ZHANG Zhao-QunLI Chuan-KuiWANG JianWANG Yuan-QingMENG Jin,2

(1Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology,Chinese Academy of ScicencesBeijing 100044, China zhangzhaoqun@ivpp.ac.cn)

(2Division of Paleontology,American Museum of Natural HistoryNew York, NY 10024, USA)

Presence of the calcaneal canal in basal Glires

ZHANG Zhao-Qun1LI Chuan-Kui1WANG Jian1WANG Yuan-Qing1MENG Jin1,2

(1Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology,Chinese Academy of ScicencesBeijing 100044, China zhangzhaoqun@ivpp.ac.cn)

(2Division of Paleontology,American Museum of Natural HistoryNew York, NY 10024, USA)

A unique canal (calcaneal canal) running diagonally through the calcaneus was commonly considered as characteristic for lagomorphs, both extant and fossil, but absent in rodents and other pertinent lagomorph relatives. However, our investigation of a calcaneus from the Middle Paleocene of Qianshan, Anhui Province and specimens previously grouped in Mimotonidae also shows presence of canals on calcaneus bones. To further explore the unique character, we scanned calcanei ofOrdolagus,Mimolagus,Gomphos,Rhombomylus, andOryctolagususing microCT and investigated the calcanei of some other related taxa under microscope. Three-dimensional reconstructions of the calcanei based on CT data of these taxa con fi rmed the presence of apertures traversing the large medullary cavity. The diagonally oriented calcaneal canal is present not only in lagomorphs, but also in non-lagomorph duplicidentates, such asMimotona,Gomophos, and simplicidentates, such asRhombomylus, though smaller in size. Hence, the presence of calcaneal canal may be one of the synapomophic characters for Glires, not only for the order Lagomorpha. The shared calcaneus character con fi rms the close relationship between Simplicidentata and Duplicidentata.

Qianshan, Anhui, Paleocene, Lagomorpha, Simplicidentata, Duplicidentata, calcaneal canal

Lagomorpha (rabbits, hares, and pikas) is one of the least diversi fi ed orders of mammals with only 12 extant genera (Hoffmann and Smith, 2005). However, the origin and early diversification of this group are still debated due to sparse early fossil records and early acquisition of morphology. Though cranial and dental materials are more common, postcranial bones have also been extensively studied for understanding the origins and relationships, and the early postcranial adaptations of Lagomorpha (Szalay, 1985). In 2002, Bleefeld and Bock (2002) reported a unique canal (calcaneal canal) running diagonally on the calcaneus inboth extant and fossil lagomorphs, which is absent in rodents and other suggested lagomorph relatives (e. g. macroscelidids, anagalids). Meng et al. (2004) emphasized the similarity of the basal DuplicidentataGomphosandMimolagusin the absence of the calcaneal canal and further supported the uniqueness of calcaneal canal in Lagomorpha. Rose et al. (2008) documented the earliest presence of lagomorphs from India based only on ankle bones, and cited the presence of calcaneal canal as one of the distinctive characters.

However, our investigation of the material (IVPP V 7422) from the Paleocene of Qianshan, Anhui Province, China finds the presence of a canal on the calcaneus, which predates all known taxa of Lagomorpha (Rose et al., 2008; Li et al., 2007). The existence of the calcaneal canal on the Qianshan specimen stimulates us to further explore if this “unique”feature exists in other basal Glires, although no previous publications indicated such. Based on the new specimen and other previous collected specimens kept in IVPP, we carried out a new survey of calcaneal canal in basal Glires.

Material The right calcaneus (IVPP V 7422) was discovered in 1985 by the senior author Li Chuankui in the Doumu Formation, near Huanghetang Reservoir, Qianshan County, Anhui Province. Li and Ting (1993) illustrated this material and tentatively described it as ?Heomyssp. At that time, only a lower jaw ofHeomyswas collected from the locality. In 2007, another jaw ofMimotonawas discovered from the same site. By the small size and general morphology, it can be eitherHeomysorMimotonafrom the same locality. However, without knowledge of pes structures of these two taxa, it is dif fi cult to con fi rm the identi fi cation. By cranial characters and tooth formulae,HeomysandMimotonawere considered to be basal to Rodentia and Lagomorpha, respectively (Li, 1977; Li and Ting, 1985, 1993), both included in Cohort Glires. Here we tentatively attribute this calcaneus as Glires indet., waiting for more fi ndings to prove its identity.

