楊 桓

成都城市燃氣有限責任公司

淺談城市燃氣行業(yè)的大數(shù)據應用場景

楊 桓

成都城市燃氣有限責任公司

我國已經進入大數(shù)據時代。目前，城市燃氣行業(yè)作為傳統(tǒng)行業(yè)已面臨應對“互聯(lián)網+”時代全新的競爭局面的挑戰(zhàn)。在此時代背景下，城市燃氣行業(yè)要得到更多更快的發(fā)展，需要把企業(yè)自身特點和“互聯(lián)網+”相結合，調整企業(yè)的組織運營模式。通過分析大數(shù)據技術可能帶給燃氣行業(yè)帶來的機遇與挑戰(zhàn)，探討燃氣行業(yè)基于現(xiàn)有的信息系統(tǒng)和數(shù)據資源可能實現(xiàn)的大數(shù)據應用場景，進而有效梳理自身已建設的信息系統(tǒng)的關系和存在的數(shù)據資源，打通各數(shù)據系統(tǒng)間屏障，建立數(shù)據共享機制，建立系統(tǒng)集成模式，形成大數(shù)據規(guī)模，挖掘企業(yè)新的業(yè)務應用結合點，讓企業(yè)在“互聯(lián)網+”的歷史潮流中得到更加快速的發(fā)展。

城市燃氣大數(shù)據數(shù)據標準化數(shù)據集成與共享信息化自動化應用場景

在過去20年里，互聯(lián)網深刻而快速地改變著我們的世界，人類生活方式的巨大改變以及社會發(fā)展的重大突破都和互聯(lián)網息息相關[1-7]。根據麥肯錫的分析，互聯(lián)網已經成為重要的生產要素，并且已滲透到了每個行業(yè)的業(yè)務職能領域?，F(xiàn)在，傳統(tǒng)行業(yè)面臨的巨大挑戰(zhàn)是如何應對“互聯(lián)網+”時代全新的競爭局面，如何理解和采用新的技術和思維來進行企業(yè)之間的競爭，如何調整自身的組織和運行模式來適應發(fā)展和變化?！盎ヂ?lián)網+”時代的重大變化主要表現(xiàn)在兩個方面，一方面是技術選擇，如云計算、大數(shù)據、物聯(lián)網和移動互聯(lián)網技術等大量的新技術被廣泛應用，使得各種創(chuàng)新有了低成本和快速實現(xiàn)的可能，另外一方面是新的思維方式、精神和文化被應用到企業(yè)運營中。對于傳統(tǒng)行業(yè)城市燃氣來說，如何接收、應用這些新技術和新思維非常具有挑戰(zhàn)性，因為會觸及企業(yè)各個方面的調整。但是，當前城市燃氣行業(yè)所面對的充滿不確定性的市場環(huán)境，面臨政府監(jiān)督管控越發(fā)嚴格、能源企業(yè)競爭日益激烈以及消費者要求日益嚴苛等不利情況，思考如何運用云計算、大數(shù)據、物聯(lián)網和移動互聯(lián)網技術，去引導燃氣企業(yè)作為傳統(tǒng)行業(yè)的轉型和價值創(chuàng)新勢在必行。作為行業(yè)的信息化建設，往往會顯得高大空、炒概念，如何把信息化項目立項和實施，做好信息系統(tǒng)的研發(fā)和運維，體現(xiàn)數(shù)據庫中的數(shù)據的價值，把“云大物移”新技術落實到自身企業(yè)的實際信息化項目中，重要的結合點就是業(yè)務應用場景。作為終端客戶市場，在互聯(lián)網時代，如何去直觀的描述業(yè)務系統(tǒng)，描述信息技術給用戶帶來的變化，描述一種思維方式，描述一種技術表現(xiàn)，有效地溝通更加重要，應用場景是對需求分析的直觀描述，把業(yè)務人員和信息人員結合在一起，共同提出直觀的建設需求和實施愿景，避免由于信息技術人員對實際業(yè)務的不了解，業(yè)務人員對信息技術的不理解造成的盲區(qū)。

