近年來,考生普遍反映任務(wù)型閱讀題題型較難!可是這個(gè)“難”重點(diǎn)體現(xiàn)在哪個(gè)方面呢?其實(shí)試卷中所給的短文往往行文流暢,條理清晰,文章內(nèi)容并不是晦澀難懂,而題目的設(shè)置可能是阻礙考生拿高分的重要原因。大家都知道,高考英語任務(wù)型閱讀解題即所填寫的詞往往是在文章中直接查找、根據(jù)相關(guān)內(nèi)容進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換或者對某些部分進(jìn)行歸納或總結(jié)概括。隨著查找題的減少和歸納總結(jié)題的增加,這就給大多數(shù)英語基礎(chǔ)不扎實(shí)的考生帶來了一定的困難。另外值得一提的是,如果某套試卷的難度系數(shù)相對提高,則對考生順利完成任務(wù)型閱讀也提出了更大的挑戰(zhàn)。
其實(shí),英語任務(wù)型閱讀在英語學(xué)習(xí)過程中并不是太難的題目,只要考生平時(shí)加強(qiáng)訓(xùn)練,不斷總結(jié);只要考生知曉出題人對考生的要求;只要考生從學(xué)習(xí)態(tài)度上、心理上高度重視,那么,在高考時(shí)就一定能拿足拿滿此題的分?jǐn)?shù)!
任務(wù)型閱讀的解題可以分為三點(diǎn):信息查找,詞形轉(zhuǎn)換和概括總結(jié)。
首先,信息查找題。信息查找就是在文中直接找到原詞,這要求我們能快速在文章中查找到相關(guān)細(xì)節(jié),鎖定信息來源,并用文章中的詞來填空,該詞不作任何變化,就連大小寫也不需要變化。但要提醒考生注意的是:少數(shù)信息查找題不是輕而易舉就能找到答案的,要么就是原句較短,題目中轉(zhuǎn)化過來的句子較長,或是原句較長,但題目中轉(zhuǎn)化過來的句子較短;要么就是經(jīng)過轉(zhuǎn)化的句子和原句所用句型完全不同,這種情況下,所要填寫的詞雖然在原文中可以找到,但到哪兒去找呢?那些詞太隱蔽了,一些基礎(chǔ)不扎實(shí)的考生如果不認(rèn)真閱讀,往往發(fā)現(xiàn)不了,在這種情況下,考生一定要認(rèn)真對比信息,通過一遍又一遍的甄別和篩選之后,才能最后把要填的詞鎖定在原文的某個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞上。
第二類是詞形轉(zhuǎn)換題。根據(jù)所給填詞要求,對某些信息進(jìn)行加工處理,用另一種詞形表達(dá),達(dá)到組織信息的目的。詞形轉(zhuǎn)換常分為:
1. 詞的大小寫轉(zhuǎn)換題。這種情況有考生可能理解為信息查找題,其實(shí)不是,信息查找是指無需加工變化,而改變了大小寫,則意義不一樣,這一點(diǎn)要提醒考生注意,如果不根據(jù)要求變化,失分會很嚴(yán)重。
2. 近義詞與反義詞的轉(zhuǎn)換題。根據(jù)任務(wù)型閱讀題型中提供的已有信息必須要進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換,盡管文中也能發(fā)現(xiàn)相關(guān)的詞語,但沒能依據(jù)特定的語境進(jìn)行必要的詞語的轉(zhuǎn)換,那同樣會失分。比如將肯定的語氣轉(zhuǎn)化為否定的形式等。例如: Tom failed the midterm examination. 轉(zhuǎn)換為:Tom did not pass the midterm examination.
3. 詞性的轉(zhuǎn)換。要依據(jù)特定的語境結(jié)合文中涉及的詞語,靈活地轉(zhuǎn)變詞性。比如:動詞轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)樾稳菰~,形容詞轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槊~,等等。例如: Needs and expectations of others should be taken into consideration.轉(zhuǎn)換為:We should consider what the other person needs and expects.
4. 詞形的變化的轉(zhuǎn)換題。主要依據(jù)任務(wù)型閱讀提供的特殊框架,來敲定詞語的各種形式。例如:過去式分詞需要在題目中使用現(xiàn)在分詞或動名詞,形容詞轉(zhuǎn)換為副詞等。例如: Research findings: People perform better when thinking positively. 此句的相應(yīng)的原句信息是:Research shows that when people work with a positive mindset, performance on early every levelproductivity, creativity, involvementimproves.
