陶葉婷綜述,范建高審校
·綜述·
心理應(yīng)激與非酒精性脂肪性肝病
陶葉婷綜述,范建高審校
非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)主要由多吃少動(dòng)的生活方式引起,但這難以解釋非肥胖NAFLD的發(fā)病,因此可能存在其它的病因及機(jī)制,已成為近來研究的新方向。另外,NAFLD患者難以堅(jiān)持良好的生活習(xí)慣使制定更全面有效的治療方案成了另一熱點(diǎn)。本文對(duì)心理應(yīng)激、抑郁、焦慮情緒、下丘腦-垂體-腎上腺(HPA)軸失衡、糖脂代謝紊亂以及免疫炎癥反應(yīng)在NAFLD發(fā)展中的作用進(jìn)行了介紹。
非酒精性脂肪性肝??;心理應(yīng)激;抑郁;焦慮
非酒精性脂肪性肝?。∟onalcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)是一種與胰島素抵抗(Insulin resistance,IR)、脂代謝紊亂、慢性炎癥等密切相關(guān)的獲得性代謝應(yīng)激性肝損傷,疾病譜包括:?jiǎn)渭冃苑蔷凭灾靖危∟onalcoholic fatty liver,NAFL)、非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis,NASH)及其相關(guān)肝硬化和肝細(xì)胞癌。NAFLD是代謝綜合征(Metabolic syndrome,MetS)累及肝臟的病理表現(xiàn)以及2型糖尿?。═ype 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)和心血管疾病(Cardiovascular disease,CVD)的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素[1]。近年來NAFLD患病率增加迅速且呈低齡化發(fā)病趨勢(shì),西歐、北美NAFLD患病率為20%~33%[2],中國(guó)NAFLD患病率約為15%,兒童NAFLD患病率為2.1%[3],嚴(yán)重影響患者的生活質(zhì)量[4]。隨著社會(huì)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)日趨激烈,人們面臨的壓力不斷增大,長(zhǎng)期心理和生理應(yīng)激使機(jī)體的神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌及免疫系統(tǒng)處于慢性過度激活和失衡狀態(tài),導(dǎo)致糖脂代謝紊亂及肝臟慢性炎癥反應(yīng),這些因素都參與了NAFLD的發(fā)病和進(jìn)展。本文對(duì)心理應(yīng)激與NAFLD的關(guān)系及其在NAFLD的發(fā)生發(fā)展過程中可能的作用機(jī)制進(jìn)行綜述,以期為NAFLD的預(yù)防和治療提供新靶點(diǎn)。
Russ et al[5]進(jìn)行心理壓力程度和肝臟疾病死亡率之間的相關(guān)性研究,共分析了166631例成人,平均隨訪9.5年。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)總體研究對(duì)象肝病死亡率隨著一般健康問卷(General health questionnaire,GHQ)評(píng)分的增加而顯著增加(P<0.001)。經(jīng)過年齡和性別匹配,最高GHQ評(píng)分(7~12分)者較最低GHQ評(píng)分(0分)者肝病死亡的危險(xiǎn)性增加3.48倍。隨著健康行為和社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位的改變以及身體質(zhì)量指數(shù)(Body mass index,BMI)和糖尿病的改善,上述危險(xiǎn)比降低至2.59。NAFLD被認(rèn)為是MetS累及肝臟的病理表現(xiàn),兩者之間互為因果。Puustinen et al[6]對(duì)466名無MetS的NAFLD患者平均隨訪6.4年,結(jié)果顯示在基線水平存在高度心理困擾者發(fā)展為MetS的可能性是輕度心理困擾者的2倍(Odds ratio,OR=2.18)。