autumn
D.winter
2.(2015年德州卷)The New York Times is a popular daily____.
A.dictionary
B.magazine
C.newspaper
D.guidebook
3.(2015年泰安卷)My hometown is becom-ing more and more beautiful with trees and flow-ers on______sides of the road.
A.all
B.both
C.neither
D.either
4.(2015年德州卷)We will have to set off_______to avoid the heavy traffic tomorrow morn-ing.
A.early
B.quietly
C.slowly
D.politely
5.(2015年安徽卷)The running water makes the stones______very smooth.
A.sound
B.taste
C.smell
D.feel
6.(2015年德州卷)If overweight people eat less and take more exercise,they'll soon feel much
A.fatter
B.older
C.bigger
D.healthier
7.(2015年龍巖卷)-I saw Jane on the street just now.
-It______be her.She went back to Canada yesterday.
A.can't
B.mustn't
C.needn't
【解析】
1.B。根據(jù)“冬冷夏熱”的氣候常識,本題應選擇summer表示“重慶的夏天真的很熱”。
2.C。The New York Times(《紐約時報》)是報紙名,因此應選擇newspaper。即使不知道The New York Times的意思,我們也可以根據(jù)daily(每日的)判斷,每天都出版的出版物應該是“報紙”,此為常識。
3.B。根據(jù)常識可知,一河兩岸,一路兩邊。both sides表示“兩邊”,either表示“兩邊中的任何一邊”。本題空格后是sides of the road,因此應選擇both表示“(馬路的)兩邊”。
4.Ao to avoid the heavy traffic tomorrow mormng的意思是“避免明天早晨的交通擁堵”。根據(jù)常識,為了避免早晨的交通擁堵,我們不得不“早點兒”動身,因此應選擇early。
5.D。按照常識,石頭是不是光滑的,不是我們能聽出來的,也不是嘗出來的或聞到的,而是“摸上去感覺到的”,因此本題應選擇feel。
6.D。if從句的意思是“如果(體重)超重的人少吃多運動”。按常識推理,超重的人少吃多運動后會覺得身體“更健康”,因此應選擇healthier。
7. A。“She went back to Canada yesterday.”的意思是“她昨天回加拿大了”。根據(jù)常識,一個人不可能同時出現(xiàn)在兩個不同的地方,因此本題應選擇can't,表示“那個人不可能是她”。
三、根據(jù)語義邏輯判斷
不少英語單項選擇題,通常為選擇正確答案提供了比較明顯的語義信息。這類試題常以短語、情態(tài)動詞、并列連詞、從屬連詞、副詞、名詞、比較等級等為考查點。解答這類題目,通常可以采用對照語義信息進行邏輯推理的方法,從而得出正確答案。
【考例】
1.(2015年龍巖卷)In parts of India,people use their fingers to____the food.
A.send up
B.build up
C.pick up
2.(2015年德州卷)-Mr.Wang,must I come again to clean the classroom on Sunday?
-No,you____.I have asked Kate to do it.
A.can't
B.mustn't
C.needn't
D.shouldn't
3.(2015年德州卷)When I got to the bus stop,I missed the early bus and I had to____the next one.
A.give up
B.keep off
C.call off
D.wait for
4.(2015年杭州卷)Harry's been driving all day-he____be tired.
A.need
B.can
C.shall
D.must
5.(2015年杭州卷)We didn't enjoy the day_____the weather was so bad.
A.because
B.though
C.unless
D.till
6.(2015年重慶A卷)Dave really likes driv-ing.I think being a_____is just right for him.
A.doctor
B.teacher
C.farmer
D.driver
7.(2015年資陽卷)We stopped____,but there was not any sound.
A.to listen
B.listens
C.listen
D.listening
8.(2015年重慶B卷)I could____hear what you said just now.Could you please say that again?
A.sometimes
B.always
C.hardly
D.clearly
9.(2015年重慶B卷)I always believe that_______is difficult if we try our best to do it.
