張利平 何焱玲
·綜述·
降鈣素基因相關(guān)肽對(duì)朗格漢斯細(xì)胞功能影響的研究進(jìn)展
張利平 何焱玲
在慢性炎癥性皮膚病的神經(jīng)免疫調(diào)節(jié)過程中,神經(jīng)肽對(duì)于皮膚免疫細(xì)胞的調(diào)節(jié)作用受到越來越多的重視。在精神緊張、應(yīng)激和壓力的作用下,皮膚局部神經(jīng)纖維產(chǎn)生降鈣素基因相關(guān)肽,調(diào)節(jié)皮膚的朗格漢斯細(xì)胞。朗格漢斯細(xì)胞是表皮中重要的專職抗原提呈細(xì)胞。近年來發(fā)現(xiàn),降鈣素基因相關(guān)肽不僅可以影響朗格漢斯細(xì)胞的增殖、分化,而且影響其抗原提呈功能。降鈣素基因相關(guān)肽可以抑制朗格漢斯細(xì)胞核因子κB通路的活化、抑制其協(xié)同刺激分子的表達(dá),進(jìn)而影響朗格漢斯細(xì)胞介導(dǎo)的免疫反應(yīng)。
郎格爾漢斯細(xì)胞;降鈣素基因相關(guān)肽;神經(jīng)免疫調(diào)節(jié);神經(jīng)肽類;NF-κB
機(jī)體受到外界刺激后,皮膚通過局部神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié)及免疫細(xì)胞為自身提供免疫保護(hù)。局部神經(jīng)對(duì)皮膚的調(diào)節(jié)支配離不開神經(jīng)末梢分泌的神經(jīng)肽。神經(jīng)肽是由肽能神經(jīng)纖維釋放、連接神經(jīng)和免疫系統(tǒng)的重要因子,包括降鈣素基因相關(guān)肽(CGRP)、血管活性腸肽、P物質(zhì)等[1]。感覺神經(jīng)末梢釋放的CGRP是一個(gè)重要的神經(jīng)肽,由降鈣素基因編碼,作用于表達(dá)CGRP受體的細(xì)胞,引起生理病理改變。
朗格漢斯細(xì)胞是表皮內(nèi)未成熟的樹突細(xì)胞,也是主要的專職抗原提呈細(xì)胞,CD1a和Langerin是其表面標(biāo)志。通過吞噬或受體介導(dǎo)(如模式識(shí)別受體)識(shí)別環(huán)境中的抗原,并提呈給T細(xì)胞,從而啟動(dòng)先天性、適應(yīng)性免疫應(yīng)答。研究CGRP對(duì)于朗格漢斯細(xì)胞功能的影響,有利于為慢性炎癥反應(yīng)性皮膚病的神經(jīng)免疫調(diào)節(jié)提供新的認(rèn)識(shí)。
作者單位:100020北京,首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京朝陽(yáng)醫(yī)院皮膚科
研究表明,朗格漢斯細(xì)胞是與CGRP肽能神經(jīng)纖維直接接觸的細(xì)胞[2]。朗格漢斯細(xì)胞可產(chǎn)生神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子,調(diào)節(jié)皮膚的神經(jīng)支配。
2.1 CGRP影響朗格漢斯細(xì)胞的增殖、分化:Greter等[3]在研究神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)和朗格漢斯細(xì)胞的增殖中發(fā)現(xiàn),集落刺激因子(CSF)受體缺失可明顯減少朗格漢斯細(xì)胞的數(shù)量。有實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí),該通路的配體為CSF-1、IL-34 等[4]。皮膚局部神經(jīng)可釋放 CGRP,可作用于角質(zhì)形成細(xì)胞表面受體,引起細(xì)胞內(nèi)外信號(hào)調(diào)節(jié)激酶1/2和JNK-絲裂原激活蛋白激酶細(xì)胞信號(hào)通路活化,使角質(zhì)形成細(xì)胞分泌多種白細(xì)胞介素(IL)、腫瘤壞死因子等炎癥因子[5]。Greter等[3]證實(shí),角質(zhì)形成細(xì)胞在局部神經(jīng)支配下可以產(chǎn)生IL-34,小鼠缺失IL-34會(huì)引起表皮朗格漢斯細(xì)胞的數(shù)量減少。