在調(diào)整了性別、年齡、社會(huì)人口變量、基線水平的健康行為以及血液C反應(yīng)蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)水平后,兩者仍有明顯相關(guān)性(OR=1.87)。Kouvonen et al[7]對(duì)9425例研究對(duì)象平均隨訪11.2年發(fā)現(xiàn),在與親近的人的互動(dòng)和交流中受到困擾、感到有壓力以及容易發(fā)生沖突者,BMI和腰圍顯著增加,更易發(fā)展為超重和腹型肥胖,且不受社會(huì)人口學(xué)特征、健康行為習(xí)慣(吸煙、飲食、體力活動(dòng))以及常見精神疾患(抑郁障礙、焦慮障礙)等因素的影響。Hsieh et al[8]對(duì)8157例男性進(jìn)行健康狀況評(píng)估發(fā)現(xiàn),對(duì)年齡進(jìn)行調(diào)整后,與睡眠持續(xù)時(shí)間5~7小時(shí)組相比,睡眠持續(xù)時(shí)間<5小時(shí)與肥胖(OR=1.42)、糖尿病(OR=1.63)、精神壓力(OR=1.75)、低下睡眠質(zhì)量(OR=1.85)以及較晚用晚餐(OR=1.47)呈正相關(guān),與規(guī)律運(yùn)動(dòng)(OR=0.61)呈負(fù)相關(guān);而睡眠持續(xù)時(shí)間≥7小時(shí)與肥胖(OR=0.73)、脂肪肝(OR=0.82)、精神壓力(OR=0.73)、低下睡眠質(zhì)量(OR=0.69)、較晚用晚餐(OR=0.45)呈負(fù)相關(guān),與規(guī)律運(yùn)動(dòng)(OR=1.27)呈正相關(guān)。進(jìn)一步分析發(fā)現(xiàn),睡眠時(shí)間不足者可能同時(shí)存在過度勞累、倒班、夜間社交活動(dòng)、夜間看電視時(shí)間過長(zhǎng)以及精神或軀體疾病等情況。過度勞累、倒班和夜間活動(dòng)不僅會(huì)減少睡眠時(shí)間,也會(huì)減少鍛煉機(jī)會(huì)并與進(jìn)食夜宵的習(xí)慣養(yǎng)成有關(guān)。睡眠不足、過度勞累或倒班可使壓力增大,又可導(dǎo)致吃喝過度。另外,缺乏睡眠使激素分泌改變以及IR增加,這些都將增加肥胖癥和糖尿病等代謝紊亂相關(guān)疾病的發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
心理應(yīng)激還可在不影響體重的情況下誘發(fā)NAFLD。印度的一項(xiàng)調(diào)查顯示,75%的NAFLD患者BMI<25 kg/m2,54%的患者既沒有超重也沒有腹型肥胖[9]。一項(xiàng)“應(yīng)激相關(guān)NAFLD”模式動(dòng)物研究顯示[10],持續(xù)12周的電足休克和束縛應(yīng)激狀態(tài)下的小鼠攝食減少,伴腹腔脂肪含量下降。然而其肝臟指數(shù)(肝臟質(zhì)量/體質(zhì)量×100)以及肝臟總膽固醇和甘油三酯含量顯著增加,伴血清轉(zhuǎn)氨酶和炎癥因子水平升高,肝臟組織學(xué)呈現(xiàn)肝脂肪變性、小葉內(nèi)炎癥以及肝細(xì)胞氣球樣變。提示應(yīng)激小鼠脂肪性肝炎的發(fā)生與飲食因素關(guān)系不大。Macedo et al[11]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在慢性應(yīng)激模型(狹窄居住環(huán)境)下高熱量飲食喂養(yǎng)的實(shí)驗(yàn)鼠體重相比正常飲食喂養(yǎng)小鼠有所減輕,但體重/體長(zhǎng)之比卻沒有明顯減低,提示可能存在腹型肥胖。Czech et al[12]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),慢性應(yīng)激模型小鼠(擁擠群居環(huán)境)在正常飲食喂養(yǎng)時(shí),相比單獨(dú)居住環(huán)境飼養(yǎng)小鼠,肝臟出現(xiàn)顯著的氧化應(yīng)激和炎癥反應(yīng)。雖然各項(xiàng)研究所用的應(yīng)激模型不同,但均提示應(yīng)激與肝臟脂肪變性及炎癥反應(yīng)有關(guān)。
