蔡洪齊

（廣州鐵路職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院，廣東 廣州 510430）

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國內(nèi)外高校圖書館的社會(huì)服務(wù)比較研究*

蔡洪齊

（廣州鐵路職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院，廣東 廣州 510430）

摘要：我國國內(nèi)高校圖書館面向社會(huì)服務(wù)的起步比較晚，人們對(duì)高校圖書館開放的呼聲愈來愈大。國外的高校圖書館開放的較早，我國在近年來也已經(jīng)進(jìn)行了高校圖書館的社會(huì)化服務(wù)，但是收效甚微。本文對(duì)國內(nèi)外高校圖書館的社會(huì)化服務(wù)進(jìn)行比較研究，進(jìn)而提出高校圖書館社會(huì)化服務(wù)的若干建議。

關(guān)鍵詞：國內(nèi)外高校；圖書館；社會(huì)服務(wù)；比較

我們國家的公共圖書館還不是很完善，并且覆蓋率較低，平均40多萬人才擁有一座圖書館，這也極大制約了我們國家的文化教育事業(yè)發(fā)展。教育部在2002年頒發(fā)了《普通高校圖書館規(guī)程（修訂）》，為高校圖書館的開發(fā)提供了一定的政策。在2005年，我國50多所高校圖書館館長共同簽署了“中國大學(xué)圖書館合作與資源共享武漢宣言”，創(chuàng)建了良好的高校圖書館社會(huì)化服務(wù)氛圍［1］。2008年舉辦的中國圖書館學(xué)會(huì)年會(huì)主題是“圖書館服務(wù)：全民共享”，這也是我國圖書館學(xué)會(huì)第一次提出這樣的口號(hào)，為圖書館事業(yè)的進(jìn)步發(fā)展起到了極大的促進(jìn)作用。2009年召開的全國高校圖書館信息服務(wù)社會(huì)化學(xué)術(shù)研討會(huì)更是提出，高校圖書館服務(wù)要面向社會(huì)，為社會(huì)發(fā)展做出貢獻(xiàn)［2］。

隨著社會(huì)的進(jìn)步發(fā)展，人們的學(xué)習(xí)熱情日漸高漲，對(duì)社會(huì)圖書館的需求也與日俱增，對(duì)高校圖書館社會(huì)化服務(wù)的呼聲越來越高。高校圖書館面向社會(huì)開放也是時(shí)代進(jìn)步的趨勢(shì)，高校圖書館本身具有豐富的館藏，圖書資源比較豐富，為實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)社會(huì)的服務(wù)，也需要高校能夠發(fā)揮自身的資源優(yōu)勢(shì)，提高全民的文化水平，滿足社會(huì)需求以及經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的需要。同時(shí)，要對(duì)服務(wù)過程中反饋的信息及時(shí)進(jìn)行處理，提高圖書館的服務(wù)效率。本文對(duì)國內(nèi)外高校圖書館的社會(huì)化服務(wù)進(jìn)行對(duì)比研究，以期為提高我國高校圖書館的發(fā)展提供幫助，提升其社會(huì)形象。

一、國內(nèi)高校圖書館社會(huì)化服務(wù)現(xiàn)狀分析

高校圖書館面向社會(huì)提供服務(wù)是指能夠保證自身服務(wù)對(duì)象的前提下，向社會(huì)公眾進(jìn)行開放，以有償或無償?shù)姆绞綖樯鐣?huì)公眾提供借閱服務(wù)，使社會(huì)公眾能夠查閱高校圖書館中的不同信息資源，提供給他們不同的信息服務(wù)。高校圖書館是國家信息基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的一個(gè)重要組成，圖書館的社會(huì)化服務(wù)也是以后的一個(gè)發(fā)展趨勢(shì)［3］。

（一）借閱服務(wù)