同時(shí),Hoeffel等[6]研究證實(shí)皮膚局部IL-34影響朗格漢斯細(xì)胞增殖分化功能。說明神經(jīng)免疫炎癥所致朗格漢斯細(xì)胞的增殖依賴IL-34。體內(nèi)試驗(yàn)中發(fā)現(xiàn),IL-34還可以影響朗格漢斯細(xì)胞的穩(wěn)定和分化,通過對(duì)IL-34受體缺陷鼠的研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)IL-34是朗格漢斯細(xì)胞增殖及穩(wěn)態(tài)維持的關(guān)鍵因子。此外,CGRP尚可調(diào)節(jié)朗格漢斯細(xì)胞合成并分泌IL-1β、IL-10等炎癥因子,調(diào)控自身向成熟細(xì)胞的分化[7]。
2.2 CGRP影響朗格漢斯細(xì)胞的抗原提呈功能:
2.2.1 CGRP通過與朗格漢斯細(xì)胞相互作用,強(qiáng)烈抑制黏膜中 HIV-1 的傳播:Ganor等[8]通過體外實(shí)驗(yàn),研究HIV感染人朗格漢斯細(xì)胞的模型,發(fā)現(xiàn)應(yīng)用0.1nM~100 nM濃度的CGRP可以促進(jìn)朗格漢斯細(xì)胞表達(dá)Langerin、活化核因子κB、降低某些整合素的表達(dá),進(jìn)而上調(diào)CCL3/巨噬細(xì)胞炎癥蛋白1的分泌、降低朗格漢斯細(xì)胞與CD4+T細(xì)胞兩者胞間結(jié)合,降低HIV在CD4+T細(xì)胞中的存活。其中,CCR5是HIV與朗格漢斯細(xì)胞結(jié)合的輔助受體。CCL-3/巨噬細(xì)胞炎癥蛋白1是CCR5結(jié)合因子,在上調(diào)同時(shí)降低了CCR5與HIV受體結(jié)合,降低HIV配體與受體的結(jié)合,最終降低朗格漢斯細(xì)胞對(duì)HIV的提呈效應(yīng)[2,8]。
Ganor等[9]還發(fā)現(xiàn),在 HIV-1 感染機(jī)體黏膜后的黏膜免疫中,CGRP形成一個(gè)局部正反饋途徑增強(qiáng)機(jī)體局部抗HIV-1反應(yīng)。一方面,CGRP使朗格漢斯細(xì)胞對(duì)HIV-1提呈作用減弱;另一方面,內(nèi)源性CGRP的分泌增加可以使得機(jī)體對(duì)HIV-1抑制作用加強(qiáng)。該反應(yīng)主要涉及到信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)與轉(zhuǎn)錄激活因子4(STAT4)的激活。STAT4為一種轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)節(jié)因子,激活后可以負(fù)性調(diào)節(jié)T細(xì)胞表達(dá)CCR5[10],增加的內(nèi)源性CGRP通過激活的STAT 4進(jìn)一步抑制局部抗HIV-1反應(yīng)。該實(shí)驗(yàn)提示CGRP在自分泌/旁分泌方式抑制HIV-1的提呈過程中存在正反饋通路。
2.2.2 CGRP增強(qiáng)朗格漢斯細(xì)胞抗原提呈活化Th2型細(xì)胞免疫,抑制Th1型細(xì)胞免疫:Ding等[7]觀察到:在CGRP預(yù)處理的鼠中,朗格漢斯細(xì)胞將外源性抗原(雞卵清蛋白)提呈給Th2克隆株,導(dǎo)致IL-4水平增高,而IFN-γ水平下降。CGRP促進(jìn)CCL17和CCL22(Th2型趨化因子)生成,但抑制CXCL9和CXCL10(Th1型趨化因子)分泌,進(jìn)而表明,CGRP可使朗格漢斯細(xì)胞活化Th2型細(xì)胞免疫。這一發(fā)現(xiàn)已被 Granstein 等證實(shí)[2]。此外,Mikami等[11]利用RAMP1缺陷小鼠接觸性超敏反應(yīng)(CHS)模型,發(fā)現(xiàn)CGRP對(duì)Th1和Th2細(xì)胞株作用不同:CGRP通過抑制langerin+樹突細(xì)胞向淋巴結(jié)遷移,抑制Th1型CHS,上調(diào)引流淋巴結(jié)T細(xì)胞表達(dá)IL-4,提高Th2型CHS。