Comparative materials The calcaneal specimens used for comparison include：Mimolagusrodens, IVPP RV 51002, Shanmacheng, Gansu (Bohlin, 1951);M.aurorae, IVPP V 20180, Irdin Manha, Nei Mongol (Fostowicz-Frelik et al., 2015);Gomphossp. uncatalogued, Erlian Basin;Dawsonolagusantiquus, IVPP V 7465, Nei Mongol (Li et al., 2007);Ordolagusteilhardi, uncatalogued, Ulantatal, Nei Mongol;Rombomylus, IVPP V 7428, the Lower Eocene Yuhuangding Formation, Danjiang (Meng et al., 2003). All the specimens are kept in the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology (IVPP), Chinese Academy of Sciences.

Method Morphological observation was conducted under the Zeiss Stereo Discovery V8. The X-ray micro-computerized tomography (microCT) scanning of specimens was carried out using the 225 kV microCT developed by the Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) in the Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, CAS. To get better images, we scanned them with different beam energy (kV) and flux (μA), and at different detector resolutions (μm)： Glires indet. (V 7422), 120 kV, 100 μA, 7.8 μm;Ordolagus, 120 kV, 100 μA, 15.7 μm;Oryctolaguscuniculus, 100 kV,100 μA, 20.4 μm;Gomphos, 120 kV, 100 μA, 15.7 μm;Rombomylus(V 7428), 100 kV, 100 μA, 9.4 μm. A total of 720 transmission images were reconstructed in a 2048×2048 matrix of 1536 slices using a two-dimensional reconstruction software developed by the Institute of High Energy Physics, CAS. We draw 3D reconstruction calcaneal canals with VG Studio (Vesion 2.2). Nomenclature of calcaneus in the text follows Meng et al. (2004).

Fig. 1 The right calcaneus of Glires indet. from the Paleocene of Qianshan (IVPP V 7422) A. dosal view; B. lateral view; C. dorsal-lateral view; D. ventral view; E. distal view Abbreviations： at. anterior plantar tubercle; CaA. calcaneoastragalar facet; CaCu. calcaneocuboid facet; cc. calcaneal canal; gtff. groove for the tendon of M. flexor fibularis; pp. peroneal process; ptca. calcaneal protuberance; su. sustentacular facet; suh. sustentaculum hinge; sus. sustentaculum talus; tub. calcaneus tuber

Description and comparison The calcaneus bone (V 7422) (Fig. 1) is almost completely preserved except for the peroneal process being slightly broken (Fig. 1). The maximum length and width of the proper are 12.1 and 5 mm, respectively. The calcaneus tuber (tub) is long, with a strongly lateromedially compressed cross section. The ratio of lever arm and load arm (Szalay, 1985： fig.19, x and b) is 1.89 (85 mm/45 mm). The calcaneal protuberance (ptca) is located at almost the same transversal level with the sustentaculum talus (sus). The calcaneoastragalar facet (CaA) consists of a continuous and medially inclined facet that extends posteriorly to the tuber on the dorsal surface, exceeding the level of sustentaculum hinge (suh). Lateral to the sharp edge of the calcaneal protuberance, there exists a knob-like convex with no articulate facet, which may be a rudiment stage of the calcaneo fi bular facet (CaFi) developed in lagomorphs. Ventral to this protuberance is a pit. There is a small but obvious foramen ventral to the pit, which is interpreted as the entrance of calcaneal canal (cc). The susentaculum extends medially with an oval concave articulate facet with astragalus. The groove for the tendon of M. fl exor fi bularis (gtff) leads to the medial side of ventrally expanded anterior plantar tubercle (at). In ventral view, the anterior plantar tubercle extends ventrally, with a developed ridge to the middle of the calcaneus body. Between the anterior plantar tubercle and peroneal process (pp), there is a wide and concave space. The calcaneocuboid facet (CaCu) is slightly concave, facing mediodistally and narrowing towards the peroneal process. Medial to CaCu, there is a large foramen, interpreted as the exit of calcaneal canal. There is no calcaneonavicular facet.