我國高校圖書館的傳統(tǒng)社會(huì)化服務(wù)方式為館際互借方式以及臨時(shí)借閱。目前，北京地區(qū)北大、清華等多所高校面向社會(huì)提供免費(fèi)的開放，湖北省武漢大學(xué)等幾所大學(xué)也開放了本校圖書館的社會(huì)化服務(wù)，這使得高校圖書館的信息資源能夠更好的為社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展提供幫助。并且隨著大學(xué)城以及高校園區(qū)的建設(shè)，一大批的高校園區(qū)、大學(xué)城等高校圖書館也向不同的學(xué)校師生提供信息服務(wù)，在滿足高校師生需求的前提下，向周邊社區(qū)的廣大群眾也提供借閱服務(wù)。截止2012年，我國過半的地方高校圖書館面向社會(huì)提供館藏圖書的借閱服務(wù)［4］。

當(dāng)前國內(nèi)已有許多高校圖書館積極開展了社會(huì)化服務(wù)，但是其中僅僅有部分圖書館的社會(huì)化服務(wù)取得了成效。就目前整體形勢(shì)來說，高校圖書館的社會(huì)化服務(wù)規(guī)模并不是很大。比如，南京市大多數(shù)的高校不對(duì)社會(huì)開放圖書館，即使是提供社會(huì)服務(wù)的圖書館，也僅僅是幾所，并且開放的范圍比較小，有很大的局限性。一些高校的圖書館僅僅為在該校參加培訓(xùn)或是學(xué)校周邊社區(qū)的居民提供臨時(shí)的閱覽證。臨時(shí)閱覽證與高校的借閱證有很大的區(qū)別，閱覽證僅僅只能在圖書館內(nèi)看書，禁止將圖書借走。還有一些學(xué)校允許將圖書借出，但是需要單位證明以及數(shù)百元的圖書押金，并且借閱證也是臨時(shí)的，面向社會(huì)提供的服務(wù)是有限度的。

（二）公眾服務(wù)

高校圖書館面向社會(huì)提供服務(wù)需要國家政策的支持以及圖書館事業(yè)的發(fā)展進(jìn)步，信息資源共享也是社會(huì)發(fā)展的需要，不斷有高校的圖書館為社會(huì)提供文化、科技以及經(jīng)濟(jì)等方面的服務(wù)，為社會(huì)提供了卓越的科技知識(shí)支持。

1.為企業(yè)提供服務(wù)。高校圖書館能夠?yàn)槠髽I(yè)提供信息服務(wù)，這也是高校為區(qū)域內(nèi)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展服務(wù)的一項(xiàng)重要措施，也是高校的社會(huì)職能。隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)信息化的發(fā)展以及市場(chǎng)競爭力的不斷提高，各大企業(yè)也認(rèn)識(shí)到信息資源的重要性。高校圖書館為企業(yè)提供信息資源能夠促進(jìn)企業(yè)的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展，并且對(duì)高校自身的信息服務(wù)能力有很大的促進(jìn)作用，高校教學(xué)科研水平等也能得到進(jìn)一步的提高。比如，南京工業(yè)大學(xué)圖書館建立了專利數(shù)據(jù)庫，匯集了國家知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)局、美國專利數(shù)據(jù)庫、德國專利檢索等一系列的資源鏈接，能夠?yàn)槠髽I(yè)提供各種專利信息的查詢以及科技信息查新等服務(wù)，使得企業(yè)能夠最快得知市場(chǎng)中最先進(jìn)的技術(shù)信息。上海第二醫(yī)科大學(xué)圖書館已經(jīng)與網(wǎng)絡(luò)公司合作制作了網(wǎng)頁，不斷更新發(fā)布各種最新的醫(yī)療科技信息，也為一些藥廠起到了廣告宣傳的作用。