2.2.3 CGRP通過影響朗格漢斯細(xì)胞的形態(tài)學(xué)變化,影響其抗原提呈作用:體外實(shí)驗(yàn)小鼠在應(yīng)激反應(yīng)后,檢測(cè)到皮膚中CGRP含量增加,利用激光掃描聚焦顯微鏡技術(shù)觀察到朗格漢斯細(xì)胞發(fā)生形態(tài)學(xué)改變,比正常的朗格漢斯細(xì)胞更小更圓,部分小樹突消失,使得其抗原提呈作用減弱,抑制CHS的強(qiáng)度[12]。
3.1 CGRP抑制朗格漢斯細(xì)胞胞內(nèi)核因子κB信號(hào)通路的活化:Ding等[13]利用體外培養(yǎng)的XS552細(xì)胞(朗格漢斯細(xì)胞系),發(fā)現(xiàn)CGRP能抑制脂多糖誘導(dǎo)的朗格漢斯細(xì)胞內(nèi)的核因子κB活化。核因子κB是胞內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,其調(diào)節(jié)受胞內(nèi)核因子κB抑制蛋白(IκB) 的影響,IκB是核因子 κB的負(fù)性調(diào)節(jié)蛋白,朗格漢斯細(xì)胞激活后,胞內(nèi)IκB激酶被激活,IκB激酶使IκB磷酸化后降解,對(duì)核因子κB的負(fù)性調(diào)節(jié)作用減弱,核因子κB從胞質(zhì)異位到胞核,與核內(nèi)DNA相結(jié)合,激活轉(zhuǎn)錄。CGRP抑制IκB激酶的磷酸化,抑制IκB下調(diào),對(duì)核因子κB的負(fù)性調(diào)節(jié)增強(qiáng),進(jìn)而抑制核因子κB的活化,此外,Ding等在該實(shí)驗(yàn)中還證實(shí)核因子κB的抑制物抑制朗格漢斯細(xì)胞將抗原提呈給Th1細(xì)胞。其他研究表明,核因子κB的激活對(duì)于朗格漢斯細(xì)胞的抗原提呈功能起到重要的決定作用[14]。
3.2 CGRP通過抑制成熟樹突細(xì)胞中CD86的表達(dá)影響抗原提呈第二信號(hào):在體外培養(yǎng)樹突細(xì)胞中,CGRP(10-7M)應(yīng)用于成熟及未成熟樹突細(xì)胞發(fā)現(xiàn),CGRP抑制成熟樹突細(xì)胞表達(dá)人白細(xì)胞抗原DR、主要組織相容性復(fù)合體Ⅱ類和CD86共刺激分子,這些表型的改變與后續(xù)T細(xì)胞的激活相關(guān);而未成熟樹突細(xì)胞的CD86表達(dá)下降,但人白細(xì)胞抗原DR表達(dá)無變化[15]。體外研究表明,CGRP可以抑制鼠朗格漢斯細(xì)胞內(nèi)IL-12p40和IL-1β的產(chǎn)生,增加IL-10的產(chǎn)生,抑制CD86的生成[16]。說明在體外實(shí)驗(yàn)中,CGRP可以影響朗格漢斯細(xì)胞抗原提呈的第二信號(hào),影響免疫反應(yīng)。
4.1 銀屑?。捍罅孔C據(jù)表明,在銀屑病的發(fā)病機(jī)制中,神經(jīng)免疫系統(tǒng)發(fā)揮重要作用。有學(xué)者認(rèn)為,CGRP通過影響朗格漢斯抗原提呈作用和內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞的作用,進(jìn)一步引起Th17細(xì)胞分泌多種細(xì)胞因子,產(chǎn)生銀屑病樣皮損,影響銀屑病的神經(jīng)免疫調(diào)節(jié)[17]。
4.2 特應(yīng)性皮炎:其發(fā)病主要涉及免疫調(diào)節(jié)的異常[18]。特應(yīng)性皮炎是Th2介導(dǎo)的免疫反應(yīng),CGRP增強(qiáng)朗格漢斯細(xì)胞將抗原提呈給Th2型細(xì)胞。研究者通過體外模型發(fā)現(xiàn),相對(duì)于健康人皮膚,特應(yīng)性皮炎中高表達(dá)CGRP受體組分ramp1、rcp mRNAs,使得CGRP受體組分表達(dá)增加,CGRP含量也增加,表皮軸突密度增高及表皮變厚[19]。另有研究表明,CGRP肽能神經(jīng)纖維在該病表達(dá)增加[20]。