Strekalova et al[13]用高膽固醇飲食喂養(yǎng)小鼠,發(fā)現(xiàn)小鼠肝細(xì)胞內(nèi)出現(xiàn)脂質(zhì)聚積,并表現(xiàn)出抑郁和焦慮樣行為。應(yīng)激情況下小鼠亦可出現(xiàn)抑郁或焦慮表現(xiàn)。Donkelaar et al[14]給小鼠長(zhǎng)期口服皮質(zhì)酮模擬生理應(yīng)激狀態(tài),發(fā)現(xiàn)小鼠體重增加,胰島素敏感性下降,表現(xiàn)出抑郁樣行為,但沒有表現(xiàn)出焦慮樣行為。Lin et al[15]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)應(yīng)激小鼠(在社會(huì)擁擠環(huán)境中居住9周)焦慮樣行為明顯增加,但沒有出現(xiàn)抑郁樣行為。應(yīng)激小鼠雖然體重未受影響,但脂肪細(xì)胞體積明顯增大,血清瘦素水平顯著上升。在擁擠環(huán)境中居住1周和3周時(shí)小鼠皮質(zhì)酮水平比對(duì)照組增加2倍,9周后皮質(zhì)酮水平與對(duì)照組相較無差異,后者可能緣于小鼠已習(xí)慣該慢性應(yīng)激源。此外,應(yīng)激小鼠下丘腦和白色脂肪組織的特定物質(zhì)基因表達(dá)亦有改變,例如促腎上腺皮質(zhì)激素釋放激素信使核糖核酸(Corticotropin releasing hormone messenger Ribonucleic acid,CRH mRNA)的表達(dá)超過對(duì)照組的2倍。由此認(rèn)為,在應(yīng)激情況下,抑郁、焦慮是對(duì)應(yīng)激的情緒反應(yīng),而IR、肝脂肪堆積和脂質(zhì)成分改變,以及血清代轉(zhuǎn)氨酶和炎癥因子水平的改變等是應(yīng)激狀態(tài)下的生理及病理變化。
NAFLD患者可能存在抑郁、焦慮情緒。Mazzone et al[16]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),相比未患NAFLD的兒童和青少年,NAFLD兒童和青少年存在更嚴(yán)重的抑郁、焦慮情緒,心理狀況對(duì)生活質(zhì)量有更大的負(fù)面影響。Weinstein et al[17]分析878例慢性肝病患者發(fā)現(xiàn),NAFLD患者重性抑郁障礙傾向的患病率(27.2%)顯著高于普通對(duì)照人群(2%~5%)以及慢性乙型肝炎(Chronic hepatitis B,CHB,3.7%)患者。Youssef et al[18]對(duì)567例肝活檢證實(shí)的NAFLD患者進(jìn)行抑郁、焦慮癥狀評(píng)估發(fā)現(xiàn),NAFLD患者亞臨床和臨床抑郁檢出率分別為53%和14%,亞臨床和臨床焦慮檢出率分別為45%和25%。調(diào)整地區(qū)差異、焦慮癥狀、性別、年齡等混雜因素后發(fā)現(xiàn),抑郁癥狀的嚴(yán)重程度與肝細(xì)胞氣球樣變?cè)u(píng)分呈正相關(guān)。然而,Lee et al[19]對(duì)10231例慢性肝病患者進(jìn)行心理狀況評(píng)估發(fā)現(xiàn),在CHB、慢性丙型肝炎(Chronic hepatitis C,CHC)、酒精性肝病(Alcohol liver disease,ALD)、NAFLD中,只有CHC與抑郁有明顯的相關(guān)性。抑郁與NAFLD之間的相關(guān)性在控制了包括MetS在內(nèi)的混雜因素后不復(fù)存在,提示抑郁與NAFLD并不直接相關(guān),而可能與肥胖和糖尿病相關(guān)。為此,目前就抑郁、焦慮情緒與NAFLD究竟如何相互影響并產(chǎn)生作用尚無定論。
研究發(fā)現(xiàn),不良人際關(guān)系、工作或失業(yè)的壓力、低自尊以及低社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位常導(dǎo)致患者處于慢性心理應(yīng)激狀態(tài),進(jìn)而與肥胖癥有關(guān)。慢性心理應(yīng)激可以改變攝食習(xí)慣及飲食嗜好,增加對(duì)于高熱量“安慰性食物(Com fort foods)”的渴望,進(jìn)而使體質(zhì)量增加、脂肪儲(chǔ)積增多,以適應(yīng)機(jī)體對(duì)于高血糖水平的需要[20]。此外,緊張刺激或焦慮情緒會(huì)激活交感神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)(Sympathetic nervous system,SNS)以及下丘腦-垂體-腎上腺(Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal,HPA)軸。