楊曉琳,黃莉吉,張 舒,余江毅*
(1.南京中醫(yī)藥大學,南京 210029;2.南京中醫(yī)藥大學附屬醫(yī)院內分泌科,南京210029)
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槲皮素對糖尿病腎臟病發(fā)生發(fā)展的影響
楊曉琳1,黃莉吉2,張舒2,余江毅2*
(1.南京中醫(yī)藥大學,南京 210029;2.南京中醫(yī)藥大學附屬醫(yī)院內分泌科,南京210029)
糖尿病腎臟病(DKD)是糖尿病常見的嚴重的微血管并發(fā)癥,是導致終末期腎臟疾病的主要原因。目前DKD的發(fā)病機制與防治仍是國內外研究的熱點。由于DKD是環(huán)境與遺傳因素相互作用導致的多因素紊亂,目前眾多研究尚未就其發(fā)病機制得出統(tǒng)一的結論。研究顯示,槲皮素通過降低血糖、抗氧化應激、抗炎、抑制腎臟纖維化等機制,對腎臟起保護作用。
槲皮素;糖尿病腎臟??;氧化應激;炎癥;纖維化
糖尿病腎臟病(DKD)是一種嚴重的糖尿病微血管并發(fā)癥和終末期腎臟疾病的主要原因。據(jù)美國腎臟數(shù)據(jù)系統(tǒng)報告,約43.8%的終末期腎病患者以糖尿病作為第一診斷[1]。槲皮素是一種天然的黃酮類化合物,廣泛存在于植物的花、葉及果實中。目前已在100多種中草藥及蔬果中發(fā)現(xiàn)槲皮素。研究證明,槲皮素可通過降低血糖、抗氧化應激、抗炎及抑制腎臟纖維化等機制對腎臟起保護作用。Knekt P等[2]研究得出槲皮素的攝入可以降低包括糖尿病在內的許多慢性病的風險。Castilla P等[3]研究證明槲皮素在血液透析患者和健康人中均具有抗氧化,降血脂,抗炎作用。Egert S等[4]在德國對93例超重患者進行雙盲交叉對照實驗,證明槲皮素可以降低收縮壓和低密度脂蛋白濃度。
糖異常與糖尿病腎臟病的發(fā)生發(fā)展密切相關。長期高糖環(huán)境導致腎固有細胞分泌多種炎癥因子及促纖維化因子,進而使細胞肥大、增生,促進腎間質纖維化發(fā)生[5]。在動物模型中進行的干預性實驗證實,強化血糖控制對腎臟具有保護作用。實驗中將已有腎小球結構改變及白蛋白尿的腎臟移植到非糖尿病動物身上,發(fā)現(xiàn)腎臟病變得到逆轉。伴有微量白蛋白尿及大量白蛋白尿的患者,HbAlc水平明顯高于尿白蛋白正常的患者。Alam M M等[6]實驗結果顯示:將糖尿病大鼠隨機分為2組,與空白對照組相比,槲皮素治療組大鼠空腹血糖水平顯著降低。高血糖導致蛋白質的非酶糖基化增強,形成過多糖基化終末產物(AGEs),AGEs在腎小球及腎小管中積聚,降低蛋白質對消化酶的易感性,從而導致在腎小球系膜沉積,引起腎臟損害。GLUT4是對胰島素敏感的葡萄糖轉運蛋白,主要存在于骨骼肌細胞和脂肪細胞。在胰島素刺激后,可快速從細胞內轉位到質膜以增加對葡萄糖的攝取。AMPK是一種對代謝應激敏感、可刺激GLUT4轉位的蛋白激酶。Dai X[7]、Eide H等[8]分別進行了細胞學實驗,結果表明經槲皮素干預,GLUT4在骨骼肌細胞表面的表達顯著增加。提示槲皮素可能通過活化AMPK傳導途徑,增加骨骼肌細胞表面GLUT4表達,加強對葡萄糖的攝取,從而降低血糖,AMPK有望成為治療2型糖尿病新的藥物靶點。Ma Jin等[9]實驗結果表明,槲皮素能夠在不影響脂肪生成的情況下改善前脂肪細胞對葡萄糖的攝取,發(fā)揮與羅格列酮作為PPARγ激動劑相似的功效。
Kolati S R等[10]研究表明,通過限制NF-κB的活化,可減少伴有蛋白尿的大鼠間質單核細胞浸潤,減輕氧化損傷,延緩大鼠DKD的進展。GSH-Px是機體內廣泛存在的一種重要的過氧化物分解酶,保護細胞膜的結構及功能不受過氧化物的損害,反映機體的抗氧化能力。Lee D B等[11]發(fā)現(xiàn)槲皮素可以依賴性的保留谷胱甘肽含量,保留活性的過氧化氫酶和谷胱甘肽過氧化物酶,減少ROS,從而起到抗氧化作用。Pouraboli I等[12]對糖尿病腎臟病模型大鼠喂食槲皮素(300 mg/kg),14 d后對大鼠血清進行測定,結果顯示DKD大鼠血清谷胱甘肽含量顯著增加,超氧化物歧化酶與過氧化氫酶活性明顯升高(P<0.05),血糖與肌酐、尿素氮水平明顯降低,尿白蛋白含量減少。
Mora C等[13]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)IL-6可顯著削弱胰島β細胞的功能,引起胰島素分泌功能障礙、胰島素抵抗及代謝綜合征,最終促進糖尿病腎臟病的發(fā)生。Abrahamian H等[14]進行的動物實驗顯示,DM大鼠尿蛋白排泄率與CRP呈正相關,提示CRP可能通過誘發(fā)微血管的病變,刺激血管內皮釋放炎癥因子,導致蛋白尿的增多。Lin C Y等[15]通過對小鼠模型進行檢測得出:槲皮素可減少IL-6、TNF-α、IL-1β及C-反應蛋白等炎癥介質在腎臟的含量,從而發(fā)揮抑制腎臟血管內皮炎性反應的功能。
