太極拳是極富中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)特色元素的漢族文化形態(tài)。太極拳含蓄內(nèi)斂、連綿不斷、以柔克剛、急緩相間、行云流水的拳術(shù)風(fēng)格使習(xí)練者的意、氣、形、神逐趨于圓融一體的至高境界。每每看到健身者練習(xí)太極拳，總是不禁感嘆其動(dòng)作何以如此連綿不斷。直至自己親自學(xué)習(xí)，才明白太極拳本身確實(shí)一套套動(dòng)作的組合。非謂語的學(xué)習(xí)，也有異曲同工之妙。分解句子是非謂語的關(guān)鍵。要破解非謂語的用法，筆者認(rèn)為要先了解何為“謂語”。

一、太極之單式學(xué)習(xí)

1.“謂語”的定義

謂語（predicate verb）是對(duì)主語動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的陳述或說明，指出“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么樣”。 謂語動(dòng)詞的位置一般在主語之后。謂語由簡(jiǎn)單動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語（be動(dòng)詞、行為動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞等）構(gòu)成。

1） Time is money in the bank. 時(shí)間是銀行里的錢。該句謂語動(dòng)詞為is“是”。

2） Andy has a chance to become famous. Andy 有一次機(jī)會(huì)可以變出名。該句謂語動(dòng)詞為行為動(dòng)詞has“有”。

3） You can not accept an opinion unless it is based on facts. 除非這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)基于事實(shí)，否則你不能接受這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)。該句謂語動(dòng)詞為情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can not accept。

4） The book didnt give the needed information. 這本書沒有給出所需要的信息。該句謂語動(dòng)詞為didnt give。

【牛刀小試】 找出下面句子中的謂語動(dòng)詞

The sunlight is white and blinding.

I got to the office earlier that day.

We saw a stone statue of about 10 metres in height.

You will regret it sooner or later.

George returned after the war.

Key： is， got， saw， will， returned

2.辨別“非謂語”

在任何一個(gè)英語的例句中，其核心是謂語動(dòng)詞。在無任何連詞引導(dǎo)的復(fù)合句或并列句中，一個(gè)句子的謂語動(dòng)詞只有一個(gè)。在由N個(gè)連詞引導(dǎo)的復(fù)合句中，其謂語動(dòng)詞有N+1 個(gè)。

非謂語定義：是指動(dòng)詞，本來應(yīng)該在句子中作謂語，但在此之前已經(jīng)有一個(gè)動(dòng)詞或系動(dòng)詞作謂語，該動(dòng)詞便以非謂語形式存在。

1） The sunlight is white and blinding，throwing hardedged shadowed on the ground.

【解析】 該句表示動(dòng)作含義的詞有：is、throwing，且這是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句，句中無連詞，故句子中只能有一個(gè)謂語動(dòng)詞is，因此throwing 做該句的非謂語成分。

2） I got to the office earlier that day， having caught the 7：30 train from Paris.

【解析】 該句表示動(dòng)作含義的詞有：got、having caught，且這是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句。got 為該句的謂語動(dòng)詞，having caught 為該句的非謂語成分。

3） Time， used correctly， is money in the bank.

【解析】 該句表示動(dòng)作含義的詞有used、is，且這是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句，故used 為該句中的非謂語成分。

4） Basing an important role in a new movie， Andy has a chance to become famous.

【解析】 該句表示動(dòng)作含義的詞有basing、has，且這是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句，has 充當(dāng)該句的謂語動(dòng)詞，故basing 為非謂語成分。

5） Approaching the city centre， we saw a stone statue of about 10 metres in height.

【解析】 該句表示動(dòng)作含義的詞有approaching、saw，且這是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句，saw 充當(dāng)謂語動(dòng)詞，故approaching 做非謂語成分。

6） Basing an important decision more on emotion than on reason，you will regret it sooner or later.

【解析】 該句表示動(dòng)作含義的詞有basing、will regret，且這是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句，will regret 充當(dāng)謂語動(dòng)詞，故basing 做非謂語成分。

7） George returned after the war，only to find that his wife had left him.

【解析】 該句表示動(dòng)作含義的詞有returned、to find，且這是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句，returned 充當(dāng)謂語動(dòng)詞，故to find 做非謂語成分。

8） You can not accept an opinion offered to you unless it is based on facts.