2.為地方政府提供服務(wù)。高校本身具備一定的科研能力，與當(dāng)?shù)仄髽I(yè)的結(jié)合能夠?yàn)榈胤浇?jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展提供幫助。廣州大學(xué)圖書館在2003年建立了新聞資料全文數(shù)據(jù)庫，為廣州市政府各個(gè)機(jī)關(guān)提供信息服務(wù)，收到了顯著的效果。同時(shí)，圖書館還為廣州市檔案局進(jìn)行信息的收集整理工作，為政府工作帶來很大的便利。高校圖書館具有信息、人才、資源等優(yōu)勢(shì)，能夠?yàn)檎峁┫喈?dāng)?shù)男畔⒎?wù)，為社會(huì)發(fā)展以及經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)等提供幫助，并且能夠?yàn)閳D書館獲得一定的建設(shè)經(jīng)費(fèi)，實(shí)現(xiàn)了優(yōu)勢(shì)互補(bǔ)，實(shí)現(xiàn)了社會(huì)資源的優(yōu)質(zhì)優(yōu)配，有較大的積極意義［5］。

3.提升公共文化的服務(wù)能力。高校圖書館可以利用自身的優(yōu)勢(shì)資源為公共圖書館提供幫助，進(jìn)而覆蓋一定的服務(wù)范圍，公共圖書館也可以將自身的優(yōu)勢(shì)資源為高校師生提供服務(wù)。通過這種聯(lián)盟式的建設(shè)能夠?yàn)閺V大公眾提供更加開放的服務(wù)，實(shí)現(xiàn)了信息資源的共享。2009年天津建立了高校圖書館與市圖書館資源共享機(jī)制，實(shí)現(xiàn)了天津市民的高校圖書館借閱服務(wù)。天津的19所高校師生與市民都能在天津市圖書館與高校圖書館中獲得信息服務(wù)。如果市民想查閱的書籍在圖書館中沒有的話，可以去別的圖書館或是高校圖書館進(jìn)行借閱。高校圖書館與公共圖書館能夠進(jìn)行資源的互補(bǔ)以及用戶的交叉，近年廣州鐵路職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院圖書館指導(dǎo)慶隆社區(qū)圖書室建設(shè)，減輕了廣州市白云區(qū)圖書館對(duì)慶隆社區(qū)圖書室的管理壓力，為社區(qū)提供文獻(xiàn)服務(wù)，提升公共文化的服務(wù)能力，使得信息的共享達(dá)到了一個(gè)新的高度。高校圖書館社會(huì)化服務(wù)的資源共享也能降低圖書資源的重復(fù)建設(shè)，提高資源的利用效率，對(duì)當(dāng)前公共圖書館配置不足以及社會(huì)需求不斷增加的矛盾能夠大大緩解，為社會(huì)公眾提供更便捷的服務(wù)［6］。

二、國外高校圖書館社會(huì)化服務(wù)研究

（一）借閱服務(wù)

美國的高校圖書館社會(huì)化服務(wù)比較成熟，這與國家的重視度密切相關(guān)，美國圖書館協(xié)會(huì)明確指出大學(xué)圖書館對(duì)待所有服務(wù)對(duì)象要同本校師生一致，提供一樣的服務(wù)，滿足他們的閱讀需求。美國的高校圖書館享有政府的補(bǔ)貼，因此，大多數(shù)美國公立高校圖書館都會(huì)向社會(huì)公眾提供免費(fèi)的服務(wù)。并且，部分私立大學(xué)的圖書館雖然不對(duì)外開放，但是對(duì)于外部公眾的進(jìn)入并不是很嚴(yán)格。比如哈佛大學(xué)屬于私立大學(xué)，但是普通市民進(jìn)入也不會(huì)受到拒絕。德國的高校圖書館不單要為師生提供服務(wù)，還要承擔(dān)所在地的公眾服務(wù)。英國的高校圖書館對(duì)市民是免費(fèi)開放的，不需要任何的證件即可借閱圖書。

（二）公眾服務(wù)