1 大數(shù)據在城市燃氣行業(yè)中的價值

城市燃氣企業(yè)用戶幾乎覆蓋全部城市家庭，對燃氣企業(yè)來說稀松平常的信息，即城市燃氣企業(yè)所擁有龐大的用戶數(shù)據資源，對于其他企業(yè)來說是寶貴的緊缺資源。騰訊與阿里巴巴通過嘀嘀打車和快的打車對出租車司機和用戶進行了數(shù)十億元的補貼[1,3,8]，目的就是需要通過出租車業(yè)務占領移動支付市場。設想如果燃氣企業(yè)與諸如阿里、騰訊等電商網絡公司開展支付合作，使得互聯(lián)網企業(yè)獲取大量的O2O（Online-to-Offline，線上到線下）入口數(shù)據，把燃氣企業(yè)所擁有的高覆蓋率的用戶數(shù)據有償?shù)霓D換成合理合規(guī)又高度利用的用戶資源，既給燃氣企業(yè)增加收入渠道，又使得燃氣企業(yè)在燃氣費用支付模式和用戶體驗上面進行了創(chuàng)新。而更多的創(chuàng)新應該去挖掘企業(yè)內部的自身資源，通過結合互聯(lián)網技術等外部綜合資源，發(fā)揮社交媒體和移動支付等互聯(lián)網技術產物的優(yōu)勢，有可能引導能源產品的消費化趨勢和燃氣行業(yè)企業(yè)運營模式的轉型和變革。根據埃森哲的相關報告，公共事業(yè)企業(yè)未來40%至60%的核心“計量到收款”流程都需要重新進行設計?？梢栽O想諸如家居智能技術和消費者輔助型方案與服務也有可能是燃氣業(yè)務“互聯(lián)網+”時代的發(fā)展方向之一。未來燃氣行業(yè)的大數(shù)據應用，除了帶來企業(yè)效益，更重要的還有可能可以回饋社會，促進社會發(fā)展。

事實上，近年來國內外已經有了智能燃氣網的概念，國外文獻表述為“smartgas grid”或“intelligentgas grid”。根據目前的研究，智能燃氣網建設是在原有燃氣網基礎設施和信息化系統(tǒng)的基礎上，進行資源整合、系統(tǒng)集成、數(shù)據挖掘，發(fā)揮跨板塊、跨業(yè)務、跨部門綜合應用的優(yōu)勢，使上游燃氣開發(fā)、中游燃氣輸配和儲存及下游燃氣用戶緊密結合在一起，形成一個燃氣數(shù)據實時傳遞、資源互動、信息共享、智能響應、服務大眾的整體，即共享資源與政府以提升其監(jiān)管的能力、同時又積極改進用戶服務體驗；企業(yè)用服務換取利潤，降低成本和減少事故，持續(xù)提升安全保障能力，從而達到多贏局面。智能燃氣網通常基于充分建立和利用燃氣管網的優(yōu)勢和潛力，使管網綜合效率最大化。

目前，已有部分城市燃氣企業(yè)開始探索創(chuàng)新業(yè)務模式，如上海燃氣要成為“綜合能源服務商”；北京燃氣提出建設“世界一流的一體化清潔能源運營商”[1-2,9]；港華燃氣“以經營燃氣業(yè)務為本，致力發(fā)展成為亞洲首屈一指的清潔能源供應商及優(yōu)質服務商”等等?？傮w來看，這些企業(yè)依然是以“賣氣”為主，業(yè)務模式較為單一，沒有有效利用管網和用戶資源拓展新的增值空間。但是，也有一些燃氣企業(yè)開拓思維，發(fā)掘互聯(lián)網優(yōu)勢，如新奧燃氣提出的“成為互聯(lián)網能源平臺運營商”，將企業(yè)的發(fā)展期望鎖定在通過持續(xù)開發(fā)用戶多樣性用能需求，提供清潔能源整體解決方案。經營理念已明確不僅僅基于城市燃氣傳統(tǒng)的、單一的“賣氣”業(yè)務，而是從立足傳統(tǒng)業(yè)務，主打交通清潔能源業(yè)務這個環(huán)保節(jié)能的新概念，結合互聯(lián)網，打造能源平臺化的運營思路，一方面占領國內外城市燃氣市場，另外一方面將信息網、能源網以及物流網高度融合的泛能技術用于基于互聯(lián)網的能源運營平臺持續(xù)拓展業(yè)務領域，不斷開拓新的業(yè)務，形成一個產業(yè)鏈到供應鏈的良性循環(huán)，其業(yè)務范圍也從單一的城市燃氣拓展到交通能源、分布式能源、能源貿易等領域。這種轉型和創(chuàng)新運營理念并舉，是燃氣行業(yè)未來的最佳實踐體現(xiàn)。但這只是智能燃氣網的實踐思路之一，而其根源在于數(shù)據的累積和數(shù)據的應用，數(shù)據需求、業(yè)務應用場景才是實施的關鍵。所謂基于互聯(lián)網的能源運營平臺是一系列信息系統(tǒng)組成的，一體化的全產業(yè)鏈的綜合平臺，每一個部分都需要業(yè)務和信息技術的充分結合，明確需求，統(tǒng)一數(shù)據標準和服務流程，設計出適應的應用場景，從而研發(fā)出可持續(xù)發(fā)展的平臺化系統(tǒng)投入運營。在較多的大數(shù)據應用領域，最常見的問題就是不能確定實際應用需求而導致無從下手，要完成可行的大數(shù)據應用要遵守“大數(shù)據，小場景”原則，即大量的數(shù)據累積。但是，必須針對具體的單一的業(yè)務應用場景，才能有效建立大數(shù)據分析模型，提供大數(shù)據分析結論和應用功能。

