陳 娟,呂紅彬,周 琦,何 躍,歐陽科,石彥婷,曹小蘭
(1西南醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院眼科,四川瀘州 646000;2成都市第五人民醫(yī)院眼科)
ET-1在增生性糖尿病性視網(wǎng)膜病變患者血和玻璃體中的表達(dá)研究
陳 娟1,2,呂紅彬1,周 琦1,何 躍1,歐陽科1,石彥婷1,曹小蘭1
(1西南醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院眼科,四川瀘州 646000;2成都市第五人民醫(yī)院眼科)
目的:通過定量檢測內(nèi)皮素1(endothelin-1,ET-1)在增生性糖尿病性視網(wǎng)膜病變(proliferative diabetic retinopathy, PDR)患者血和玻璃體中的表達(dá)及其相關(guān)性,探索ET-1在PDR的發(fā)病機(jī)制中的作用。方法:本研究共納入需行玻璃體切除術(shù)的患者65例71眼,分為PDR組及對照組,記錄所有患者年齡、性別、身高、體重、病史、空腹血糖、高密度脂蛋白、低密度脂蛋白、甘油三脂、總膽固醇及糖尿病患者糖尿病病程和糖化血紅蛋白等情況。收集所有患者血清和玻璃體,離心后-80℃冰箱凍存,使用酶聯(lián)免疫吸附法(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)檢測血清和玻璃體中ET-1的含量。結(jié)果:PDR組和對照組年齡、性別比較均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。PDR組血清ET-1濃度1.82(1.16,2.50)pg/ml高于對照組1.21(0.66,1.79)pg/ml(P= 0.007);PDR組玻璃體中ET-1濃度5.27(4.03,6.95)pg/ml高于對照組4.19(1.77,5.81)pg/ml(P=0.013)。兩組玻璃體中ET-1濃度均高于血中ET-1濃度,兩組玻璃體和血中ET-1濃度之間無明顯相關(guān)性 (rPDR組=0.423,PPDR組=0.07;r對照組=-0.19,P對照組=0.601)。 PDR組空腹血糖、BMI均較對照組高 (P<0.05);PDR組患者糖化血紅蛋白明顯升高 (P=0.000)。結(jié)論:PDR患者血和玻璃體中ET-1水平較正常人群升高。PDR可能發(fā)生于血脂及BMI正常的糖尿病患者。
增生性糖尿病性視網(wǎng)膜病變;內(nèi)皮素1;血清;玻璃體;血糖
糖尿病性視網(wǎng)膜病變(diabetic retinopathy,DR)已成為大多數(shù)發(fā)達(dá)國家工作人群(20~74歲)的首要致盲眼病[1]。2012年對我國大陸DR流行病學(xué)進(jìn)行的第一份Meta分析表明,我國約有1.3%的人群患有DR,其中NPDR約1.1%,PDR約0.1%;而在糖尿病人群中,DR占23%,其中NPDR占19.1%,PDR占2.8%[2]。
目前對于DR的發(fā)病機(jī)制尚有爭議,研究表明糖尿病患者的視網(wǎng)膜毛細(xì)血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞發(fā)生功能障礙[3]。內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞功能障礙主要表現(xiàn)為內(nèi)皮起源的舒血管因子與縮血管因子間的不平衡。內(nèi)皮素1(Endothelin,ET-1)主要是由內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞合成分泌的,具有強(qiáng)大、有效、持久收縮血管功能,ET-1增加是內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞功能障礙的一個(gè)重要特點(diǎn)。本研究旨在通過定量測定PDR患者血和玻璃體中ET-1濃度,探討ET-1在PDR發(fā)病機(jī)制中可能的作用及PDR患者血和玻璃體中ET-1的相關(guān)關(guān)系,期望為預(yù)防及治療PDR提供一種新的思路。
1.1 研究對象
1.1.1 一般情況
本實(shí)驗(yàn)選取在西南醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院眼科就診,需行睫狀體平坦部20G標(biāo)準(zhǔn)三通道玻璃體切除術(shù)的患者65例71眼。
1.1.2 入選標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
實(shí)驗(yàn)組:均確診為視網(wǎng)膜脫離、長時(shí)間未吸收的玻璃體積血或玻璃體積血合并視網(wǎng)膜脫離,經(jīng)保守治療無效的PDR患者。實(shí)驗(yàn)組患者46例51眼,男性17例19眼,女性29例32眼;年齡28~75歲,平均年齡55.82歲;玻璃體積血不伴視網(wǎng)膜脫離20眼,玻璃體積血伴視網(wǎng)膜脫離21眼,不伴玻璃體積血的視網(wǎng)膜脫離10眼;右眼24眼,左眼27眼;其中高血壓患者21例24眼。
對照組:選擇健康狀況良好,無糖尿病及糖尿病家族史、高血壓、高血脂,且年齡性別與實(shí)驗(yàn)組匹配的孔源性視網(wǎng)膜脫離或全層黃斑裂孔(full thickness macular hole,FTMH)的患者19例20眼,男性6例6眼,女性13例14眼;年齡29~71歲,平均年齡52.70歲;視網(wǎng)膜脫離12眼、FTMH 8眼;右眼11眼,左眼9眼。
1.1.3 排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
全身或患眼急性炎癥反應(yīng)期、患眼內(nèi)眼手術(shù)史、合并其他視網(wǎng)膜血管性病變 (如視網(wǎng)膜中央靜脈阻塞、視網(wǎng)膜靜脈周圍炎等)、本次行玻璃體切除手術(shù)前先行白內(nèi)障手術(shù)且手術(shù)過程中晶狀體后囊破損、術(shù)中眼壓過低不宜在無灌注情況下行玻璃體切除術(shù)、肝腎功能不全、肺部疾病、妊娠期或哺乳期、精神疾病、自身免疫性疾病及惡性腫瘤等患者。
整個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)中所取得的血標(biāo)本及玻璃體標(biāo)本均已經(jīng)過西南醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院倫理審查委員會審查通過并取得患者及家屬同意。