美國的高校圖書館能夠?yàn)樯鐣?huì)提供較為綜合的各種服務(wù)。學(xué)習(xí)的各種資源較為豐富，對(duì)工作人員的素養(yǎng)以及社會(huì)發(fā)展有很大的促進(jìn)作用。如加州大學(xué)圖書館能夠利用公共服務(wù)項(xiàng)目進(jìn)行商業(yè)合作，將科研成就轉(zhuǎn)化為生產(chǎn)技術(shù)，為區(qū)域以及國家?guī)斫?jīng)濟(jì)效益。英國、意大利等國家的高新圖書館也會(huì)不同程度地為社會(huì)提供各種綜合服務(wù)，能夠發(fā)揮出巨大的公眾效益。需要指出的是日本也是世界上圖書館管理比較好的國家，日本高校圖書館社會(huì)化服務(wù)的程度比較高，為大學(xué)周邊的知識(shí)創(chuàng)新及普通市民教育發(fā)揮了巨大作用。日本在1979年時(shí)，中央教育審議會(huì)就提出了高校圖書館面向社會(huì)化服務(wù)的要求，在1981年的答復(fù)咨詢報(bào)告中提出，高校圖書館必須要向成人開放。2005年的數(shù)據(jù)顯示：日本有685家高校圖書館面向社會(huì)公眾提供服務(wù)，占到高校圖書館總數(shù)的97.7%，在2005年中，高校外的借閱者達(dá)到了148萬人。

三、國內(nèi)外高校圖書館社會(huì)服務(wù)對(duì)比研究

（一）國內(nèi)外高校圖書館服務(wù)對(duì)象對(duì)比

就當(dāng)前的國外高校圖書館服務(wù)來說，它們的服務(wù)對(duì)象不斷向細(xì)化發(fā)展，圖書館服務(wù)的對(duì)象呈現(xiàn)出高度的社會(huì)化以及人性化等特點(diǎn)。而國內(nèi)高校圖書館服務(wù)對(duì)象則是比較粗放式的，圖書館的服務(wù)對(duì)于社會(huì)特殊群體（青少年、殘疾人等）關(guān)注度較低，并且僅有少部分是面向社會(huì)開放的。我們也能發(fā)現(xiàn)，我國的高校圖書館面向社會(huì)服務(wù)還沒有得到實(shí)質(zhì)性的發(fā)展。

（二）國內(nèi)外高校圖書館服務(wù)程度對(duì)比

國外的高校圖書館很多都是面向社會(huì)服務(wù)的，普通市民能夠使用自己的身份證件進(jìn)入圖書館，甚至一些圖書館不需要任何證件即可進(jìn)入，進(jìn)而獲得自己需要的各種圖書信息。并且一些高校圖書館能夠向外國公民開放。當(dāng)前，我國的高校圖書館則只有少部分對(duì)社會(huì)公眾提供服務(wù)，并且社會(huì)公眾在高校圖書館中獲得的服務(wù)與高校讀者享受的服務(wù)存在一定的區(qū)別。

（三）國內(nèi)外高校圖書館服務(wù)方式對(duì)比

國外的一些高校圖書館能夠?yàn)槠胀ǖ纳鐣?huì)大眾提供借閱服務(wù)，普通的市民能夠在圖書館內(nèi)閱讀圖書，還能將圖書外借。社會(huì)公眾能夠借閱圖書館的圖書，并且還能進(jìn)行館際借閱，借閱到該圖書館沒有的館藏資源，利用圖書館的咨詢檢索以及網(wǎng)上查詢等服務(wù)，有些圖書館還可以提供課程培訓(xùn)等服務(wù)。這也體現(xiàn)出國外高校圖書館多元化的服務(wù)方式。相比之下，我國的高校圖書館服務(wù)方式則比較單一。

（四）國內(nèi)外高校圖書館服務(wù)人才對(duì)比

在國外的一些高校圖書館中，社會(huì)化服務(wù)的工作都是由圖書館中的館員來完成，在英國甚至有專門的服務(wù)部門來完成該項(xiàng)工作。在我國，許多高校圖書館的社會(huì)化服務(wù)沒有準(zhǔn)確的定位，沒有專門的館員來承擔(dān)。對(duì)比國內(nèi)外的一些圖書館社會(huì)化服務(wù)來看，高校圖書館的服務(wù)工作涉及到非常多的內(nèi)容，比如圖書借閱、圖書檢索、信息咨詢等一系列的工作，有些工作的開展必須要集合圖書館的資源、人力以及技術(shù)共同協(xié)調(diào)來完成，有些國家為此成立了專門的部門來完成該項(xiàng)工作，協(xié)調(diào)服務(wù)中的一些問題。

