張權(quán)娥 史文婷 陶 紅 何正梅 丁邦和 王春玲 于 亮 李玉峰
南京醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬淮安第一醫(yī)院血液科,江蘇淮安223300
尼洛替尼治療以胸腔積液為首發(fā)的慢性髓系白血病2例及文獻(xiàn)復(fù)習(xí)
張權(quán)娥 史文婷 陶 紅 何正梅 丁邦和 王春玲 于 亮 李玉峰
南京醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬淮安第一醫(yī)院血液科,江蘇淮安223300
2例以胸腔積液為首發(fā)的慢性髓系白血病患者初診時(shí)即為急變期,予尼洛替尼治療后,例1治療1個(gè)月余,胸腔積液基本完全吸收,淋巴結(jié)和脾臟腫大基本消失,治療12個(gè)月,獲得分子學(xué)反應(yīng)。例2治療20 d,也表現(xiàn)為淋巴結(jié)和脾臟腫大逐漸縮小,胸腔積液逐漸消失,但患者骨髓抑制明顯,停止尼洛替尼治療后胸腔積液再次出現(xiàn)。本文通過(guò)對(duì)2例患者臨床資料進(jìn)行回顧分析及復(fù)習(xí)相關(guān)文獻(xiàn),提示尼洛替尼可能成為治療以胸腔積液首發(fā)的慢性髓系白血病患者的首選藥物,有利于胸腔積液的吸收,有望達(dá)到分子學(xué)緩解。
尼洛替尼;慢性髓系白血??;急變期;胸腔積液
慢性髓系白血?。╟hronicmyeloid leukemia,CML)是骨髓造血干細(xì)胞克隆性增殖形成的惡性腫瘤,其細(xì)胞遺傳學(xué)特咖是具有費(fèi)城(Philadelphia,Ph)染色體和/或BCR-ABL融合基因,即t(9;22)(q34:q11)易位形成斷裂咖簇集區(qū)(breakpoint region,BCR)-艾貝爾遜白血病病毒(Abelson leukemia virus,ABL)融合基因[1-4]。該基因編碼和表達(dá)酪氨酸蛋白激酶,所以它是治療CML理想的靶咖。酪氨酸激酶抑制劑(tyrosine kinase inhibitor,TKI)的出現(xiàn)使BCR-ABL融合基因陽(yáng)性的CML患者的療效顯著改善。CML病程可分為慢性期、加速期、急變期。急變期可出現(xiàn)多種髓外原始細(xì)胞侵犯,初診時(shí)即為CML急變期(chronic myeloid leukemia-blast crisis,CML-BC)合并胸腔積液的報(bào)道較少。尼洛替尼是第二代酪氨酸激酶抑制劑,對(duì)加速期和急變期的CML患者療效較好。南京醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬淮安第一醫(yī)院(以下簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)“我;”)血液科近期收治2例使用第二代酪氨酸激酶抑制劑尼洛替尼(達(dá)希納)治療以胸腔積液為首發(fā)表現(xiàn)的CML-BC患者,現(xiàn)總結(jié)臨床資料如下:
1.1 例1
患者,徐某,男性,45歲,發(fā)現(xiàn)全身多處淋巴結(jié)腫大1個(gè)月余,于2014年11月24日入;。查體:輕度貧血貌,右側(cè)耳后、雙側(cè)腋窩、右側(cè)腹股溝等可觸及多個(gè)腫大淋巴結(jié),較大的<1 cm×2 cm,質(zhì)韌,表面欠光滑,界欠清,部分有融合,活動(dòng)度差,無(wú)觸痛。心肺聽(tīng)診未及明顯異常。脾臟肋下<10 cm,質(zhì)硬,無(wú)壓痛。血常規(guī)示:白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)(WBC)118.44×109/L,血紅蛋白(Hb)94 g/L,血小板計(jì)數(shù)(PLT)698×109/L,白細(xì)胞分類(lèi)可見(jiàn)各階段細(xì)胞,以中晚幼細(xì)胞為主,嗜酸、嗜堿細(xì)胞升高,骨髓象示:符合CML,BCR-ABL融合基因(P210型)陽(yáng)性,BCR/ABL1融合基因ABL1激酶區(qū)未發(fā)生突變。淋巴結(jié)組織檢查結(jié)果如下:頸部淋巴結(jié)病理切片示組織中見(jiàn)彌漫原始粒細(xì)胞,免疫組化示腫瘤細(xì)胞Ki-67(++),CD43(++),MPO(++),CD117(+/-),背景細(xì)胞CD43(++),CD20(+),Bcl-2(++),CD21(+),Bcl-6(+),CD3(++),MUM1(+),CD10(-),結(jié)合HE染色提示符合粒細(xì)胞肉瘤,累及淋巴結(jié)。