1.2 方法
記錄所有患者年齡、性別、血壓、身高、體重、眼部診斷、手術(shù)眼別等基本情況,測量隨機(jī)血糖、空腹血糖(fasting blood glucose,FBG)、血脂包括高密度脂蛋白膽固醇 (high density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(low density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C)、 甘油三脂(triglyceride, TG)、總膽固醇(total cholesterol,TC)等生化指標(biāo)。PDR組患者需測HbA1c,記錄是否使用胰島素注射或者使用口服降糖藥物、術(shù)前是否接受視網(wǎng)膜激光光凝治療、糖尿病病程、是否患高血壓病、每日血糖血壓。另取靜脈血約3 ml,4℃,3 000r/min,離心10 min,分離血清,分裝后存放于-80℃超低溫冰箱。在玻璃體切除術(shù)開始時(shí)未打開灌注管開關(guān)前,切取未稀釋的中央玻璃體液0.6~1.0 ml,4℃,15 000 r/min,離心5 min,取上清液,分裝后存放于-80℃冰箱。血清和玻璃體中ET-1水平測定采用酶聯(lián)免疫吸附測定(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA),操作步驟嚴(yán)格遵循ELISA試劑盒說明。ET-1試劑盒購自美國R&D公司。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析
采用 SPSS17.0軟件統(tǒng)計(jì)系統(tǒng)對所得數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,數(shù)據(jù)均進(jìn)行正態(tài)性檢驗(yàn),滿足正態(tài)分布的各指標(biāo)采用均數(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(±s)表示,兩樣本均數(shù)比較采用兩獨(dú)立樣本均數(shù)的t檢驗(yàn);偏態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料用中位數(shù)(四分位間距)[M(QL,QU)]表示,采用兩獨(dú)立樣本資料的Wilcoxon秩和檢驗(yàn)(Z檢驗(yàn))進(jìn)行分析。計(jì)數(shù)資料比較采用χ2比較。兩資料均正態(tài)分布的相關(guān)性分析采用Pearson相關(guān)分析;其中一個(gè)不滿足正態(tài)分布或均不滿足正態(tài)分布的兩資料相關(guān)性分析均采用Spearman相關(guān)分析。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 PDR組與對照組患者臨床資料的比較
PDR組與對照組在性別構(gòu)成和年齡比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),兩組具有可比性。PDR組與對照組相比,HDL-C、LDL-C、TG、TC等血脂指標(biāo)差異均沒有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。PDR組FBG、BMI高于對照組,差異均具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義 (P<0.05)。2013年,美國FDA正式批準(zhǔn)將HbA1c≥6.5%作為糖尿病的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。根據(jù)該診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),PDR組HbA1c明顯高于正常,差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.000,表1)。
表1 PDR組與對照組臨床資料比較
2.2 PDR組與對照組血清中和玻璃體中ET-1水平比較
PDR組血清中ET-1濃度顯于對照組血清ET-1濃度,差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義 (Z=-2.68,P=0.007);PDR組玻璃體中ET-1濃度高于對照組玻璃體中ET-1濃度,差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Z=-2.48,P=0.013)。分別比較PDR組和對照組中血清與玻璃體中ET-1濃度發(fā)現(xiàn),玻璃體中ET-1濃度高于血清ET-1濃度,差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義 (分別為Z=-5.999,P=0.000;Z=-5.236,P=0.000,表1)。
表2 PDR組與對照組血清和玻璃體中ET-1水平比較
2.3 PDR組與對照組ET-1濃度相關(guān)性分析
將PDR組和對照組患者血清ET-1濃度與玻璃體中ET-1濃度進(jìn)行相關(guān)性分析,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,(分別為 r=0.423,P=0.075;r=-0.190,P=0.601)。
表3 PDR組與對照組ET-1濃度相關(guān)性分析
2.4 PDR組血清和玻璃體中ET-1濃度分別與臨床資料的相關(guān)性分析
將PDR組患者血清和玻璃體中ET-1濃度分別與年齡、糖尿病病程、HbA1c、FBG、血脂等指標(biāo)進(jìn)行相關(guān)性分析發(fā)現(xiàn),僅PDR組患者血清ET-1濃度與年齡關(guān)系呈正相關(guān)關(guān)系(r=0.551,P=0.000),其余均無相關(guān)性。
