冷書(shū)生, 袁家天, 范 俊, 張 鑫, 李 俊
(成都大學(xué) 附屬醫(yī)院, 四川 成都 610081)
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腫瘤相關(guān)巨噬細(xì)胞在腫瘤中的研究進(jìn)展
冷書(shū)生, 袁家天, 范俊, 張?chǎng)危?李俊
(成都大學(xué) 附屬醫(yī)院, 四川 成都610081)
摘要:腫瘤的發(fā)生與發(fā)展是一個(gè)多因素、多步驟的復(fù)雜過(guò)程.腫瘤的侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移與其所處的腫瘤微環(huán)境密切相關(guān),腫瘤微環(huán)境由腫瘤細(xì)胞本身及其周?chē)幕|(zhì)細(xì)胞、組織液、細(xì)胞因子等共同組成,其中基質(zhì)細(xì)胞包括成纖維細(xì)胞、各種免疫細(xì)胞、內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞、周細(xì)胞、血小板、巨噬細(xì)胞等.在所有腫瘤炎性細(xì)胞中,巨噬細(xì)胞約占50%,這些細(xì)胞被稱(chēng)為腫瘤相關(guān)巨噬細(xì)胞,其具有促進(jìn)腫瘤生長(zhǎng)、血管生成、侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移和免疫逃逸等功能,在調(diào)節(jié)腫瘤進(jìn)展的各個(gè)關(guān)鍵步驟中發(fā)揮了重要的作用.本研究就腫瘤相關(guān)巨噬細(xì)胞的產(chǎn)生、分布及其在腫瘤中的作用進(jìn)行了綜述.
關(guān)鍵詞:腫瘤;TAMs;腫瘤微環(huán)境
1TAMs的產(chǎn)生與分布
骨髓中多能干細(xì)胞發(fā)育為淋巴樣干細(xì)胞和骨髓樣干細(xì)胞,骨髓樣干細(xì)胞可進(jìn)一步發(fā)育為單核細(xì)胞,然后釋放入外周血,單核細(xì)胞穿過(guò)血管內(nèi)皮,進(jìn)入不同組織中分化為特定的巨噬細(xì)胞[1].研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在腫瘤微環(huán)境中的各種信號(hào)的作用下,單核細(xì)胞被募集進(jìn)入腫瘤組織,進(jìn)而分化為腫瘤相關(guān)巨噬細(xì)胞(tumor-associated macrophages,TAMs)[2-3].
1.1單核細(xì)胞的募集
外周血中的單核細(xì)胞,在腫瘤細(xì)胞和基質(zhì)細(xì)胞所分泌的多種誘導(dǎo)因子的作用下,被募集進(jìn)入腫瘤組織[4].在這一過(guò)程中,單核細(xì)胞大部分被趨化因子CCL2所募集,而CCL2主要由腫瘤細(xì)胞所分泌.除此之外,腫瘤中的內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞、成纖維母細(xì)胞和巨噬細(xì)胞也能產(chǎn)生CCL2[5].其他腫瘤衍生信號(hào),如巨噬細(xì)胞刺激因子M-CSF、巨噬細(xì)胞炎癥蛋白1α(MIP-1a)、血管內(nèi)皮生長(zhǎng)因子(VEGF)、趨化因子CCL3、CCL4、CC5、CCL8也對(duì)單核細(xì)胞的募集起到一定的作用[6-8].另外,腫瘤細(xì)胞周?chē)幕|(zhì)蛋白,被巨噬細(xì)胞或者腫瘤細(xì)胞水解為纖維結(jié)合蛋白、纖維蛋白原后,對(duì)單核細(xì)胞的募集也具有重要的作用[4,9].
1.2TAMs的分布
研究發(fā)現(xiàn),TAMs的分布主要取決于腫瘤微環(huán)境[10].腫瘤在缺氧的環(huán)境下,將誘導(dǎo)缺氧誘生因子HIF-1的表達(dá),從而使HIF-1成為依賴(lài)型分子,例如,VEGF,CXCL12及其相應(yīng)受體CXCR4等的表達(dá)[11-12].另外,IL-10在腫瘤微環(huán)境中呈梯度分布,而這些細(xì)胞因子決定了單核細(xì)胞分化的方向和分布.因此,TAMs往往多分布于腫瘤組織缺氧、壞死及少血管的部位[13-15].