根據(jù)2011年的調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示，我國高校圖書館面向社會(huì)服務(wù)中開放率已經(jīng)達(dá)到了16.74%，并且相當(dāng)一部分的圖書館社會(huì)化服務(wù)比較成功。近年來國內(nèi)研究高校圖書館社會(huì)化服務(wù)的學(xué)者越來越多，研究的課題數(shù)量及成果大大增加。從整體上來看，我國高校圖書館的社會(huì)化服務(wù)實(shí)踐發(fā)展速度比較快，已經(jīng)從單館服務(wù)逐漸向聯(lián)盟化發(fā)展，服務(wù)方式也向多元化服務(wù)轉(zhuǎn)變，從“走進(jìn)來”式的服務(wù)逐步向“走出去”式服務(wù)發(fā)展。

四、我國高校圖書館社會(huì)化服務(wù)的措施

（一）堅(jiān)持以人為本

許多高校存在思想上的誤區(qū)，認(rèn)為高校圖書館是個(gè)體資源，不具備社會(huì)職能，不能夠?yàn)樯鐣?huì)人員提供服務(wù)，并且自身經(jīng)費(fèi)有限，對(duì)自己學(xué)校的師生需求滿足都存在差距，更不要說面向社會(huì)了。為此，高校首先要有正確的認(rèn)識(shí)，堅(jiān)持以人為本的原則，讓社會(huì)公眾走進(jìn)校園圖書館內(nèi)，使得資源能夠?yàn)樯鐣?huì)公眾提供服務(wù)。同時(shí)，要平等對(duì)待本校師生以及外部市民，逐步提升服務(wù)質(zhì)量及服務(wù)態(tài)度。由于當(dāng)前我國高校圖書館全面社會(huì)化服務(wù)的能力還不是很充分，因此需要逐步推行。我國高校在推行圖書館社會(huì)化服務(wù)時(shí)需要結(jié)合自身實(shí)際情況，逐步實(shí)現(xiàn)面向社會(huì)的服務(wù)。并且，要協(xié)調(diào)好內(nèi)部及外部服務(wù)，避免因社會(huì)服務(wù)對(duì)為學(xué)校師生的服務(wù)造成影響。

（二）完善相關(guān)法律法規(guī)

高校圖書館在進(jìn)行社會(huì)化服務(wù)時(shí)，對(duì)人事、經(jīng)費(fèi)等管理必須要嚴(yán)格按照法律法規(guī)進(jìn)行，使其運(yùn)營能夠獲得法律的保障。當(dāng)前高校圖書館的社會(huì)化服務(wù)不規(guī)范也是由于缺乏相關(guān)法律法規(guī)的保障支撐，國外那些成功的高校圖書館服務(wù)案例均是有完善的圖書館法規(guī)保護(hù)。美國在1925年就制定了《圖書館法》，對(duì)圖書館的運(yùn)營管理提供了保障。目前我國尚缺乏相關(guān)的法律，現(xiàn)行的法律法規(guī)中，與圖書館相關(guān)的法律大多都是言論、思想、出版等相關(guān)的內(nèi)容。因此，《圖書館法》等法律法規(guī)的出臺(tái)頒布也是迫在眉睫，這也能夠?yàn)楦咝D書館服務(wù)提供必要的法律依據(jù)，同時(shí)能夠規(guī)范圖書館的各項(xiàng)服務(wù)行為。此外，高校的圖書館規(guī)程也需要進(jìn)行修訂，建立符合當(dāng)前需求的開放程序以及相關(guān)收費(fèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)等，使得高校圖書館的社會(huì)化服務(wù)能夠走向規(guī)范化的管理，能夠?yàn)楦嗟娜颂峁┤轿坏姆?wù)。