ET-1能通過與其受體結(jié)合使血管收縮及血管平滑肌細(xì)胞增殖[4]。在血糖升高時(shí),ET-1合成增加[5]。血-視網(wǎng)膜內(nèi)屏障由相鄰的視網(wǎng)膜血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞緊密連接形成,是阻止ET-1彌散的主要屏障[6]。當(dāng)血-視網(wǎng)膜內(nèi)屏障受損后,血管通透性增加,ET-1將穿過此屏障,作用于血管平滑肌細(xì)胞,使血管收縮,引起視網(wǎng)膜血流減少,刺激內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞增殖、遷移,促進(jìn)新生血管形成[7-9]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),糖尿病大鼠視網(wǎng)膜內(nèi)ET-1基因表達(dá)增加[10];玻璃體內(nèi)注射ET-1可引起視網(wǎng)膜血管持續(xù)收縮,血流量減少[11]。
本次實(shí)驗(yàn)觀察到,PDR組和對照組患者玻璃體中ET-1的濃度明顯高于血清中。ET-1這種局部聚集現(xiàn)象可排除血中高濃度ET-1順濃度梯度被動轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)入眼內(nèi)組織,但不能完全排除ET-1自血中主動轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)入眼的機(jī)制。盡管不能完全排除主動轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)機(jī)制,PDR組患者玻璃體中ET-1的濃度明顯高于對照組,可能與視網(wǎng)膜、脈絡(luò)膜血管床或視網(wǎng)膜色素上皮層產(chǎn)生ET-1并彌散進(jìn)入玻璃體有關(guān)[12]。PDR組患者玻璃體中ET-1濃度高于血清,可能與血-視網(wǎng)膜內(nèi)屏障破壞,血管通透性增加[13,14],血液中蛋白滲漏進(jìn)入眼內(nèi)組織[15],局部滲透壓升高后血清中ET-1順濃度梯度進(jìn)入眼內(nèi)組織有關(guān)。這與Xu等[16]發(fā)現(xiàn)DR患者血ET-1較正常對照組升高的結(jié)果一致。Oku等[17]、Patel等[18]也發(fā)現(xiàn)PDR患者玻璃體中ET-1升高。盡管多項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn)證明PDR患者血或玻璃體中ET-1水平升高,但也有一些實(shí)驗(yàn)得出不同結(jié)果。Adamiec-Mroczek等[19]使用ELISA法檢測19名PDR患者及15名無糖尿病的對照組的血漿中ET-1含量時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),PDR組患者血中ET-1濃度與對照組間無明顯差別;Ogata等[20]使用免疫反應(yīng)方法檢測PDR患者玻璃體中ET水平發(fā)現(xiàn),PDR患者玻璃體中ET水平明顯低于非糖尿病組。這與本實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果不符,可能與實(shí)驗(yàn)對象的納入排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不同、實(shí)驗(yàn)方法不同、標(biāo)本的采集及保存的條件方法不同以及實(shí)驗(yàn)樣本量不夠大有關(guān)。PDR患者血清中ET-1水平明顯高于正常,可通過檢測糖尿病患者血中的 ET-1,快速篩查PDR。
盡管本次實(shí)驗(yàn)未發(fā)現(xiàn)兩組血清與玻璃體ET-1的相關(guān)性,但可發(fā)現(xiàn)PDR組P=0.075在統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)的臨界值,擴(kuò)大樣本量后可能出現(xiàn)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異。通過分析ET-1水平與PDR組患者各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)的相關(guān)性發(fā)現(xiàn),僅血清ET-1水平與年齡呈正相關(guān)關(guān)系 (r= 0.551,P=0.000),而在玻璃體中并未發(fā)現(xiàn)類似相關(guān)性,可能與PDR患者眼內(nèi)局部產(chǎn)生ET-1有關(guān)。同時(shí)提示在通過檢測血中ET-1預(yù)測PDR發(fā)生的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)時(shí)應(yīng)考慮年齡因素,且需進(jìn)一步研究得出血清ET-1在正常人群不同年齡層的分布范圍及不同年齡層的糖尿病無視網(wǎng)膜病變?nèi)巳貉錏T-1的分布范圍。與本次實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果相似,Oku等[17]、Donatelli等[21]、Kamoi等[22]、Mather等[23]研究未發(fā)現(xiàn)糖尿病微血管病變患者ET-1濃度與FBG、HbA1c、血壓及病程的相關(guān)性。
本次實(shí)驗(yàn)由于對照組患者無糖尿病家族史或病史,無糖尿病臨床癥狀,在正常飲食無降糖治療的情況下,隨機(jī)血糖及空腹血糖均在正常范圍,故未測HbA1c。本實(shí)驗(yàn)根據(jù)FDA所提出的糖尿病診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)HbA1c≥6.5%進(jìn)行比較,PDR組患者HbA1c明顯升高(P=0.000),提示血糖控制不理想是糖尿病患者發(fā)生PDR的危險(xiǎn)因素之一。這與Chetthakul等[24]研究結(jié)果一致。
持續(xù)高血糖可增加DR發(fā)生的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),Massin等[25]認(rèn)為FPG>6.0 mmol/L是DR發(fā)生的危險(xiǎn)因素,控制糖尿病患者血糖,可減緩視力損害[26],能有效延緩DR的病程[27],這與本次實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果一致,證實(shí)血糖升高是PDR發(fā)生的危險(xiǎn)因素。