淋巴結(jié)原位熒光雜交(fluorescence in situ hybridization,F(xiàn)ISH)法檢測(cè)融合基因BCR-ABL提示陽(yáng)性,染色體示46,XY,t(2;21)(q14;q22),t(9;22)(q34;q11)/46,XY。腹部B超示:脾腫大,大小<20.5 cm×10.9 cm。入;后5 d患者感胸悶不適,胸部B超提示右側(cè)胸腔探及液性暗區(qū),范圍<4.3 cm×9.2 cm。行胸腔穿刺閉式引流,共引流出暗紅色胸水<2000mL。胸腔積液檢查示:滲出液,見(jiàn)大量原始粒細(xì)胞及嗜酸球。診斷:CML急變期。予羥基脲降細(xì)胞及水化堿化等對(duì)癥治療,2014年12月12日開(kāi)始第二代TKI尼洛替尼(達(dá)希納)400mg bid開(kāi)始治療,治療1個(gè)月患者淋巴結(jié)、脾臟逐漸縮小,胸腔積液逐漸消失。治療3個(gè)月血常規(guī)示:WBC 6.54×109/L,Hb 110 g/L,PLT 245×109/L,骨髓象示:CML慢性期,獲得完全血液學(xué)反應(yīng)(CHR),治療6個(gè)月FISH法BCR-ABL陰性,熒光實(shí)時(shí)定量聚合酶鏈反應(yīng)(RQ-PCR)法檢測(cè)BCR-ABL/ABL轉(zhuǎn)錄本:0.3%,獲得完全細(xì)胞遺傳學(xué)反應(yīng)(CCyR),治療12個(gè)月FISH法BCR-ABL陰性,RQ-PCR法BCRABL/ABL轉(zhuǎn)錄本:0.06%,獲得分子學(xué)反應(yīng)(MMR)。目前隨訪(fǎng)15個(gè)月,患者病情穩(wěn)定,繼續(xù)達(dá)希納400mg bid治療中。
1.2 例2
患者,郭某,女性,53歲,發(fā)現(xiàn)全身多處淋巴結(jié)腫大5個(gè)月余,腹痛1 d,于2015年4月8日入;?;颊?個(gè)月前無(wú)明顯誘因出現(xiàn)全身多處淋巴結(jié)腫大,就診于當(dāng)?shù)蒯t(yī)院,查白細(xì)胞升高,行淋巴結(jié)活檢提示血液系統(tǒng)惡性腫瘤,未治療出;,出;后淋巴結(jié)進(jìn)行性腫大伴數(shù)量增多,偶有疼痛不適,1 d前患者自覺(jué)腹痛不適,遂來(lái)我;血液科就診。查體:貧血貌,耳前、耳后、頸部、腋窩、腹股溝多發(fā)淋巴結(jié)腫大,較大的<2 cm× 3 cm,質(zhì)韌,部分有融合,活動(dòng)度欠佳,無(wú)觸痛。心肺聽(tīng)診未及明顯異常。脾臟肋下<10 cm,質(zhì)硬,無(wú)壓痛。血常規(guī)示:WBC 127.53×109/L,Hb 66 g/L,PLT 695× 109/L,白細(xì)胞分類(lèi)可見(jiàn)各階段細(xì)胞,以中晚幼細(xì)胞為主,嗜酸、嗜堿細(xì)胞升高。骨髓象示:符合CML。BCRABL(P190/P210)均陽(yáng)性。BCR/ABL1融合基因ABL1激酶區(qū)未發(fā)生突變。淋巴結(jié)免疫組化病理示:(頸部淋巴結(jié))腫瘤細(xì)胞:MPO(++),CD117(-),CD43(++),CD3(-),Ki-67(+),CD163(-),CD20(-),CD30(-),ALK-1(-),Mac387(-),結(jié)合HE切片,提示符合粒細(xì)胞肉瘤。腹部B超示:脾大,大?。?9.6 cm×6.3 cm,腹腔淋巴結(jié)腫大,較大的<4.4 cm×2.3 cm,界清。患者入;20 d因胸悶氣喘行胸部B超示雙側(cè)胸腔積液,行胸腔閉式引流,引流出暗紅色胸水共2000mL。胸腔積液檢查示:滲出液,見(jiàn)大量原始粒細(xì)胞。診斷:CML急變期(CML-BC)。予羥基脲降細(xì)胞及水化堿化等對(duì)癥治療,2015年5月7日開(kāi)始第二代TKI達(dá)希納400 mg bid治療,治療20患者淋巴結(jié)、脾臟逐漸縮小,胸腔積液逐漸消失,但患者骨髓抑制明顯,血常規(guī)示:WBC 1.03×109/L,Hb 75 g/L,PLT 115×109/L,中性粒細(xì)胞(N)0.52×109/L,予暫停達(dá)希納治療,停藥后患者胸腔積液逐漸增多。2015年6月11日患者因發(fā)熱3 d再次入;,根據(jù)患者病史及相關(guān)檢查診斷為CML急變期、肺部感染、胸腔積液、G+球菌敗血癥,予抗感染、胸腔閉式引流等對(duì)癥治療病情好轉(zhuǎn),2015年6月17日再次開(kāi)始尼洛替尼治療,劑量同前。2015年7月24日患者因頭昏1周再次入;,血常規(guī)提示W(wǎng)BC 0.85×109/L,Hb 35 g/L,PLT 3×109/L,N 0.16× 109/L,出現(xiàn)明顯骨髓抑制,暫停尼洛替尼治療。由于患者粒紅巨三系明顯受抑,出現(xiàn)貧血、出血、感染等嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥,病情進(jìn)行性加重,于2015年8月13日死亡。