2 城市燃氣企業(yè)存在的問題

事實上，除開對大數(shù)據技術的缺乏深入研究和成功案例之外，燃氣企業(yè)自身的信息化基礎也是比較薄弱的，體現(xiàn)在以下幾個方面：

2.1 缺乏統(tǒng)一的服務流程和數(shù)據標準

燃氣企業(yè)的基礎設施、硬件設備到信息系統(tǒng)，都是不同時期、按不同標準建設的，相互之間兼容性較差，數(shù)據隔離。大數(shù)據應用是建立在將燃氣的生產、運輸、儲存、交易和聯(lián)合利用成為“生態(tài)環(huán)境”的基礎上的。因此數(shù)據平臺的建設標準和規(guī)范是首先需要解決的問題；其次，燃氣內部服務流程不統(tǒng)一，不規(guī)范，沒有形成有效的在線運行機制，作為大數(shù)據應用生態(tài)環(huán)境內的數(shù)據共享和跨板塊應用的基礎前提是對內統(tǒng)一規(guī)范標準，對外提供規(guī)范服務，從管網的設計、實施鋪設到巡檢維護操作、到終端用戶設備安裝和收計費服務，都需要在企業(yè)內部各單位各部門推行統(tǒng)一的操作流程、規(guī)范的數(shù)據標準，才能確保數(shù)據的可靠性和可用性以及各類信息系統(tǒng)之間的跨平臺融合。

2.2 企業(yè)內部信息系統(tǒng)彼此割裂，業(yè)務數(shù)據有待融合

以燃氣輸配管網運維管理相關系統(tǒng)為例。輸配管網運維通常會涉及企業(yè)的信息化系統(tǒng)和自動化系統(tǒng)，目前這兩部分系統(tǒng)中的數(shù)據普遍是相互割裂的，作為資產化管理的設備所產生的數(shù)據量往往遠超過企業(yè)通用信息系統(tǒng)所產生數(shù)據量，如SCADA系統(tǒng)（Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition，即數(shù)據采集與監(jiān)視控制系統(tǒng)）的各類數(shù)據，這些數(shù)據的累積正逐步產生真正意義上的大數(shù)據，即數(shù)據量大、種類多、價值密度相對較低，但是信息化建設往往立足在各項業(yè)務自身的管理系統(tǒng)，而忽略了與SCADA系統(tǒng)和數(shù)據的集成，忽略了可能的關聯(lián)性和融合性，建設和運行的信息系統(tǒng)都是各自為陣。

2.3 缺乏統(tǒng)一的客戶信息平臺

當前流行的大數(shù)據分析的應用場景，最常見的就是需要各種用戶基礎信息數(shù)據去發(fā)掘用戶的行為模式以進行分析和決策，但目前燃氣行業(yè)的客戶信息平臺收集信息有限，數(shù)據質量不高，如燃氣器具信息、住宅位置、消費情況等都不完整，數(shù)據可靠性也不高，更不用說類似用戶網絡足跡、偏好等行為數(shù)據的擴展需求，基本沒有進行梳理和定位，無法為用戶的行為分析提供有效基礎信息數(shù)據累計。

3 燃氣行業(yè)大數(shù)據應用場景

通過有效利用輸配氣官網SCADA系統(tǒng)數(shù)據和已經建設完成的企業(yè)資源計劃系統(tǒng)（ERP）、用戶關系管理系統(tǒng)（CRM）、地理信息系統(tǒng)（GIS）等信息系統(tǒng)，利用云計算和大數(shù)據分析技術打通系統(tǒng)之間的屏障，實現(xiàn)數(shù)據共享和業(yè)務系統(tǒng)集成的實行，為燃氣行業(yè)提供智能化應用新模式。按照時間和空間或者其他典型屬性的不同維度分析，找準與業(yè)務領域的應用結合點，體現(xiàn)業(yè)務發(fā)展趨勢或者數(shù)據關聯(lián)效果，探索可以實施的燃氣行業(yè)大數(shù)據應用場景，從中發(fā)掘可以給業(yè)務帶來的創(chuàng)新模式和新競爭力。通常大數(shù)據應用場景包括幾個要素：①持續(xù)可靠的數(shù)據來源；②足夠的數(shù)據累積，最好是基于時間或空間這種帶有明顯分析意義的屬性；③與業(yè)務相結合的具體功能點。