盡管大量研究發(fā)現(xiàn)PDR患者存在血脂紊亂,但本次實(shí)驗(yàn)未發(fā)現(xiàn)PDR患者血脂異常;盡管PDR組患者BMI升高,但仍在正常范圍內(nèi)。Wang等[28]研究北京地區(qū)DR的危險(xiǎn)因素發(fā)現(xiàn),將年齡、性別、BMI等進(jìn)行匹配后,血脂異常與DR的發(fā)生無關(guān),這與本次實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果一致。這可能是與本次實(shí)驗(yàn)的研究對象均為需行手術(shù)的住院患者,全身情況需經(jīng)藥物控制至穩(wěn)定或飲食生活習(xí)慣不一樣有關(guān),故PDR患者血脂不一定異常。
隨著研究的深入,可進(jìn)一步檢測正常人群不同年齡階段及NPDR患者血中ET-1濃度,了解其表達(dá)變化規(guī)律。可進(jìn)一步建立動物模型探索玻璃體腔注射不同濃度的抗ET-1藥物治療PDR,為將來臨床治療PDR提供新思路。
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(2016-04-20收稿)
Study of endothelin-1 expression in vitreous and serum in proliferative diabetic retinopathy
Chen Juan1,2,Lu Hongbin1,Zhou Qi1,He Yue1,Ouyang Ke1,Shi Yanting1,Cao Xiaolan11Department of Ophthalmology,the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University,Luzhou 646000, Sichuan Province,China;2Department of Ophthalmology of the Fifth People’s Hospital of Chengdu,Chengdu 611130,Sichuan Province,China
Proliferative diabetic retinopathy,Endothelin-1,Serum,Vitreous,Blood glucose
R774.1
A
10.3969/j.issn.1000-2669.2016.03.007
陳 娟(1987-),女,醫(yī)師,碩士,E-mail:411467775@qq.com
Abstruca Objective:This experiment is to investigate the potential role of ET-1 in the pathogenesis of proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR)by detecting the expression of ET-1 in vitreous and serum,and the correlation of the concentration of ET-1 in serum and in vitreous was analyzed.Methods:A total of 65 patients who were candidates for conventional pars plana vitrectomy were divided into PDR group and control group.Age, gender,height,weight,history of diabetes,fasting blood glucose,high density lipoprotein,low density lipoprotein, triglyceride,total cholesterol,duration of diabetes,and glycosylated hemoglobin of PDR patients were recorded. All the serum and vitreous samples were collected and spun down,and the supernatants were then frozen at-80℃. The concentrations of ET-1 in serum and vitreous were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).Results:Age and gender difference between the PDR group and control group were not statistically significant(P>0.05).The ET-1 concentration in the serum of the PDR group was higher than that in the control group(P<0.01).The ET-1 concentration in the vitreous of PDR group was higher than that in the control group(P<0.05).Although the concentration of ET-1 in vitreous was increased than that in the serum in the two groups,there was no correlation between vitreous and serum in the two groups (r PDR group=0.423,P PDR group=0.075 and control group r control group=-0.19,P control group=0.601).Fasting blood glucose andBMI in the PDR group were higher than those in the control group(P<0.05).The glycosylated hemoglobin in the PDR group was significantly increased(P<0.01)relative to the control group.Conclusion:The concentration of ET-1in the serum and vitreous of the PDR patient is significant higher than that in normal people.PDR may occur in diabetic patients with normal blood lipid and BMI.
西南醫(yī)科大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)2016年3期