A.something
B.anything
C.everything
D.nothing
10.(2015年南京卷)Lisa was still very weak when she left hospital.But after a week's rest,she felt much____and went back to school.
A.good
B.better
C.bad
D.worse
【解析】
1.Co use their fingers to…的意思是“用手指(去做某事)”,由于空格后是the food,根據(jù)語義邏輯判斷,應選擇pick up表示“用手指抓取食物”。
2.Co“I have asked Kate to do it.”的意思是“我已經(jīng)請凱特做過了”。因此,根據(jù)語義邏輯判斷,應選擇needn't表示“不必”。
3.D?!癐 missed the early bus…”的意思是“我沒趕上早班公交車”。按語義邏輯判斷,沒趕上就要“等”下一班車,因此應選擇wait for。
4. Do“Harry's been driving all day…”的意思是“哈里已經(jīng)開了一整天車了”。據(jù)此語義邏輯判斷,他“一定”很累了,因此應選擇must表示推測。
5.A。句意為:我們玩得不盡興是因為天氣太糟糕。因此應選擇because引導原因狀語從句the weather was so bad。
6.D。driver是名詞,意為“駕駛員、司機”;drive是動詞,意為“駕駛、開車”。前一句“Dave really likes driving…”的意思是“戴夫真的喜歡開車”,根據(jù)語義邏輯推理,后一句應選擇driver,句意為“我認為,他正適合當一名司機”。
7.A。but there was not any sound的意思是“但是沒有任何聲響”。據(jù)此語義邏輯判斷,在這之前我們的動作時“停下來聽聽有什么聲音”,因此應選擇to listen。stop to do sth.表示“停下來去做另一件事”;stop doing sth.表示“停下正在做的事”。
8.C。根據(jù)“Could you please say that again?”一句可以判斷,前一句說的應該是“我?guī)缀鯖]有聽到你剛才說的話”,因此應選擇hardly表示否定概念,意思是“幾乎不、簡直不”。
9.D。if we try our best to do it是條件狀語從句,意思是“如果我們盡力去做”。按照此語義邏輯推理,本題應選擇nothing。句意為:我一直認為,如果我們盡力去做,就沒有什么難事。
10.B。根據(jù)and went back to school的語義邏輯判斷,麗莎休息一個星期后身體應該是“好多了”,因此應選擇better,其前用much表示程度。全句意思是:麗莎出院時身體還很虛弱,但休息一個星期后她感覺好多了,并回學校上課了。
四、根據(jù)句型結構判斷
考查句型的中考單選題,主要針對“祈使句+and/or…”結構、“It is+形容詞+(for sb.)+不定式”結構、“主語+謂語+so/such…+that從句”結構、“It takes/took/will take(sb.)some time to do sth.”句型、there be句型、賓語從句、定語從句、狀語從句、感嘆句、特殊疑問句、反意疑問句等設題。解答考查句型的單選題時,首先要辨明題目考查的是什么句型,然后根據(jù)該句型的常規(guī)結構來選擇正確答案。
【考例】
1.(2015年杭州卷)The woman______is the most important in my life is my mother.
A.which
B.who
C.whom
D.what
2.(2015年廣州卷)The stories____werewritten by Mark Twain are often humorous.
A.that
B.those
C.who
D.what
3.(2015年福州卷)-lt will______only about 50 minutes to travel to Mount Wuyi by high-speed railway.
-Wow,how exciting!I can't wait.
A.take
B.spend
C.cost
4.(2015年龍巖卷)-Cross the road careful-ly,______you will keep yourself safe.
-OK,I will.
A.or
B.and
C.but
5.(2015年德州卷)You'd better wake up Tom at 6:30,____he will be late for the match.
A.if
B.or
C.and
D.but
6.(2015年廣州卷)Could you tell me_____ a moment ago?
A.what were they talking about
B.what are they talking about
C.what they were talking about
D.what they are talking about
7.(2015年安徽卷)Drive slowly,Mary.____is something ahead ori the road.