【解析】 該句表示動(dòng)作含義的詞有can accept、offered、is，且這是由unless 引導(dǎo)的主從復(fù)合句，一個(gè)連詞連接兩個(gè)句子，所以有兩個(gè)謂語動(dòng)詞，分別為：can accept、is，所以offered 為非謂語動(dòng)詞。

二、“太極”之打通脈絡(luò) 口訣輔助

非謂語做題口訣

1. 考慮“主被動(dòng)”即非謂語動(dòng)詞與其邏輯主語的主被動(dòng)關(guān)系；

2.考慮句中非謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生和句中謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生的先后順序；

3. 緊跟名詞之后無having done；

4. 非謂語所具備的時(shí)態(tài)（doing 表示正在進(jìn)行，done 表示完成，to do 表示將要做，having done 表示已經(jīng)做完）；

5. 非謂語動(dòng)詞表結(jié)果分為兩種：意料之中的結(jié)果用doing ，出乎意料的結(jié)果用only to do sth.。

例如：

1） an important role in a new movie， Andy has a chance to become famous.

A. OfferB. Offering

C. OfferedD. To offer

【解析】 該句謂語動(dòng)詞為 has a chance，非謂語動(dòng)詞為offer，根據(jù)句意 offer 與主語Andy 的關(guān)系是 Andy 被提供的關(guān)系，故用排除法得出答案C。

2） Time， correctly， is money in the bank.

A. to useB. used

C. usingD. having used

【解析】 該句中先判斷謂語動(dòng)詞為is，且為一句話，故use 要用非謂語的形式。use 的邏輯主語是time，時(shí)間是被使用的，而A、C、D 皆為主動(dòng)，故答案選B。

3） The sunlight is white and blinding， hardedged shadowed on the ground.

A. throwingB. being thrown

C. to throwD. to be known

【解析】 判斷該句是簡(jiǎn)單句，謂語動(dòng)詞為is，故第二個(gè) throw 用非謂語，throw 的邏輯主語為the sunlight，且為主動(dòng)關(guān)系故排除B、D。根據(jù)句意得出太陽光是邊照射邊投影，所以排除表示將來的C。

4） You can not accept an opinion to you unless it is based on facts.

A. offeringB. to offer

C. having offeredD. offered

【解析】 判斷該句為簡(jiǎn)單句，其中謂語動(dòng)詞為can accept，故第二個(gè)動(dòng)詞offer 為非謂語動(dòng)詞。根據(jù)總結(jié)3，排除C選項(xiàng)考慮offer的邏輯主語為opinion，且兩者之間的關(guān)系為被動(dòng)，故答案為D。

5） George returned after the war， only that his wife had left him.

A. to be toldB. telling

C. being toldD. told

【解析】 根據(jù)句意，George 戰(zhàn)后回到家，結(jié)果卻被告知他的妻子已經(jīng)離開了他?？芍摻Y(jié)果出乎意料之外，故用only to do。而且George 與tell 直接是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，故答案選A。

6） all my letters， I had a drink and went out.

A. FinishedB. Having finished

C. FinishingD. To finish

【解析】 該句為并列句，had、went為謂語動(dòng)詞，故finish要用非謂語。finish與句子主語I直接為主動(dòng)關(guān)系，故排除A?？紤]finish與句子謂語had a drink，went out存在先后關(guān)系且在他們之前，故答案選B。

鞏固練習(xí)

1. Sunday， the students are at home.

A. BeingB. To be

C. It isD. It being

2. He hurried to the station， the 9：30 train had already left.

A. to findB. found

C. only to findD. only finding

3. Pressed from his parents and that he wasted too much time，the boy is determined to stop playing video games.

A. realizingB. realized

C. to realizeD. being realized

4. The party will be held in the garden，weather .

A. permittingB. to permit

C. permittedD. permit

5. The witness by the police just now gave very different descriptions of the fight.

A. questionedB. being questioned

C. to be questionedD. having questioned

6. The airport next year will help promote tourism in this area.

A. being completed

B. to be completed

C. completed

D. having been completed

7. We are having a meeting in half an hour. The decision at the meeting will influence the future of our company.

A. to be madeB. being made

C. having been madeD. made

8. He was busy writing a story， only once in a while to smoke a cigarette.

A. to stopB. stopping

C. to have stoppedD. having stopped

9. around the Water Cube， we were then taken to see the Birds Nest for the 2008 Olympic Games.

A. Having shownB. To be shown

C. Having been shownD. To show

10. their hats into the air， the fans of the winning team let out loud shouts of victory.

A. To throwB. Thrown

C. ThrowingD. Being thrown

參考答案

1—5 DCAAA6—10 BABCC

（作者：顧彩云，海安縣李堡中學(xué)）