2TAMs的分化
血液循環(huán)中的單核細(xì)胞被募集進(jìn)入不同的微環(huán)境中,其形態(tài)和功能將發(fā)生很大的變化,并最終分化成具有不同功能的巨噬細(xì)胞[14-15].最近的免疫學(xué)研究已經(jīng)確定,活化的巨噬細(xì)胞主要分為M1和M2型2大類(lèi).M1型巨噬細(xì)胞,又稱(chēng)經(jīng)典活化途徑的巨噬細(xì)胞.細(xì)菌以及代謝產(chǎn)物(如脂多糖LPS)和Th1分泌的細(xì)胞因子IFN-γ促進(jìn)單核細(xì)胞向M1型分化,它的表型特征為IL-12high、IL-23high、IL-10low,這類(lèi)細(xì)胞抗原提呈能力強(qiáng),能夠激活Th1免疫反應(yīng),對(duì)微生物和腫瘤細(xì)胞具有殺傷作用[16-17].M2型巨噬細(xì)胞,又稱(chēng)替代活化途徑的巨噬細(xì)胞.當(dāng)單核細(xì)胞暴露在IL-4、IL-13、免疫復(fù)合物/TLR配體、糖皮質(zhì)激素下將向M2型分化,它的特征表型為IL-10high、IL-12low、IL-1rahigh、IL-1decoyRhigh,可分泌細(xì)胞因子,如TGF-β、CCL17、CCL22、CCL24等,并高表達(dá)甘露糖受體MRC1、清道夫受體MRS1[7,18-20].這類(lèi)細(xì)胞抗原提呈能力差,能激活Th2免疫反應(yīng),促進(jìn)血管生成,組織重塑,修復(fù)損傷等[21].
研究證實(shí),單核細(xì)胞向M2型的分化涉及到抑制其轉(zhuǎn)化信號(hào)通路的失活和促進(jìn)其轉(zhuǎn)化信號(hào)通路的增強(qiáng).最新研究發(fā)現(xiàn),NF-κB[22]、Notch等[23]可抑制M2轉(zhuǎn)化信號(hào)通路,但TGF-β[24-26]、STAT-3[27]、c-MYC[28]、HIF-1[11]等可促進(jìn)M2轉(zhuǎn)化信號(hào)通路.
目前,科研人員普遍認(rèn)為T(mén)AMs就是M2型[23].在腫瘤微環(huán)境中缺乏IFN-γ及細(xì)菌分解產(chǎn)物,但具有使單核細(xì)胞分化為M2型巨噬細(xì)胞所需的腫瘤微環(huán)境,即由腫瘤細(xì)胞本身、基質(zhì)細(xì)胞、細(xì)胞因子,如TGF-β、IL-10、IL-4、IL-13等組成的內(nèi)環(huán)境,并且這些細(xì)胞因子將使TGF-β、STAT-3、HIF-1等信號(hào)通路激活[24,27,29],單核細(xì)胞將向M2/TAMs分化.此外,研究還發(fā)現(xiàn),抑制NF-κB、Notch等信號(hào)激活[22-23]以及抑制SIRP-α[28]在巨噬細(xì)胞中的表達(dá),將有利于單核細(xì)胞向TAMs/M2型轉(zhuǎn)化.
3TAMs在腫瘤中的作用
3.1促進(jìn)腫瘤生長(zhǎng)
大量的研究表明,TAMs在腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展中發(fā)揮著重要作用,TAMs能夠分泌多種細(xì)胞因子,促進(jìn)腫瘤的生長(zhǎng),侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移,血管生成和免疫逃避等[30].已知TAMs可分泌EGF、EFGR、PDGF、TGF-β1、bFGF等[3],這些細(xì)胞因子能夠促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng).M1型巨噬細(xì)胞可通過(guò)NO合酶(NOS)和L-精氨酸(L-Arg)為底物合成NO,進(jìn)而發(fā)揮細(xì)胞毒作用[31].但對(duì)于TAMs而言,這一通路被阻斷,取而代之的是以L(fǎng)-Arg為底物合成鳥(niǎo)氨酸(Orn)和多肽類(lèi)物質(zhì),這些物質(zhì)具有促進(jìn)腫瘤生長(zhǎng)的作用[32].另外,通過(guò)氯磷酸鹽脂質(zhì)體耗竭小鼠體內(nèi)巨噬細(xì)胞,也證實(shí)巨噬細(xì)胞對(duì)腫瘤的生長(zhǎng)是必需的[33].而TAMs所分泌的細(xì)胞因子,如IL-1,TNF,還可以激活NF-κB信號(hào)通路[21],從而促進(jìn)腫瘤的增殖.