3.1 輸配管網設備預防和預測性維護應用場景

充分利用燃氣輸配管網通用的SCADA系統(tǒng)所收集的遠程終端裝置（RTU）數(shù)據，包括監(jiān)測管道的流量、溫度、壓力、開關閥門、起停泵等數(shù)據；利用GIS技術、大數(shù)據分析技術，配合企業(yè)管理信息系統(tǒng)如ERP、用戶關系管理系統(tǒng)CRM等系統(tǒng)的數(shù)據，將企業(yè)資源信息、個人用戶基本信息、用戶用氣行為數(shù)據，再到用戶的繳費、信用數(shù)據等海量數(shù)據，按照時間和空間進行數(shù)據分析，可以得出城市燃氣輸配管網的氣量分布趨勢，峰值發(fā)生的區(qū)域，通過建模、分析，總結規(guī)律，找到相關性，從而對輸配管網設備損害程度進行預測、預防及預測性檢修維護，最大化提高設備的使用率。這是一個基本的SCADA系統(tǒng)數(shù)據的大數(shù)據應用場景。

進一步拓展，獲取氣候氣象數(shù)據可以結合分析管網腐蝕與氣候變化的關系，可以增加氣候變化的預防措施和調整檢維修計劃；或者分析出輸氣峰值的趨勢，有效指導輸配氣和合理部署；該類的應用場景比基礎的氣量分布趨勢復雜，需要的關聯(lián)數(shù)據更多，但是為企業(yè)決策者提供的建議將更加的多方面、多維度，更加客觀。

輸配管網設備預防性和預測性維護應用場景的目的是在管網運維管理中增強事前的預測預警，以及累積事后處理的經驗，提升管網運維管理的技術水平和強化事前的風險控制，提升經營管理成本預算控制與實施風險控制管理，同時也有效體現(xiàn)出兩化融合的具體落腳點，該類的大數(shù)據應用場景的設計具有實際意義，也是目前數(shù)據累積比較充分的業(yè)務點，但是其中的關鍵點在于數(shù)據標準的統(tǒng)一和系統(tǒng)之間的集成，尤其是自動化系統(tǒng)和信息化系統(tǒng)的數(shù)據共享集成問題。

3.2 監(jiān)控用氣狀態(tài)合理調度輸配氣供應應用場景

有效通過物聯(lián)網技術，部署終端設備，獲取用戶基本信息、設備設施布點統(tǒng)計、遠程操作控制信息、用戶用氣狀態(tài)信息等，利用終端設備采集的數(shù)據，按照用戶的區(qū)域分布、計費標準變化、季節(jié)用戶高峰變化、企業(yè)用戶和家庭用氣的統(tǒng)計等進行數(shù)據挖掘和分析，得出用氣量的變化規(guī)律，找出用氣峰值，精準量化評估輸配氣能力、管線壓力、檢修頻率和時間等等，為輸配氣調度提供決策依據。

該業(yè)務應用場景重點是終端設備的物流網技術集成，獲取相應數(shù)據，一旦形成這種終端的部署和數(shù)據采集模式，通過遠程監(jiān)控終端設備用戶狀態(tài)將有效提升計量、計費的準確性，方便付費統(tǒng)計，能減少人力，降低運行成本。其難度在于物流網終端設備的部署，以及支撐物流網設備的后端配套技術。

3.3 燃氣器具安全檢測和故障預警應用場景

安全管理是城市燃氣企業(yè)的生命線，尤其是城市燃氣逐步全面使用天然氣以后，因天然氣易燃易爆的特點，燃氣安全管理成為重要的公共安全問題之一，用戶燃氣器具的運行狀況對燃氣安全至關重要。在監(jiān)控終端設備用戶狀態(tài)的應用場景中，如果沒有部署物流網終端設備，可以通過對用戶相關數(shù)據的實體采集和分析，即在每次設備安裝、維修、抄表、安檢服務時，采集數(shù)據，將用戶的燃氣器具品牌、年限、工況等基本情況納入管理，經過一段時間實體數(shù)據采集累計后，在客戶信息平臺中完善用戶燃氣器具基礎數(shù)據，通過對用戶的繳費、報修等歷史記錄分析，了解到用戶用氣情況的行為數(shù)據，擴展到家家戶戶，通過對區(qū)域用戶和分類用戶的行為數(shù)據分析，可以針對使用不安全、臨近或超過報廢期的燃氣器具的燃氣用戶進行安全提示，提醒用氣安全，敦促及時更換燃氣器具。這種針對性的定向安全檢測和故障排查，可以形成有效的故障預警，大大提升針對老舊小區(qū)或者不具備網絡條件地區(qū)的燃氣器具的安全檢測和故障預警，確保安全用氣。