在急性應(yīng)激情況下,機(jī)體通過糖原水解和葡萄糖異生為組織提供所需的大量能量,以確保能應(yīng)對(duì)危機(jī)。當(dāng)SNS和HPA軸長(zhǎng)期被激活時(shí),大量?jī)翰璺影丰尫?,其促脂解作用可?dǎo)致肝內(nèi)脂肪堆積。緊張刺激或情緒尚可以激活下丘腦,下丘腦可分泌多種神經(jīng)激素,進(jìn)而促進(jìn)腎上腺皮質(zhì)激素特別是糖皮質(zhì)激素(Glucocorticoid,GC)的合成與分泌。GC不僅可以促進(jìn)肝細(xì)胞脂質(zhì)生成和聚積,還能增強(qiáng)促脂解激素的脂肪分解效應(yīng)。因此,GC含量過多可導(dǎo)致機(jī)體脂肪分解異常,產(chǎn)生大量游離脂肪酸,使血液葡萄糖濃度增高并誘發(fā)IR,IR的持續(xù)存在將導(dǎo)致肝臟糖脂代謝紊亂以及系統(tǒng)性低度炎癥反應(yīng)[21-23]。Wieck et al[24]研究早年生活應(yīng)激史對(duì)成年后的生理影響發(fā)現(xiàn),兒童期被虐待經(jīng)歷可導(dǎo)致GC分泌的改變,使腎上腺皮質(zhì)激素增高或降低,并導(dǎo)致外周血白細(xì)胞對(duì)GC敏感性的相應(yīng)改變。這些神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌改變與機(jī)體免疫失衡并處于低度炎癥反應(yīng)狀態(tài)有關(guān),后者表現(xiàn)為血漿促炎癥因子,例如腫瘤壞死因子-α(Tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、白細(xì)胞介素(Interleukin,IL)-1β、IL-6以及CRP水平升高。外周血淋巴細(xì)胞亞群的數(shù)量和比例也會(huì)發(fā)生改變,例如調(diào)節(jié)性T細(xì)胞減少,活化T細(xì)胞增多。這些循環(huán)細(xì)胞因子超負(fù)荷將干擾腦神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)作用的關(guān)鍵通路,導(dǎo)致抑郁,并增加心血管、呼吸、胃腸道以及炎癥性和免疫性疾病的發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn),且這種影響將持續(xù)到成年以后甚至可以遺傳給后代。
糖代謝紊亂是NAFLD發(fā)病過程中的重要機(jī)制之一。流行病學(xué)調(diào)查顯示,42.6%~69.5%的T2DM患者存在NAFLD[2]。一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)高水平慢性心理應(yīng)激使血糖顯著上升,血糖平均上升水平達(dá)到基礎(chǔ)血糖水平的2.2倍[25]。張艷等[26]調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),2型糖尿病患者焦慮癥狀的檢出率顯著高于對(duì)照組(無糖尿病、心臟病、哮喘等心身疾病和惡性腫瘤、腦器質(zhì)性疾病)(P<0.01),并且糖尿病患者更多地使用不成熟的防御方式來降低焦慮程度,后者與其血糖控制不理想有關(guān)。Nirupama et al[27]使成年雄鼠進(jìn)行強(qiáng)迫游泳應(yīng)激實(shí)驗(yàn),發(fā)現(xiàn)應(yīng)激組成鼠的空腹血糖濃度明顯高于對(duì)照組,去除應(yīng)激因素后8周血糖才恢復(fù)至正常水平。應(yīng)激組肝臟碳水化合物合成代謝酶活性增加,表明糖異生及肝糖原分解增加,且機(jī)體處于非穩(wěn)態(tài)。