3.2血管生成作用
腫瘤的血管生成是一個(gè)極其復(fù)雜的過(guò)程,其中涉及腫瘤細(xì)胞與基質(zhì)細(xì)胞相互作用以及腫瘤細(xì)胞和基質(zhì)細(xì)胞自分泌、旁分泌因子的作用[7,34].在腫瘤微環(huán)境中,TAMs浸潤(rùn)的數(shù)量與腫瘤微血管密度(MVD)、VEGF的表達(dá)呈正相關(guān),并在多種腫瘤中,如肝癌,胰腺癌,食道癌,乳腺癌,肺癌,前列腺癌等得到了證實(shí)[5,16,35-36].研究表明,TAMs分泌多種細(xì)胞因子,包括堿性成纖維生長(zhǎng)因子(bFGF)、PDGF、TGF-β、血管生成素(ANG1/2)、IL-1、IL-8、腫瘤壞死因子(TNF)-α、脫氧胸腺嘧啶苷磷酸化酶(TP)、MMP-2/9以及NO等[37],它們?cè)趦?nèi)皮細(xì)胞的增殖和遷移、基質(zhì)重新編輯、血管的成熟等過(guò)程中發(fā)揮著重要的作用.此外,被腫瘤馴化了的TAMs常常分布在腫瘤的缺氧部位或者是無(wú)血管處,然后通過(guò)自分泌和旁分泌因子來(lái)發(fā)揮其促進(jìn)腫瘤血管生成的作用.
3.3免疫抑制作用
研究表明,TAMs抗原提呈能力較弱,對(duì)免疫反應(yīng)有抑制作用,包括TAMs通過(guò)分泌高水平的IL-10、TGF-β、前列腺素抑制T細(xì)胞的激活和增殖,同時(shí)降低NK細(xì)胞和淋巴因子激活的免疫細(xì)胞的殺傷活性[38].通過(guò)分泌趨化因子,如CCL2、CCL17等,優(yōu)先募集如調(diào)節(jié)性T細(xì)胞(Treg)、輔助性T2細(xì)胞(Th2)等缺乏細(xì)胞毒性的T細(xì)胞亞群,進(jìn)而抑制免疫作用[39].同時(shí),Treg、Th2等T細(xì)胞亞群可分泌IL-4、IL-10及IL-13,起到再次促進(jìn)趨化因子分泌的作用[40].該過(guò)程形成一個(gè)封閉的循環(huán),將不斷放大由TAMs所介導(dǎo)的免疫抑制作用.另外,TAMs分泌趨化因子CCL18募集幼稚T細(xì)胞,這些T細(xì)胞在腫瘤微環(huán)境中最終將不具備正常的細(xì)胞免疫作用[41-42].
3.4促進(jìn)腫瘤浸襲與轉(zhuǎn)移
研究表明,TAMs可以促進(jìn)腫瘤的遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移.在腫瘤微環(huán)境中,TAMs通過(guò)分泌蛋白酶,如絲氨酸蛋白酶、MMPs、組織蛋白酶等,作用于細(xì)胞之間的連接,破壞基底膜,從而促進(jìn)腫瘤的侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移.例如,乳腺癌細(xì)胞促進(jìn)TAMs分泌基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶(MMP)[43],在肺癌中,VEGFR-1促使TAMs對(duì)MMP-9的分泌[44],胰腺癌細(xì)胞分泌腫瘤壞死因子(TNF)刺激巨噬細(xì)胞分泌MMP,最終使惡性腫瘤細(xì)胞的侵襲力得到提高[45].此外,腫瘤細(xì)胞促進(jìn)巨噬細(xì)胞分泌IL-1、EGF等細(xì)胞因子對(duì)促進(jìn)腫瘤的侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移也具有重要的作用[46].
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Research Progress of Tumor-associated Macrophages in Tumor
LENGShusheng,YUANJiatian,FANJun,ZHANGXin,LIJun
(General Surgery Department, Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University, Chengdu 610081, China)
Abstract:Tumor genesis and development is a complex multifactorial,multi-step process.Invasion and metastasis of the tumor is closely related to tumor microenvironment which consists of tumor cells and the surrounding stromal cells,tissue fluid,cytokine,etc.,wherein the stromal cells include fibroblasts,various immune cells,endothelial cells,pericytes,platelets,macrophages,etc.In all tumor inflammatory cells, macrophages accounting for about 50%,are called tumor-associated macrophages(TAMs).They can promote tumor growth,angiogenesis,invasion and metastasis,and immune escape etc.Therefore,they play important roles in each of the key steps of tumor progression.This article reviews the production,distribution and function of TAMs in tumor.
Key words:tumor;TAMs;tumor microenvironment
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):R730.2
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A
作者簡(jiǎn)介:冷書(shū)生(1985 — ), 男, 碩士, 醫(yī)師, 從事肝癌侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移的分子機(jī)制研究.
基金項(xiàng)目:成都大學(xué)校青年基金(2015XJZ33)資助項(xiàng)目.
收稿日期:2015-11-24.
文章編號(hào):1004-5422(2016)01-0030-04
成都大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(自然科學(xué)版)2016年1期