該類應用場景有大量的用戶數(shù)據采集工作，數(shù)據累計的大小，范圍的廣泛程度都直接影響分析效果，即數(shù)據量大小、樣本充分程度是有效安全檢測和故障預警準確度的基礎。

3.4 燃氣器具銷售應用場景

從上述的應用場景進一步拓展，將用戶燃氣器具運行狀態(tài)數(shù)據結合燃氣器具營銷系統(tǒng)數(shù)據，按照地域和區(qū)域的數(shù)據進行統(tǒng)計分析，分類判斷對燃氣安裝和器具購置的需求，可分析出用戶對燃氣器具的市場需求。

或者拓展新的針對性營銷策略，如從其居住環(huán)境（如小區(qū)定位，居民家屬樓、商業(yè)樓盤、高檔公寓、別墅等）開展針對性的營銷和服務，如提供燃氣配套安裝和燃氣器具銷售服務等；也可以根據不同類型的用氣設備，如地暖、壁掛爐等，甄別用戶的支付能力和服務需求，針對性的提出個性化服務項目，如提供家庭燃氣服務解決方案，包括高頻的安檢、定期設備維修保養(yǎng)、預約專人上門檢修等；甚至與銀行合作等，推出辦理銀行卡可享受燃氣特別服務等。這一系列業(yè)務應用場景可以根據不同的銷售市場和應用需求而派生。

4 結論

1）當前燃氣行業(yè)大數(shù)據應用尚在起步階段，數(shù)據的分析與挖掘還未有效開展，其原因主要是企業(yè)自身對大數(shù)據技術認知的限制，以及燃氣行業(yè)自身信息化建設思路的局限，但是可以明確的是以“云大物移”為主導的信息技術手段將引導一個智能燃氣網的未來發(fā)展趨勢。

2）燃氣行業(yè)企業(yè)應從現(xiàn)在起有效梳理自身已建設的信息系統(tǒng)的關系和存在的數(shù)據資源的情況，打通系統(tǒng)間屏障，建立數(shù)據共享機制，建立系統(tǒng)集成模式，形成大數(shù)據規(guī)模，找到與業(yè)務的實際結合點，通過大數(shù)據小場景切入應用功能，完善現(xiàn)有系統(tǒng)，通過新增數(shù)據分析功能和數(shù)據逐步累積，產生蝴蝶效應，引導燃氣行業(yè)的智能化發(fā)展。

[1]張衛(wèi)華.大數(shù)據時代的城市燃氣企業(yè)業(yè)務模式創(chuàng)新[J].能源，2014（5）:88-91.

[2]樂華斌,戴文坤,梁瑩,鄭曉玲,王佳龍.大數(shù)據時代大學生網絡行動邏輯探微-以新媒體用戶黏性為視角[J].文教資料,2015（32）:119-120

[3]姚滿宏.衛(wèi)生人力資源管理大數(shù)據運用研究[J].人人健康, 2016（12）:252-253.

[4]羅勇.大數(shù)據“領跑”信息高速路[J].城市管理與科技, 2015,17（6）:30-33.

[5]王慶綱,陸惠豐.基于大數(shù)據技術的綜合交通信息平臺框架研究[J].中國交通信息化,2016（1）:73-76.

[6]湯俊,王妍,車奕蓉.大數(shù)據技術在反洗錢工作中的應用前景[J].海南金融,2016（2）:28-30.

[7]姜俊鋒,丁香乾,侯瑞春,曲麗君.基于CitespaceⅢ的大數(shù)據研究的可視化分析[J].計算機與數(shù)字工程,2016,44（2）: 291-295.

[8]徐斌,王曉冬,林麗.大數(shù)據管理-企業(yè)轉型升級與競爭力重塑之道[M].北京:人民郵電出版社,2016.

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（修改回稿日期 2016-11-15 編輯 陳古明）

《天然氣勘探與開發(fā)》征稿簡則

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《天然氣勘探與開發(fā)》編輯部

ABSTRACT:China has entered the Age of Big Data.At present,the traditional city gas industry is facing new challenges and competition from the Age of“Internet+”.So,in order to develop faster and better,city gas industry should combine its enterprise characteristics with the“Internet+”,and adjust the organization and operation mode.Through analyzing the opportunities and challenges the big-data technology may bring about,we investigate the application scenarios of big data which are possible to be realized on the basis of the currently available information systems and data resources;and then,effectively tease out the relationship among established information systems and existing data resources;break through barriers between data systems;establish data-sharing mechanism and system integration mode to form big-data scale;and search for the new joint point of business application for rapid development of the industry in the historical trend of“Internet+”.