V 7422 resembles those of Lagomorpha by having the calcaneal protuberance at the same transversal level of sustentaculum talus, presence of the calcaneal canal, and mediodistallyfacing CaCu. Different from the Vastan specimen, described as the earliest Lagomorpha from the Early Eocene (Rose et al., 2008), V 7422 has no obvious CaFi, but only the knoblike process. The presence of CaFi has been considered as a distinctive primitive feature for Lagomorpha (Martinez, 1985; Szalay, 1985), it is also present in the Early Eocene eurymylid simplicidentateRombomylus(Meng et al., 2003), as well as in PaleocenePseudictops(Sulimski, 1968) and possibly arctostylopids (Missiaen et al., 2006). Differing fromDawsonolagusantiquus(Li et al., 2007) and later lagomorphs, V 7422 has a proportionally longer and narrower calcaneus tuber and more distally allocation of calcaneal protuberance and sustentacular facet (The ratio of lever arm and load arm is 1.04 inDawsonolagusantiquusversus 1.89 in V 7422). The strongly lateromedially compressed calcaneus tuber, shorter load arm, well developed and lateral offset peroneal process (though broken) resemble those of rodents, such asParamys(Sazlay, 1985), as well asRombomylus(Meng et al., 2003). Morphologically, V 7422 is strikingly more similar to that ofGomphos(Meng et al., 2004：fig.8) than toRombomylus. It shares many characters withGomphos, e.g. the calcaneus tuber relatively longer than in Lagomorpha, the CaA forming a narrow convex band in a proximodistal orientation, exceeding the level of sustentaculum hinge proximally; the anterior plantar tubercle low and blunt; the peroneal process strong but not widely fl anged; existing a broad concave area between the process and the anterior plantar tubercle; the CaCu facing anteromedially; the calcaneal canal present. However, the calcaneus ofGomphosis much larger and robust built, its calcaneus tuber gradually thickens distally in dorsal view, and wide in ventral view.

Presence of the calcaneal canal in basal Glires The calcaneal canal named by Bleefeld and Bock (2002) was considered a unique feature for Lagomorpha. This canal also existed in the Early Eocene Indian specimen (Rose et al., 2008) andDawsonolagus(Li et al., 2007), which by now the earliest and perhaps the most primitive taxa in Lagomorpha.

Mimolagus, an enigmatic taxon, firstly discovered from Shanmacheng, Gansu was described as a new genus in Duplicidentata (Bohlin, 1951), and later considered as a stem taxon of Lagomorpha (Meng et al., 2003; Asher et al., 2005). Bohlin (1951) cautiously, as always, grouped the postcranials found from the same location, as a rodent inc. sed, noting the more rodent like morphology of the calcaneus and astragalus. Bleefeld and Mckenna (1985) restudied the material and confirmed the postcranials and skull are of the same individual, all belonging to a lagomorph taxon. On the specimen from Shanmacheng (Bohlin, 1951), there can be seen a small but distinct opening between the sustentaculum and the cuboid facet after careful removal of the covered wax, which might be the calcaneal canal. However, the supposed entrance is not discernable due to the breakage. Fortunately, Fostowicz-Frelik et al. (2015) recently published some new materials ofMimolagus,M.auroraefrom Erenhot, Nei Mongol, including calcaneus bones. Reexamination under microscope con fi rms the existence of a small opening between the sustentaculum and the cuboid facet, and two small holes on the lateral side.

Included in Mimotonidae (Li, 1977),Gomphosalso shares some characters with Lagomorpha, and show great similarities withMimolagusas well (Meng et al., 2004; Kraatz et al., 2009). Examination of specimens from the upper beds of the Nomogen Formation in the Huheboerhe section, Erlian Basin of Nei Mongol clearly reveals presence of calcaneal canal in the same location as inMimolagus. Contrary to Bleefeld and Bock (2002), we found possible calcaneal canals in some Simplicidentata taxa, e.g.Rombomylus. On the specimen IVPP V 7428 (Meng et al., 2003： fi g. 66), there exists an obvious opening medial to the CaCu, and a small entrance on the lateral side of calcaneus tuber.

CT scanning of the calcaneus bones To have a better knowledge of the calcaneal canals, we did CT scanning of some related specimens. Three-dimensional reconstruction of CT scanning data confirms the existence of various sizes and numbers of canals on the surveyed calcanei. On V 7422, one small sized tube on the lateral side traverses the compact bone diagonally, enters the medullary cavity and exits via a much larger sized tube (Fig. 2A). As observed under microscope,Gomphoshas one medial and two lateral slim canals entering the medullary cavity with only one slightly larger distal canal for the exit (Fig. 2D). On the specimen ofOrdolagus, the perforation is much larger in size. The diagonally orientated entrance and exit tube are similar in size, and the medial one as well (Fig. 2B), same as the living rabbit (Fig. 2C). ForRombomylus, there can be seen one entrance and one exit diagonally traversing the angle bone (Fig. 2E). In summary, we preliminarily draw the conclusion from the above observation that the calcaneal canal exists not only in Lagomorpha, but also in basal Glires taxa of Duplicidentata and Simplicidentata respectively.