A.It
B.This
C.That
D.There
8.(2015年南充卷)It's necessary for us_____English well.
A.to learn
B.learning
C.learn
D.learns
9.(2015年益陽卷)-It's Father's Day to-day,____?
-Yes,let's buy a gift for Dad.
A.isn't he
B.doesn't it
C.isn't it
10. (2015年重慶A卷)Julie didn't leaveher office______the police arrived.
A.however
B.Whenever
C.while
D.until
【解析】
1.B。分析句子結構可以看出,“The wom-an…is my mother.”是該句的主體結構,空格后應是定語從句。由于woman是“人”,is the most important in my life前缺少的是定語從句的主語,因此應選擇關系代詞who來引導這個定語從句。
2.A。分析句子結構可以看出,“The stories…are often humorous.”是該句的主體結構,空格后應是定語從句。由于stories是“物”,were written by Mark Twain前缺少的是定語從句的主語,因此應選擇關系代詞Chat來引導這個定語從句。
3.A。本句屬于“It takes/took/will take(sb.)some time to do sth.”句型,表示“(某人)花費多長時間去做某事”,因此應選擇take。
4.B。分析句子結構可以看出,本句是“祈使句+and…”結構。在這種句式結構中,祈使句表達的意思相當于if引導的條件狀語從句,and表達的意思是“這樣你就會/能……”。本句意思是“如果小心過馬路,你就能保證自身安全”,因此應選擇and。
5.B。本句屬于“祈使句+or…”結構。句意為:你最好六點半就醒來,否則的話你參加比賽就遲到了。因此應選擇or。
6.C。本句空格處缺少的是賓語從句。根據(jù)英語語法規(guī)則,賓語從句要用陳述語序。由于空格后有表示過去時間的狀語a moment ago,因此本題應填what they were talking about。
7.D。分析句子結構可以看出,本句屬于there be句型,即is something ahead on the road前缺少的是引導詞,因此應選擇there,表示“前面的路上有個東西”。
8.A。本句屬于“It is+形容詞+(for sb.)+不定式”句型,空格處缺少的是帶to的不定式,因此應選擇to learn。
9.C。本題考查的是反意疑問句。前面陳述部分中的It's是It is的縮略式,后面疑問部分的主語要與it保持吻合,謂語要與is保持吻合;又由于前面的陳述部分是肯定形式,疑問部分便要用否定形式,即isn't it。
10.D。本句是not…until…結構。句意為:直到警察趕來,朱莉才離開她的辦公室。
五、根據(jù)固定搭配判斷
英語中有不少固定用法,尤其是固定短語。此外,一些連詞、介詞、動詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞等也有其固定表達法。解答這類試題時,只要按照它們的固定搭配和用法規(guī)則進行選擇,通常都不會出錯。
【考例】
1.(2015年杭州卷)I really need to take more exercise because I'm_____weight.
A.putting off
B.putting on
C.putting down
D.putting away
2.(2015年自貢卷)-Do you think our bas-ketball team will win the match?
-Yes,we have better players.So I____them to win.
A.hope
B.help
C.expect
3.(2015年福州卷)______my cousln is very young,_______she can help with the housework.
A.Once;不填
B.Though;but
C.Although;不填
4.(2015年重慶A卷)A terrible earthquake happened in Nepal____April 25th,2015.
A.on
B.in
C.at
D.from
5.(2015年重慶A卷)I will try my best to stop my son from_____the same mistake.
A.make
B.made
C.makes
D.ma.king
6.(2015年廣州卷)-_____will the invita-tions be sent to our guests?
-In three days.
A.How often
B.How soon
C.How long
D.How far
7.(2015年重慶B卷)It is reported that over eight____people lost their lives in the earth-quake in Nepal this year.