KEY WORDS:city gas,big data,data standardization,data integration and sharing,intelligence,application scenario

翻譯 何颋婷 劉 婕

審校 何颋婷

編輯 王曉清

S AND KEY WORDSMain Factors Influencing High Yield of High-Rank CBM in Chengzhuang Block,Southern Qinshui BasinYANG Kebing,WANG Haichao,WANG Jun,CHEN Huina and FU Kang
（Exploration and Development Research Institute,PetroChina Huabei Oilfield Company）.NATURAL GAS EXPLORATION&DEVELOPMENT.v.39 no.4,pp.1-4，12/25/2016

In China,most coal-accumulating basins went through complex evolution history and some structures formed in the late period were severely damaged.And lots of high-rank coal reservoirs also underwent multiple-stage tectonic evolution and obvious metamorphism,resulting in strong heterogeneity,and low yield of coalbed methane（CBM）or difficulty in its exploitation.Even though previous research focused on the analysis on such factors as structure,deposition,and hydrodynamics,many problems including low proven rate and low utilization rate of production capacity have not been solved very effectively.So,according to some dynamic and static data from high-productivity wells in Chengzhuang block,Southern Qinshui Basin,combining with development characteristics of surrounding blocks,we analyzed common features of these kinds of wells.Results show that(1)the main factors influencing high yield are developed microfractures and high permeability in coal reservoirs;(2)another important factor is rich free gas in these reservoirs;and(3)there are other factors including reservoir thickness,gas content,tectonic movement,and hydrodynamics.Our study also demonstrates that CBM in Chengzhuang block is controlled by sedimentation,and plugging condition during hydrocarbon discharge is the key factor influencing high productivity.Good plugging condition is conducive to improving petrophysical property and generating more free gas,which can provide material foundation for high yield.This viewpoint presented gives geologic evidence for optimizing high-yield blocks,and is significant for evaluating sweetspot of tight reservoirs.

Southern Qinshui Basin,high-rank CBM,high-productivity well,main influencing factor,duration of hydrocarbon discharge,plugging condition

Evaluation on Clossification of Microscopoic Heterogeneity in Carbonate Reservoirs:Examples from Feixianguan Formation in Puguang Gasfield

ZHANG Jixi1,CHEN Cen2and CHENG Qun3

（1.Exploration and Development Research In-stitute,Sinopec Zhongyuan Oilfield Company;2.Chongqing University of Science&Technology; 3.No.3 Production Plant,PetroChina Daqing Oilfield Company）.NATURAL GAS EXPLORATION&DEVELOPMENT.v.39 no.4,pp.5-7，12/25/2016

ABSTRACT:Taking the carbonate reservoirs of the Lower Triassic Feixianguan Formation in Puguang gasfield as examples,we collected all parameters which may characterize reservoir heterogeneity at first.And then we optimized six parameters among them by means of factor analysis method,including porosity,permeability,displacement pressure,relative sorting coefficient, skewness coefficient,and average throat radius.Thirdly,we implemented a clustering classification for some samples which are representative of optimized parameters to divide these carbonate reservoirs of Feixianguan Formation into four kinds with strongest heterogeneity,stronger heterogeneity,medium heterogeneity,and poor heterogeneity,individually;in which 54 percent of samples represents as the reservoirs with medium heterogeneity.At last,we developed microscopic heterogeneity through discriminating analysis to identifying functions and obtained quantitative results.The obtained results are coincident to ones from clustering analysis.This classification method can provide reference for evaluating carbonate reservoirs.

KEY WORDS:Puguang gasfield,carbonate rock,microscopic heterogeneity,characterization parameter,factor analysis,clustering analysis,classification evaluation

Methods to Identify Formation Boundary Based on Logging-While-Drilling

TANG Haiquan,XIAO Hongbing,LI Cui and YANG Zhen
（Drilling Technology Research Institute,Sinopec Shengli Oilfield Service Corporation）.NATURAL GAS EXPLORATION&DEVELOPMENT.v.39 no.4,pp.8-12，12/25/2016

ABSTRACT:Logging-while-drilling data,especially logging-while-drilling azimuth data, which plays an important role in geosteering drilling,can be used to predict and judge formation boundary and azimuth,and strike of anistropic formation.In this paper,the basic structure and principle of three instruments are presented,containing logging-while-drilling electromagneticwave resistivity,logging-while-drilling azimuth detecting electromagnetic-wave resistivity,and logging-while-drilling azimuth gammy-ray.Furthermore,both influencing factors and boundary effect while these instruments pass through formation boundary are analyzed,and methods are developed to identify formation boundary by using response features of both electromagnetic-wave resistivity and azimuth gammy-ray curves.In addition,the application of logging-while-drilling electromagnetic-wave resistivity and gammy-ray imaging instruments to identifying formationboundary is also demonstrated.Results show that these two instruments detecting formation boundary can optimize the location of wellbore trajectory,decrease the risk of penetrating oil layers,and increase the drilling rate.