（三）構(gòu)建高校圖書館聯(lián)盟

當(dāng)前社會(huì)讀者信息需求的多樣化與圖書館資源的有限兩者的矛盾越來越大。圖書館需要進(jìn)行合作來實(shí)現(xiàn)資源的互補(bǔ)，這樣能實(shí)現(xiàn)資源的優(yōu)化配置，最大限度地發(fā)揮各項(xiàng)資源優(yōu)勢(shì)，這也是圖書館事業(yè)發(fā)展的趨勢(shì)。公共圖書館之間、高校圖書館與公共圖書館、高校圖書館之間構(gòu)建資源共享機(jī)制，能夠擴(kuò)大資源共享，彌補(bǔ)自身資源不足等缺陷，為學(xué)校師生及社會(huì)公眾提供更全面的服務(wù)。如，南京的幾所大學(xué)成立的江寧大學(xué)城圖書館聯(lián)合體能夠?yàn)樵摯髮W(xué)城的學(xué)生辦理通用的借閱證，雖然僅僅是為學(xué)生服務(wù)，但是已經(jīng)在區(qū)域范圍內(nèi)產(chǎn)生較好的影響。并且，南京市圖書館與南京大學(xué)圖書館已經(jīng)在公共圖書館與高校圖書館之間的合作進(jìn)行商討，為資源進(jìn)一步的共享做出努力。

（四）國家政策的支持

高校圖書館的社會(huì)化服務(wù)離不開國家的政策支持，對(duì)社會(huì)化服務(wù)的高校圖書館給予政策獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)，能夠激勵(lì)圖書館社會(huì)化服務(wù)的進(jìn)程。當(dāng)圖書館面向社會(huì)服務(wù)出現(xiàn)管理人員的缺口時(shí)，政府可以提供經(jīng)費(fèi)及編制幫助，這也能促進(jìn)高校圖書館面向社會(huì)開放的積極性。同時(shí)，高校圖書館也要完善自身的管理規(guī)章制度，在保證自身教學(xué)需要的前提下，對(duì)社會(huì)公眾進(jìn)行開放服務(wù)，對(duì)收費(fèi)、開放時(shí)間等作出合理安排，使得圖書館管理工作能夠穩(wěn)定進(jìn)行。

總結(jié)

高校圖書館面向社會(huì)提供服務(wù)受到多方面因素的影響，既需要學(xué)校轉(zhuǎn)變思想觀念，也需要國家從法律、政策等方面給予支持。針對(duì)我國高校圖書館社會(huì)化服務(wù)中存在的問題，以及與國外高校圖書館存在的差距，我們需要積極借鑒國外先進(jìn)的服務(wù)模式，結(jié)合我國國情，制定符合需求的管理制度，為社會(huì)文化需求提供更全面的服務(wù)。

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2.Information Management Department ， Nanjing Institute of Railway Technology，Nanjing 210000， China）

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中圖分類號(hào)：G259

文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼：A

文章編號(hào)：1672-0385（2016）03-0102-04

*基金項(xiàng)目：廣東省圖書館課題“高校圖書館的社會(huì)服務(wù)研究”（項(xiàng)目編號(hào)：GDTK1424）。

收稿日期：2016-05-25

作者簡介：蔡洪齊，男，館員，主要研究方向?yàn)閳D書館服務(wù)及數(shù)字圖書館。

Post-MOOCs Era: Development， Characteristics and Insights of SPOCs and SOOCs as Alternative Online Courses

JIANG Shu-hui1&XUE Kun2
（1.President Offce， Nanjing Audit University， Nanjing 211815， China；

Abstract:MOOCs are the production of big data and real-time interaction. In the last two years， they have been very popular in the educational circle， accommodating world-wide students' learning needs . However， at the same time，many problems have arisen. Rob Lue， Director of Harvard edX Center said， “We have been in the post MOOCs era”， and both SPOCs and SOOCs are likely to replace MOOCs as the next generation of massive open online courses. The authors endeavor to sample literature on SPOCs and SOOCs， but only a few are available. The authors analyze their development and characteristics， and put forward a Three-in-One model of MSSCs ， which embodies MOOCs， SPOCs and SOOCs and hopefully， would promote online education advancement.