CML細(xì)胞遺傳學(xué)特咖是具有費(fèi)城染色體(Ph)和/或BCR-ABL融合基因,即t(9;22)(q34:q11)[2]。該基因編碼和表達(dá)酪氨酸蛋白激酶,通過(guò)作用于一系列細(xì)胞信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)途徑,干擾了正常的細(xì)胞程序,如增殖、黏附和凋亡等,最終導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞惡變[3-4]。BCR-ABL融合基因在正常細(xì)胞中不表達(dá),所以它是治療CML理想的靶咖。CML病程可分為慢性期、加速期、急變期。急變期診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[5],具有下列之一者可診斷:①外周血或骨髓中的原始粒細(xì)胞(Ⅰ型+Ⅱ型)或原淋+幼淋或原單+幼單≥20%;②外周血中原始粒+早幼粒細(xì)胞≥30%;③骨髓中原始粒+早幼粒細(xì)胞≥50%;④有髓外原始細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn);⑤CFU-GM培養(yǎng)呈小簇生長(zhǎng)或不生長(zhǎng)。CML急變期髓外原始細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)有多種表現(xiàn)形式,常見(jiàn)有淋巴結(jié)腫大、中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)侵犯、軟組織腫塊、惡性胸腔積液等[5-9],初診時(shí)即為CML急變期出現(xiàn)胸腔積液的報(bào)道較少[6]。本文2例患者均是初診時(shí)即出現(xiàn)胸腔積液的CML急變期患者。
酪氨酸激酶抑制劑是一種特異性基因產(chǎn)物抑制劑[10],對(duì)BCR-ABL融合基因陽(yáng)性的CML療效顯著,應(yīng)用越來(lái)越多[11]。第二代酪氨酸激酶抑制劑逐漸取代第一代而成為CML的一線(xiàn)方案[12],當(dāng)有T315I突變時(shí)可選擇第三代酪氨酸激酶抑制劑[13]。有報(bào)道酪氨酸激酶抑制劑可能出現(xiàn)胸腔積液的副作用,尼洛替尼是在伊馬替尼基礎(chǔ)上研發(fā)的第二代BCR-ABL酪氨酸激酶特異性抑制劑,與伊馬替尼和達(dá)沙替尼相比,尼洛替尼導(dǎo)致胸腔積液的不良反應(yīng)相對(duì)較少,對(duì)處于加速期和急變期的CML患者療效也相對(duì)較好[14-16]。異基因造血干細(xì)胞移植(allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation,Allo-HSCT)是目前唯一可以治愈CML患者的方法[17-21],但受年齡和供者的限制,且Allo-HSCT存在移植相關(guān)死亡和遠(yuǎn)期并發(fā)癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),移植前又難以預(yù)測(cè)。酪氨酸激酶抑制劑治療CML的巨大成功,震動(dòng)了Allo-HSCT治療CML的絕對(duì)地位,使CML移植患者的數(shù)量顯著下降[19-20]。對(duì)于加速期或急變期及酪氨酸激酶抑制劑治療失敗的患者,可考慮Allo-HSCT治療[21],移植前建議給予酪氨酸激酶抑制劑治療至少至CHR,且在移植前酪氨酸激酶抑制劑停藥至少2周[22],不能接受酪氨酸激酶抑制劑者亦需用羥基脲、三尖杉酯堿類(lèi)或其他化療藥物,待獲得CHR后接受Allo-HSCT。本文2例初診時(shí)即出現(xiàn)胸腔積液的CML急變期患者,BCR-ABL融合基因均陽(yáng)性,BCR/ABL1融合基因ABL1激酶區(qū)均未發(fā)生突變,因此我們開(kāi)始直接予尼洛替尼(達(dá)希納)進(jìn)行治療。治療過(guò)程中筆者發(fā)現(xiàn)例1患者病情控制較好,且胸腔積液逐漸吸收,淋巴結(jié)和脾臟逐漸縮小,尼洛替尼治療1個(gè)月,患者胸腔積液基本完全吸收,淋巴結(jié)和脾臟腫大基本消失,治療3個(gè)月獲得CHR,治療6個(gè)月獲得完全細(xì)胞遺傳學(xué)反應(yīng)(CCyR),治療12個(gè)月獲得MMR,臨床療效顯著。目前隨訪(fǎng)15個(gè)月,患者病情無(wú)進(jìn)展,生存狀況改善,遠(yuǎn)期生存有待繼續(xù)觀察。例2患者尼洛替尼治療過(guò)程中亦表現(xiàn)出利于胸腔積液的吸收及病情好轉(zhuǎn),但由于患者骨髓抑制副作用較明顯,停用尼洛替尼治療后患者出現(xiàn)貧血、出血、感染等嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥,最終導(dǎo)致死亡。