KEY WORDS:logging-while-drilling,logging instrument,electromagnetic-wave resistivity, azimuth gammy-ray,reservoir,boundary identification,geosteering

Application of 90°Phase-Shifting Technology to Reservoir Prediction of Maokou Formation,W Area,Eastern Sichuan Basin

XU Jiao,LUO Jing,ZHANG Liming and GONG Li
（Geophysical Prospecting Company,CNPC Chuanqing Drilling Engineering Company Limited）.NATURAL GAS EXPLORATION&DEVELOPMENT.v.39 no.4,pp.13-17，12/25/2016

ABSTRACT:In W area,eastern Sichuan Basin,more or less gas shows appeared from the Permian Maokou Formation.This formation also got higher productivity from oil test.Previous study suggests that it belongs to a fractured reservoir;however no detailed research has been implemented for the dolomites among this reservoir.Based on drilling data,the characteristics of P1m2a,the dolomite reservoir,were summarized.Furthermore,according to 3D seismic data acquired from W area,a phase shifting with different degree was attempted by means of 90°phaseshifting technology,which offers advantages on thin-layer and lithological interpretation.This shifting makes the event of seismic reflection correspond with strata,and increases an accuracy of reservoir prediction a lot.In addition,the effect of phase shifting with different degree on reservoir prediction was discussed,the difference between this technology and trace integration was analyzed.It is deemed that the 90°phase-shifting technology is suitable for interpretation of thin layers in eastern Sichuan Basin.

KEY WORDS:90°phase-shifting technology,early Permian,eastern Sichuan Basin,marine strata,thin layer,trace integration,3D seismic,reservoir prediction

Experimental Study on Producing Profile Logging for Horizontal Wells,Fuling Shale-Gas Field

QIN Yuqiao1,SHI Wenrui1,SHI Yuanhui2,ZHANG Zhihua2and GE Hua2
（1.School of Geophysics and Oil Resources，Yangtze University；2.Logging Company,Sinopec Oilfield Service Jianghan Corporation）.NATURAL GAS EXPLORATION&DEVELOPMENT.v.39 no.4,pp.18-22，12/25/2016

ABSTRACT:In Fuling gasfield,Sichuan Basin,most horizontal wells are featured by long horizontal interval and high gas production.In order to make clear the dynamical gas-producing capacity of every fractured interval,recognize the flowback pattern,determine the optimal production system,and finally realize the exploitation with low cost and high efficiency,we implemented some experiments on continuous producing profile logging and data interpretation for 25 key wells via fluid scanning imaging（FSI）logging instrument and by using drags or delivery of both optimal fiber and coiled tubing.Results show that(1)the drags or optimal fiber and coiled tubing can deliver the logging instrument to bottomhole safely and efficiently which meets the demand of logging operation;(2)for the same or similar intervals in a shale-gas well,there is a big difference of gas-producing capacity among various fractured intervals;(3)in C well,a shale-gas well,there is no flowback for fracturing fluid remaining in the strata under one production system of 20×104m3/ d whereas obviously increasing flowback further to affect a normal production under another system of 30×104m3/d.So,our study can give guidance for formulating the production system.

KEY WORDS:shale gas,horizontal well,producing profile logging,multiphase flow,delivery of both optimal fiber and coiled tubing,downhole tractor,FSI logging instrument

A Method to Evaluate Favorable Target Areas of Permian,Shenmu Gasfield,Ordos Basin

FU Xiaoyan1,2,WANG Dongxu1,2,WANG Shaofei1,2,XIA Yonghui3and JIAO Tingkui1,2

(1.Research Institute of Exploration and Development,PetroChina Changqing Oilfield Company;2.National Engineering Laboratory for Exploration and Development of Low-Permeability Oil&Gasfield,PetroChina Changqing Oilfield Company;3.Gasfield Development Department,PetroChina Changqing Oilfield Company).NATURAL GAS EXPLORATION&DEVELOPMENT.v.39 no.4,pp. 23-25，12/25/2016

ABSTRACT:There are multiple gas-bearing layers in the Permian of Shenmu gasfield,Ordos Basin.The main ones include Taiyuan Formation,Shanxi Formation,and Shihezi 8 Member.After some drilling,it is found that there are nine effective reservoirs in average,and their average thickness of 36.1 m,average porosity and permeability of 6.4%and 0.38 mD,respectively.This gasfield belongs to a typical tight lithological gas reservoir with multiple gas-bearing layers,and low porosity and permeability.To solve some difficulties in its development,a comprehensive index method to evaluate favorable target areas available for this gasfield was developed.At first, more geological parameters relative to single-layer productivity are thoroughly selected to imple-ment a match one by one,and to further analyze their weight,gain a calculation formula of singerlayer productivity index,and develop an evaluation standard for singer-layer favorable target areas.Secondly,based on gas-producing profile test,the contribution weight of productivity in different layers can be made clear,and integrated with the evaluation result on single layer,the multiple-layer productivity index may be calculate.Finally,combined to economic evaluation,the economic development boundary of comprehensive index can be determined,and the favorable target areas can be optimized.This method not only guides a high-effective and scale development for Shenmu gasfield but also gives a reference for similar gas reservoirs.