Moyses N M等[16]報道在腎移植患者中MCP-1的表達與纖維化呈正相關。高糖可刺激足細胞和腎小管上皮細胞體外表達TLR2和TLR2配體,以及TLR2依賴的促炎癥和促纖維化細胞因子高水平表達[17]。Wu H L等[18]經過實驗證明在STZ誘導的DKD大鼠中,TLR2表達增加,并伴隨其下游通路的激活。Devaraj S等[19]臨床實驗得出與之一致的結論,伴有糖尿病微血管并發(fā)癥的患者TLR2表達與活性更為顯著。Bhaskar S[20]、Devaraj S[21]發(fā)現(xiàn),槲皮素可抑制TLR2在mRNA水平的表達,從而抑制細胞因子的產生,延緩腎臟病變的進展。王興紅等[22]通過STZ建立糖尿病大鼠模型并隨機分組,6周后模型組大鼠腎小球體積增大,血管壁呈現(xiàn)玻璃樣變性、基底膜增厚、系膜基質增多的改變。槲皮素治療組腎小球體積、病理改變程度,較模型組明顯減輕,尿白蛋白排泄顯著減少(P<0.05)。提示槲皮素可通過減少蛋白質的排泄及抑制由此導致的腎小管上皮細胞促硬化信號的活化,保護腎臟免于進一步的損害。
綜上所述,槲皮素對糖尿病腎臟病的改善作用是確切的。其通過促進細胞對糖的吸收降低血糖;提高抗氧化酶活性減輕氧化應激;抑制炎性因子過度表達減輕炎癥;減少腎臟系膜增生延緩纖維化,從而在一定程度上發(fā)揮對腎臟的保護作用。由于糖尿病腎臟病發(fā)病機制復雜,各種機制間的相互作用尚不明確,此外,目前關于槲皮素應用于臨床療效的報道尚不充足,臨床實驗相較動物實驗存在更多的環(huán)境干擾因素,采取的口服方法可能受到生物利用度的影響,可進一步加強臨床干預支持補充。槲皮素的抗炎、抗氧化、抗纖維化等功用是否同樣存在于其他黃酮類提取物,可進行進一步研究。
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Quercetin on development of diabetic kidney disease
YANG Xiaolin1,HUANG Liji2,ZHANG Shu2,YU Jiangyi2*
(1.Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine,Nanjing 210029,China;2.Department of Endocrinology,Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of TCM,Nanjing 210029,China)
Diabetic kidney disease is a serious complication of diabetes mellitus,which becomes one of the major causes of end-stage renal disease in diabetic patients.At present,the pathogenesis and prevention of DKD are still hot spots in domestic and foreign research.However,because of the complex mechanism of DKD,many studies have not come to the conclusion of the unification.Considerable data have indicated that quercetin treatment caused a reduction in glycemia,ameliorated inflammation,oxidative stress and fibrosis,there is protection of kidney.
quercetin;diabetic kidney disease;oxidative stress;inflammation;fibrosis
10.13463/j.cnki.cczyy.2016.04.019
江蘇省科技支撐計劃-社會發(fā)展項目(BE2012777);江蘇省預防醫(yī)學科研課題(Y2015053)。
楊曉琳(1990-),女,碩士研究生,主要從事內分泌代謝病方向研究。
余江毅,電話-(025)86617141,電子信箱-yujiangyi2007@163.com
R255.4
A
2095-6258(2016)04-0714-03
2015-12-10)