A.thousand
B.thousands
C.thousand of
D.thousands of
【解析】
1.B。put on weight屬于固定短語,意思是“增加體重、發(fā)胖”。本句意思是“我真的需要多加鍛煉,因為我在發(fā)胖”,因此本題應選擇putting on。
2.C。雖然hope和expect都有“希望、期望”之意,但表示“希望某人做某事”時,通常不用hope sb. to do sth.結構,而是用expect sb.to do sth.結構。
3.C。although和though的意思都是“雖然、盡管”,都能引導從句表示“讓步”。這兩個詞引導從句時,都不與but連用。
4.A?!癆pril 25th,2015”屬于具體日期,前面要與介詞on連用。
5.D。stop sb.from doing sth.意為“阻止某人做某事”。本句的意思是:我要盡自己最大的努力,阻止我的兒子犯同樣的錯誤。
6.B。當答語是“in+時間段”時,問句用how soon提問,意思是“多久以后”。本段對話的答語是In three days,因此應選擇How soon完成問句。針對時間的問答用語比較:how often就時間頻度提問,答語可以是often、every month、three times a day等;how long就時間長度提問,答語可以是three days、a century、for more than a year等。
7.A。當前面有表示具體數(shù)量的詞修飾時,hundred、thousand和million不能用復數(shù)形式。
六、根據(jù)語境判斷
在解答單項選擇題時我們必須根據(jù)具體的語境來判斷答案,對于考查交際用語的試題更是如此。英語交際用語的答語,通常有一定的“套路”。例如:當對方夸獎你的孩子或稱贊你時,你要用“謝謝”作答;當聽到對方說“我已經(jīng)獲獎了”,你要說“祝賀你”。由于考查交際用語的試題絕大部分都是針對答語來設置選項,因此我們解題時必須首先仔細推敲,然后根據(jù)具體語境選擇正確答案。
【考例】
1.(2015年三亞卷)-My mother has been ill for several days.
—_______.
A.That's too bad
B.How terrible
C.I'm sorrv to hear that
2.(2015年資陽卷)-John,thank you for driving me home.
_____.See you tomorrow.
A.That's right
B.I'm afraid not
C.You're welcome
D.It's a good idea
3.(2015年龍巖卷)-We'll studv in differ-ent schools next term.Enjoy your time in the new school.
A.The same to you.
B.Me too.
C.Congratulationsl
4.(2015年杭州卷)-Tomorrow I'nl going on holiday.
_______! But I'll be busy.
A.Thank you
B.Lucky you
C.After you
D.Mind you
5.(2015年重慶A卷)-Our basketball team will beat theirs and win the m atch.
_____.Your team is the best in our city.
A.I'm afraid not
B.I believe so
C.Of course not
D.Well done
6.(2015年安徽卷)-I will have an impor-tant match tomorrow.I hope l will win.
-______.
A.Good luck
B.No idea
C.That's such a pity
D.It's all right
7.(2015年安徽卷)-Would you like to play football after school?
________.I have a lot of homework to do.
A.I'm afraid not
B.Enjoy yourself
C.Take your time
D.It takes no time
8.(2015年汕尾卷)-Tomorrow my parents will take me to Hong Kong Disneyland.
A.Best wishes to you!
B.It's a good idea.
C.Have a good dayl
D.Good luck to you!
9.(2015年益陽卷)-Are you sure you can do we]l in today's test,Lily?
—______.I have got everything ready.
A.It's hard to say
B.I'm afraid not
C.I think so
10. (2015年德州卷)-Would you like to come to dinner tomorrow evening?
-________.