筆者認(rèn)為尼洛替尼治療以胸腔積液為首發(fā)表現(xiàn)的CML急變期患者,有利于胸腔積液的吸收,治療過(guò)程中預(yù)防骨髓抑制副作用的發(fā)生,使CML-BC患者有望獲得MMR,因此尼洛替尼可作為治療以胸腔積液首發(fā)的CML患者首選藥物。尼洛替尼治療以胸腔積液為首發(fā)表現(xiàn)的CML-BC患者的機(jī)制可能為抑制細(xì)胞增殖及促進(jìn)細(xì)胞分化有關(guān)[23],CML急變期胸腔積液的形成及尼洛替尼促進(jìn)其吸收的機(jī)制有待進(jìn)一步研究。
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Nilotinib for the treatment of chronic m yeloid leukem ia w ith the onset of p leural effusion:2 casesw ith literature review
ZHANG Quan'e SHIWenting TAO Hong HE Zhengmei DING Banghe WANG Chunling YU Liang LIYufeng Department of Hematology,Huai'an First People's Hospital,Nanjing Medical University,Jiangsu Province,Huai'an 223300,China
Two cases of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia-blast crisis(CML-BC)with the initial symptoms of pleural effusion were given Nilotinib.Pleural effusion of case 1 was almost completely absorbed and lymph nodes and splenomegaly were disappeared 1 month after treatment.It had amolecular response after 12 months.The case 2 also showed that pleural effusion disappeared gradually and the lymph nodes and splenomegaly became smaller 20 days after treatment.It had significantly inhibition of bone marrow.The pleural effusion appeared again after stopping the treatmentwith Nilotinib.The clinical data of 2 CML-BC patients with the onset of pleural effusion was retrospectively analyzed and related literature was also reviewed,which indicates that Nilotinib may be used as the preferred treatment drug for CML-BC patients with the onset of pleural effusion.It is advantageous to the pleural effusion absorption and molecular remission.
Nilotinib;Chronicmyeloid leukemia;Blast crisis;Pleural effusion
R733.72
A
1673-7210(2016)05(c)-0166-04
2016-02-14本文編輯:張瑜杰)
江蘇省“333工程”培養(yǎng)資金資助項(xiàng)目(BRA2015 152);江蘇省淮安市科技計(jì)劃專(zhuān)項(xiàng)資金項(xiàng)目(HAS2015026)。
丁邦和(1968.11-),男,副主任醫(yī)師;研究方向:血液病學(xué)。