皮膚的神經(jīng)免疫調(diào)節(jié)在慢性炎癥疾病的發(fā)病機(jī)制中起重要作用,其中CGRP肽能神經(jīng)與朗格漢斯細(xì)胞特殊的位置關(guān)系和相互作用影響疾病的發(fā)病。CGRP通過對(duì)朗格漢斯細(xì)胞中信號(hào)通路及刺激分子的作用,進(jìn)一步調(diào)節(jié)朗格漢斯細(xì)胞的增殖、分化和抗原提呈功能。其中抑制朗格漢斯細(xì)胞的抗原提呈作用為皮膚神經(jīng)免疫學(xué)發(fā)展產(chǎn)生一定影響,也為尋找治療疾病的臨床藥物方面提供新方向,但CGRP對(duì)于朗格漢斯分子機(jī)制方面的研究尚未完全闡明。
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Effects of calcitonin gene-related peptide on functions of Langerhans cells
Zhang Liping,He Yanling.Department of Dermatology,Beijing Chao-yang Hospital,Capital Medical University,Beijing 100020,China
The regulatory effects of neuropeptides on skin immune cells in the neuroimmunomodulation process have gained more and more attention in chronic inflammatory skin diseases.Under psychentonia,stress and pressure,nerve fibers in local skin produce calcitonin gene-related peptide(CGRP) to regulate Langerhans cells,which are professional antigen-presenting cells in the epidermis.Recent studies have found that CGRP can affect not only the proliferation and differentiation of Langerhans cells,but also their antigen-presenting capacity.Moreover,CGRP can influence Langerhans cell-induced immune reactions by inhibiting the activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway and expression of costimulatory molecules.
Langerhans cells;Calcitonin gene-related peptide;Neuroimmunomodulation;Neuropeptides;NF-kappa B
He Yanling,Email:heyldoc@163.com
北京市自然科學(xué)基金(7132101)
Fund program:Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation (7132101)
10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4173.2016.04.017
何焱玲,Email:heyldoc@163.com
本文主要縮寫:CGRP:降鈣素基因相關(guān)肽,CSF:集落刺激因子,IL:白細(xì)胞介素,STAT4:信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)與轉(zhuǎn)錄激活因子4,CHS:接觸性超敏反應(yīng),IκB:核因子 κB 抑制蛋白
2015-07-15)