A.Yes,it's true
B.You really do
C.It's upstairs
D.Yes.I'd love to
【解析】
1.C。當聽到對方說“我母親病了好幾天了”,正確的應答應該是“聽到這個消息我很難過”,即“I'm sorry to hear that.”。
2.C。對方說的是“謝謝你開車送我回家”,回答應該是“不用謝”,因此本題應選擇C項。
3.A。對方說的是“下學期我們將在不同的學校里學習。祝你在新的學校里過得愉快”,針對此語境,回答應該是“也祝你過得愉快”,因此本題應選擇“The same to you.”。
4.B。對方說的是“我明天去度假”。如果僅針對此語境,回答應該是“祝你玩得愉快”;但由于答語中有“But I'll be busy(可我將會很忙).”,本題就只能選擇“Lucky you!”表示“你真幸運”。
5.B。對方說的是“我們的籃球隊將戰(zhàn)勝他們,贏得比賽”,針對此語境,并結合答語中“Your team is the best in our city.”的意思判斷,應選擇“I believe so.”表示“我相信你們隊會贏得比賽”。
6.A。對方說的是“明天我有一場重要的比賽,我希望我能贏”。針對此語境,回答應該是“祝你好運”,因此本題應選擇“Good luck.”。
7.A。對方說的是“放學后我們一起踢足球好嗎”,如果接受這個邀請,答語可以是“Yes,I'd like to.”。但由于答語中有“I have a lot of homework to do.”,本題只能選擇“I'm afraid not.”表示婉言謝絕對方的邀請。
8.C。對方說的是“明天我父母親將帶我去香港迪斯尼樂園玩”,針對此語境,回答應該是“祝你玩得愉快”,因此本題應選擇“Have a good dayl”。
9.C。對方問的是“莉莉,今天的考試你有把握考得好嗎”,針對此語境,并結合答語中“Ihave got everything ready.”的意思判斷,本題應選擇“I think so.”表示“我認為我會考得好”。
10.D。對方說的是“明天晚上來吃飯好嗎”,針對這個邀請,并對照所給四個選項的內(nèi)容判斷,本題只能選擇“Yes,I'd love to.”表示接受此邀請。
自我檢測:
從A、B、C、D四個選項中,選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項。
1.-______English-Chinese Dictionary?Is it yours,Linda?
-No.Mine is in my desk.
A.Who's
B.Who is
C.Whose
D.Who has
2.“I”______the ninth of the twenty-six Eng-lish letters.
A.am
B.is
C.are
D.was
3. -_____milk glasses can you see in the picture?
-Sorry,I can't see any.
A.How far
B.How much
C.How long
D.How many
4.-What do you think of the story about Monkey King?
-lt's very interesting.It is well worth_____.
A.listening
B.listening to
C.to listen
D.to listen to
5.-I feel really sleepy,Mr.Black.
A.I'm sorry to hear that.
B.You'd better work harder.
C.Why not have a rest?
D.Lucky you!
6. -You______wash your shoes,my boy.
-But I _ do it, Mum. They are not dirty.
A.must;mustn't
B.must;needn't
C.mustn't;needn't
D.need;mustn't
7.Excuse me,could you please_______?
A.tell me how can I get to the post office
B.tell me that how I can get to the post office
C.show me the way to the post office
D.show me how could I get to the post office
8.-What is your elder brother going to do after he_____middle school this summer?
-He is going to work in a supermarket.
A.will finish
B.finishes
C.finished
D.finish
9.-______is my classmate Kate,Mum.
-Welcome to our home,Kate.
A.It
B.That
C.He
D.This
10.I want to travel to many countries Australia,England and France.
A.likes
B.like
C.look like
D.looks like
11.-Do you have_____to do this after-noon?
-No,I have_____on.Let's go swimming,shall we?
A.something;something
B.anything;nothing
C.everything;nothing
D.anything;anything
12.-Why don't you go_____with your wife?
-She doesn't want to go with me!
A.hike
B.hikes
C.hiking
D.to hiking
13.When my teacher saw me in the street,he stopped_____a talk with me.
A.had
B.to have
C.having
D.to having
14.-Smoking is bad for your health,daddy.Why don't you stop doing it?
-I agree_____you, but I can't___.
A.to;give it up
B.with;give it up
C.on;give up it
D.for;give up it
15.-Is your father going for the spring jour-ney with you?
-______.He may not have the time.
A. No,he isn't
B.Yes,he is
C.That depends
D.Certainly he will
Key:
1-5 CBDBC
6-10 BCBDB
11-15 BCBBC