Chuang et al[28]用慢性社會(huì)挫敗應(yīng)激模型研究應(yīng)激和脂質(zhì)調(diào)節(jié)紊亂的關(guān)系,在小鼠暴露于應(yīng)激之后,給予常規(guī)或高脂高膽固醇飲食,發(fā)現(xiàn)社會(huì)應(yīng)激和高脂高膽固醇飲食導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重脂質(zhì)調(diào)節(jié)紊亂,表現(xiàn)為血漿非高密度脂蛋白膽固醇升高以及肝內(nèi)甘油三酯聚積,并且肝臟脂質(zhì)調(diào)節(jié)相關(guān)基因表達(dá)發(fā)生改變。暴露于社會(huì)應(yīng)激使脂肪酸合成過程中的胰島素調(diào)節(jié)基因膽固醇調(diào)節(jié)元件結(jié)合蛋白1c(Sterol-regulatory element binding protein 1c,SREBP1c)表達(dá)增加。碳水化合物反應(yīng)元件結(jié)合蛋白(Carbohydrate-response element binding protein,ChREBP)的靶基因之一,肝丙酮酸激酶(Liver pyruvate kinase,L-PK)在正常飲食喂養(yǎng)小鼠顯著升高,在高脂高膽固醇飲食喂養(yǎng)小鼠升高更多。這些改變都將促進(jìn)肝臟脂質(zhì)積聚,表明社會(huì)應(yīng)激通過增加脂質(zhì)合成過程中的基因轉(zhuǎn)錄活動(dòng)導(dǎo)致脂質(zhì)代謝紊亂。Caslin et al[29]將20名男性志愿者(21.3± 0.56歲)分為肥胖組(BMI≥30)和非肥胖組(BMI<25),參加一項(xiàng)被證明可引起焦慮指數(shù)、心率和去甲腎上腺素水平上升的急性精神應(yīng)激任務(wù)。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)急性精神應(yīng)激引起所有被試者心率增快,血漿腎上腺素、去甲腎上腺素水平上升,兩組被試者血漿IL-1β的水平明顯上升。雖然IL-6、TNF-α和IL-1受體拮抗劑的水平在非肥胖組急性精神應(yīng)激后沒有改變,但在肥胖組這些因子的水平均較高。非肥胖組在應(yīng)激任務(wù)結(jié)束后120分鐘出現(xiàn)瘦素的明顯下降,而肥胖組在應(yīng)激任務(wù)結(jié)束后30分鐘即出現(xiàn)瘦素水平的顯著下降。表明肥胖的成年男性在急性應(yīng)激后過多的脂肪組織可能影響瘦素水平和炎癥信號(hào)機(jī)制。該研究指出脂肪過多對(duì)于應(yīng)激所致脂質(zhì)代謝改變和炎癥反應(yīng)的潛在易感性。
NAFLD與系統(tǒng)性低度炎癥反應(yīng)獨(dú)立相關(guān)[30],研究發(fā)現(xiàn)高脂飲食致NASH模型成鼠血液IL-1β、IL-6、轉(zhuǎn)化生長(zhǎng)因子-β(Transforming growth factor-β,TGF-β)水平升高[31]。抑郁障礙患者HPA軸過度激活,皮質(zhì)醇和促腎上腺皮質(zhì)激素水平升高,TNF-α、CRP和IL-6等促炎癥因子水平升高[32]。體內(nèi)脂肪過多與抑郁相互作用,形成以炎癥為中心的惡性循環(huán)。抑郁時(shí)炎癥的一個(gè)主要來源是脂肪組織,脂肪細(xì)胞富含很多炎癥因子,包括脂肪因子、趨化因子以及炎性細(xì)胞因子。因此炎癥在抑郁的發(fā)病過程中扮演了重要角色。抑郁障礙患者血液炎癥標(biāo)記物水平升高,細(xì)胞因子和其他炎癥刺激物可誘發(fā)抑郁癥狀[33]。Rossetti et al[34]研究應(yīng)激所致的快感缺乏與成鼠大腦炎癥系統(tǒng)激活的關(guān)系,發(fā)現(xiàn)與對(duì)應(yīng)激無反應(yīng)的成鼠(表現(xiàn)為暴露于2周的應(yīng)激后蔗糖攝入量不變)相比,受應(yīng)激影響的成鼠(表現(xiàn)為暴露于2周的應(yīng)激后蔗糖攝入量減少)促炎癥因子IL-1β和IL-6表達(dá)增加,小神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞激活的標(biāo)記物和中介上調(diào)。促炎癥因子的增加與TGF-β的減少相平行,提示促炎癥因子在抑郁的精神免疫過程中的潛在角色,表明長(zhǎng)期暴露于應(yīng)激后所觀察到的快感缺乏可能是由于促炎癥因子和抗炎癥因子失衡所致。該研究表明暴露于應(yīng)激所致的病理結(jié)果中,神經(jīng)炎癥反應(yīng)扮演著重要角色,并導(dǎo)致個(gè)體易感于抑郁。多項(xiàng)研究采用慢性溫和應(yīng)激模型(夾尾、制動(dòng)、電擊、冰水游泳等)刺激實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物所觀察到的神經(jīng)生物學(xué)變化和在抑郁障礙患者中所觀察到的相符,例如皮質(zhì)去甲腎上腺素水平下降,前額葉多巴胺水平下降,海馬區(qū)5-羥色胺1A受體水平下調(diào),皮質(zhì)β腎上腺素受體水平上調(diào),海馬GC受體水平上調(diào)等[35]。