5. 詞綴轉(zhuǎn)換題。英語構(gòu)詞法可以分為前綴與后綴,在有一定難度的任務(wù)題中要特別小心。例如:Li Ping felt not comfortable with the girls around him. 轉(zhuǎn)換句可以是:Li Ping felt uncomfortable with the girls who are around him.
6. 句與單詞和詞組與單詞等的轉(zhuǎn)換題也叫作結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換題。有時(shí)盡管文章無法一下子找到任務(wù)型閱讀題型中出現(xiàn)的答案,但是依據(jù)文章的上下文以及文中句子的解釋,則可以聯(lián)系掌握的英語基礎(chǔ)知識,得出相應(yīng)的答案。例如: With the university expanding, she becomes more famous and popular. 與下面句可以轉(zhuǎn)換為:As the university expands, she becomes more famous and popular. 考生還可以記住一些轉(zhuǎn)換的詞匯;如:
a. approve of = subscribe to = be in favor / support of = favor sth.
b. affect = have an effect / influence / impact on sth.
c. at the beginning = at first
d. be accused of = be charged with
e. be tired out = be worn out = be exhausted = be weary
f. be responsible for = take / shoulder / bear responsibility for
g. besides = on top of = in addition to = apart from
h. be better than = be superior to
i. be hooked on headphones = be addicted to headphones
j. consider... = take... into consideration / account
k. compensate for = make up for
l. commit oneself to doing sth. = promise to do sth.
m. cater to / for ones needs / demands / requirements = satisfy / meet ones...
n. valuable information = information of great value
o. understand clearly = have a clear understanding of sth.
p. matter = count = be very important = be of importance = make sense = make a difference
q. despite = in spite of
r. learn good citizenship = learn to be good citizens
s. list the things that you are good at = list what / all you are good at
t. have access to = be acceptable / accessible / available to
u. most of the people = the majority of the people
v. starve to death = die of hunger / starvation
w. socially responsible = social responsibility
x. sth. benefit sb. = be beneficial to sb. = be of benefit to = sb. benefit from sth.
y. make full use of = make the most of
z. partly=in part
第三類是信息歸納或概括題。這種題目有一定的挑戰(zhàn)性,因?yàn)榭忌荒芤幌聫奈闹姓页龃鸢?,也不能直接根?jù)什么內(nèi)容進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)換就得到結(jié)果。但考試可以根據(jù)短文和此空后上下和前后相應(yīng)內(nèi)容提供的信息來進(jìn)行歸納或概括。比如答題內(nèi)容或表格左上面有topic字樣,接著又有supporting出現(xiàn),那下面就有可能要你填conclusion等詞。不過做這類題需要熟記下面相應(yīng)詞匯。
原因和結(jié)果:reason (for), result; cause (of), effect; consequence
異同點(diǎn)與優(yōu)缺點(diǎn):difference, similarity; advantage / benefit, disadvantage
觀點(diǎn)與態(tài)度:opinion, view (on / about), viewpoint, idea; attitude to / towards
方式、方法:means, way, method (of); solution, approach (to doing sth.)
目的:purpose, aim, goal
積極和消極:positive, negative; optimistic
建議: advice [u], suggestion, tip
概括、總結(jié):summary, conclusion
特點(diǎn):feature, characteristic
種類:kind, type, category, class
精神上與身體上:mentally, physically
影響:influence, impact, effect (on)
情形,狀況:situation,condition
不過,要做好任務(wù)型閱讀,必須要有清晰的解題思路。即:先認(rèn)真讀題,通過題目來了解文章的大致框架。做到在閱讀文章前,心中有數(shù),不會因?yàn)槲恼碌拈L度或文中出現(xiàn)的生詞影響到自己對文章結(jié)構(gòu)的整體把握。第二,結(jié)合題目的基本模式,可以判斷出文章的行文特點(diǎn)。例如:說明文解決的是介紹某種物品或事物,其特征無外乎描述特征,闡述用途;議論性的文章主要提出一種觀點(diǎn)或一個(gè)問題,再利用一些論據(jù)來證明這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)或者來說明解決問題的途徑和方式。
總之,功夫不負(fù)有心人,有輸入就會有輸出,只要平時(shí)注重訓(xùn)練,考試時(shí)多加細(xì)心,任務(wù)型閱讀的分?jǐn)?shù)還是輕而易舉地就能拿到的。
(作者:王潔梅,海安縣李堡中學(xué))