Fig. 2 Three-dimensional reconstructions (upper row) and two-dimensional section (lower row) of the calcanei based on CT data A. Glires indet., IVPP V 7422; B.Ordolagus; C.Oryctolaguscuniculus; D.Gomphos; E.Rombomylus, IVPP V 7428 Arrows indicate entrance and exit openings. Canals and medullary cavities marked by yellow color. Not scaled

Fig. 3 Dissection of a left hind leg ofOryctolaguscuniculusA. saphenous vein; B. side branch of saphenous vein; C. calcaneus bone. Not scaled

Discussion Bleefeld and Bock (2002) proposed the vessel inside of the canal representing a branch of the lymphatic system, and stated that the possibility of a blood vessel cannot be ruled out. With no soft tissue preserved, it is difficult to conjecture the function of these multiple canals on fossil forms. Our dissection of a rabbit reveals side branches of saphenous vein entering the calcaneus body via both entrances, and exit via the exit opening, thus con fi rms the existence of blood vessel in the calcaneal canal (Fig. 3).

Our investigation also fi nds that there is only one diagonally canal present in Glires indet. (V 7422) and the SimplicidentataRombomylus, however more than one in Duplicidentata taxa, incudingGomphos,Mimolagus, andOrdolagus(Table 1). We propose that the retaining of multiple canals in some extant Leporidae (Bleefeld and Bock, 2002) may be a plesiomorphic feature. The reduction of the calcaneal canal in some extant leporids may be a derived character. As stated by Bleefeld and Bock (2002), perforations of the mammalian calcaneus that provide channels for small blood vessels are common. We also fi nd the existence of tiny channels in some living rodent taxa, such asMarmota,Aplodontia,Erethizonas Prof. Wang Banyue showing us. Whether these perforations are the same with calcaneal canals needs more investigation and out of the scope of the present study.

Table 1 Openings on the calcaneus of some Glires taxa

Concluding remarks The calcaneal canal exists in all investigated basal Glires. The occurrence of this unique character dates back to Paleocene in the earliest Glires. The presence of calcaneal canal is not unique for the order Lagomorpha as previously suggested. It may be one of the synapomorphic characters for Glires. This shared calcaneus character further con fi rms the close relationship between Simplicidentata and Duplicidentata.

Acknowledgements Thanks are due to Mr. Hou Yemao for the CT scanning of the specimens. Prof. Wang Banyue from IVPP and an anonymous reviewer critically and insightfully reviewed the manuscript and provided constructive suggestions that highly improved the present study.

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基干嚙型類發(fā)現跟骨管結構

張兆群1李傳夔1王 健1王元青1孟 津1,2

(1 中國科學院脊椎動物演化與人類起源重點實驗室，中國科學院古脊椎動物與古人類研究所 北京 100044)
(2 美國自然歷史博物館古生物部 紐約 10024)

2002年Bleefeld和Bock發(fā)現跟骨上一個獨特的解剖結構——跟骨管——僅在現生與化石兔形目種類中存在，而在嚙齒類以及相關類群中缺如，并認為這個獨特的解剖特征支持了兔形目是一個單系類群。對安徽潛山古新世地層中發(fā)現的基干嚙型類標本(IVPP V 7422)的觀察表明其跟骨上也存在清晰的跟骨管，使得我們重新審視這一獨特解剖特征。結合顯微鏡觀察與CT掃描技術，發(fā)現兔形目種類，如Dawsonolagus,Ordolagus等存在較大的跟骨管，其進口與出口皆與骨體內部髓腔貫通；在雙門齒嚙型類如Mimolagus,Gomphos, 單門齒嚙型類Rhombomylus上也存在清晰的跟骨管。因此，跟骨管的存在可能是嚙型類的共近裔性狀，也支持了兔形類與嚙齒類具有更近的親緣關系。

安徽潛山，古新世，兔形目，單門齒類，雙門齒類，跟骨管

Q915.873

A

1000–3118(2016)03–0235–08

2016-01-20

Zhang Z Q, Li C K, Wang J et al., 2016. Presence of the calcaneal canal in basal Glires. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 54(3)： 235-242

國家重點基礎研究發(fā)展計劃項目(編號：2012CB821904)和國家自然科學基金(批準號：41472003)資助。