慢性心理應(yīng)激可導(dǎo)致機(jī)體HPA軸調(diào)控失衡、下丘腦激素分泌異常,造成糖脂代謝紊亂、免疫調(diào)控失衡,并引發(fā)全身低度炎癥反應(yīng),引起肝細(xì)胞內(nèi)脂肪聚積,并可誘導(dǎo)肝臟持續(xù)的炎癥反應(yīng),從而造成肝損傷。抑郁、焦慮等不良情緒不僅是對(duì)應(yīng)激的心理反應(yīng),亦可進(jìn)一步介導(dǎo)肝臟炎癥反應(yīng)的加劇,從而誘發(fā)NAFLD。對(duì)NAFLD患者進(jìn)行心理干預(yù)并修正不良行為有助于患者建立并維持良好的生活方式,從而促進(jìn)脂肪肝和并存疾病的康復(fù)。心理行為處方、飲食處方、運(yùn)動(dòng)處方以及藥物處方并列成為NAFLD防治的重要措施,并已成為以生物-心理-社會(huì)醫(yī)學(xué)模式為主導(dǎo)的醫(yī)療體系所關(guān)注的新方向。
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(收稿:2015-11-02)
(本文編輯:李磊)
Psychological stress in nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases
Tao Yeting,F(xiàn)an Jiangao.
Department of Gastroenterology,Xinhua Hospital,Jiaotong University School of Medicine,Shanghai 200092,China
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)is thought to be mainly caused by over-eating and sedentary lifestyle,while it can hardly explain the incidence of non-obese NAFLD.Recently,other possible causes and mechanisms has become a new research spot.It's very hard for a patient with NAFLD to stick to a well-designed living regimen,so giving an overall and more effective treatment has now become another hotspot.This article reviewed the psychological stress,emotions,such as depression and anxiety,imbalance of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal(HPA)axis,glucose and lipid metabolism disorders,and immuno-inflammatory responses in the development of NAFLD.
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease;Psychological stress;Depression;Anxiety
10.3969/j.issn.1672-5069.2016.06.036
200092上海市交通大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬新華醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科
陶葉婷,女,26歲,碩士研究生,住院醫(yī)師。主要從事非酒精性脂肪性肝病的防治研究。E-mail:taoyeting86@126.com
范建高,E-mail:fattyliver2004@126.com