Key words：MOOCs；SPOCs；SOOCs；online courses

Research on Designing Blended-Learning-Based Higher Education Courses—Case Study of Distance Education

GAO Juan
（College of Education Science， Zhaoqing University， Zhaoqing， 526061， China）

Research on Designing E-Schoolbag-Based Platform of Cloud Classroom

ZHANG Le-le1&Wang Yu2
（1.Kangda College， Nanjing Medical University， Lianyungang 222000，China；2. Lianyungang Normal College，Lianyungang 222000，China）

Study of Constructing Distributed Learning Environment

LI Zhuo-ying
（Lifelong Education and Learning Research Center， Sichuan Normal University， Chengdu 610068， China）

Study of Open University Construction from Perspective of Research Development——Analysis of CNKI Data

WANG Qing-lian
（Lifelong Education Research Center， Changzhou Open University， Changzhou 213001， China）

Applying Matrix Model to Measuring Adult Education Schools' Competitiveness in New Normal——Case Study of Adult Continuing Education Development in Guangdong Province

LIAO Yuan-bing
（Heyuan Polytechnic Heyuan， Heyuan 517000， China）

Adult Cooperative Learning Strategies Based on Virtual Learning Communities

LUO Xuan
（Sichuan Normal University， Chengdu 610068， China）

Study of Community Residents' Online Learning Behavior : Case Study of Changchun National learning Network

ZHANG Hao-ran1& WEI Shun-ping2
（1. Changchun Radio and Television University， Changchun 130051；2. The Open University of China， Beijing 100039）

Study of Chinese Academia's Mapping Knowledge Domain

CHEN Yu-lin
（School of Education， Jiaying University， Meizhou 514015）

Characteristics and Insights of Innovation and Business Startup Education in Finland

HUANG An-xin
（ Guangzhou Open University， Guangzhou， 510091）

Approaching Teacher Professional Development in Primary and Middle Schools: A SWOT Analysis

TAN Fu-yuan
（College of Vocation and Adult Education， Qufu Normal University， Qufu 273165 ）

Paradigm Adjustment for College Cultural Construction in We-Media Era

ZHANG Mei-hua
（Department of Theory， Guangdong Food and Drug Vocational College， Guangzhou， 510520， China）

Study of Projects Approved by State Language Commission in 2011-2015

ZHI Hui
（Literature College， Xinjiang Normal University， Urumqi 830000）

Research on Evolution of hou（齁） as Degree Adverb in Northern Dialect

LI Jin-ping
（Literature College， Harbin Normal University， Harbin 150025）

Analysis of Ghost Image and Religious Plot in Romantic Novels

XU Lin
（College of Liberal Arts， Xinjiang Normal University， Urumqi 830017，China）

Boat Staggering across River: Narrative Ethics in Cao Yu's Early Drama

ZHANG Liang
（College of Arts， Nankai university， Tianjin 300071）

Reinterpreting Motif of Revolution + love——Case study of Grenfell's Peach-Blossom Face

CAO Lin
（Xinjiang Normal University， Urumqi 830000）

Dual Variation of Humanity and Nature: The Top of Mountains

WEI Bin
（Literature College， Northwest Normal University， Lanzhou 730070）

Study of Integrated Brand Communication in New Media Era

ZHANG Xin-he
（Guangzhou Open University， Guangzhou 510091，China）

A comparative Study on Opening up University Libraries between China and Other Countries

CAI Hongqi
（Guangzhou Institute of Railway Technology， Guangzhou 510430， China）