KEY WORDS:Shenmu gasfield,multiple gas-bearing layers,productivity index,weight coefficient,economic limit production,favorable target area

Dual-Phase Inflow Performance in Fractured Wells of Tight Sandstone Gas Reservoirs

SONG Li1,TAN Yong2,CUI Yongxing3,WANG Minghua4and WANG Ping4

(1.Drilling& Production Technology Research Institute,CNPC Chuanqing Drilling Engineering Company Limited;2.Drilling Fluid Technology Service Company,CNPC Chuanqing Drilling Engineering Company Limited;3.Tazhong Explorationand Development Management Department,PetroChina Tarim Oilfield Company;4.Chuanxi Drilling Company,CNPC Chuanqing Drilling Engineering Company Limited).NATURAL GAS EXPLORATION&DEVELOPMENT.v.39 no.4,pp.26-30，12/ 25/2016

ABSTRACT:In tight sandstone gas reservoirs,water may easily be produced from fractured wells due to fracture effect.So,it’s important to accurately predict the effect of inflow performance on rational proration.According to percolation features of gas-water co-producing fractured wells, percolation field can be divided into two parts of both formation and fracture.Furthermore,based on the theory of non-Darcy steady flow along with the concept of disturbance ellipse and equivalent rectangular,we developed the gas-water dual-phase pseudo pressure function taking threshold pressure gradient and stress sensitivity into consideration,deduced a deliverability equation, and finally carried out a calculation for this equation by Newton-Raphson simulation.Results show that there is just a little error between the calculated openflow potential and actually measured one.Therefore,this equation has good practicability.

KEY WORDS:tight sandstone gas reservoir,fractured well,water-producing well,inflow performance,threshold pressure gradient,stress sensitivity

Pressure Change Laws During Percolation of CBM,Qinduan Block,Qinshui Basin

ZHANG Tao and WANG Longjun

（Jinbian Oil Production Plant,Yanchang Oil Field Co., Ltd.）.NATURAL GAS EXPLORATION&DEVELOPMENT.v.39 no.4,pp.31-35，12/25/2016

ABSTRACT:For coalbed methane(CBM),previous study often focused on the adsorption characteristics and desorption mechanism,and ignored the percolation mechanism during its drainage and recovery.So,we explored percolation mechanism of CBM,developed a basic differential equation mode of non-steady flow for elastic porous medium single-phase compressible gas, derived mathematical models of both constant pressure boundary and impermeable boundary,and finally obtained pressure distribution laws during percolation.In addition,for the No.3 CBM of Lower Permian Shanxi Formation and the No.15 CBM of Upper Carboniferous in Qinduan block, Qinshui Basin,their permeability-pressure laws were determined.Furthermore,through modification of constant pressure boundary and impermeable boundary pressure distribution formula,the elastic non-steady percoloation laws suitable for CBM in this block were gained,which could provide reliable theoretical foundation for unstable well testing,be used to define CBM parameters or formation pressure,and give important data for the design and performance analysis of CBM development.

KEY WORDS:Qinduan block,CBM,percolation mechanism,basic differential equation of gas seepage,pressure distribution laws,bounded confining stratum,circular constant-pressure outer boundary

Application of Deconvolution Well Testing Interpretation to Low-Permeability Gas Reservoirs

DENG Hui1,ZENG Lingzhuo2,XU Wei1,YANG Liu1,LI Mingqiu1and YAO Hongyu1(1.Exploration and Development Research Institute,PetroChina Southwest Oil and Gasfield Company; 2.Development Department,PetroChina Southwest Oil and Gasfield Company).NATURAL GAS EXPLORATION&DEVELOPMENT.v.39 no.4,pp.36-39，12/25/2016

ABSTRACT:Due to short shut-in time in development of low-permeability gas reservoirs, most acquired data is hard to reflect the reservoir characteristics and boundary condition.So,a method of deconvolution well testing interpretation is proposed.In this paper,the basic principle and application scope of this method are illustrated,and its application to low-permeability gas reservoirs is also analyzed.Results show that it can successfully solve some problems such as short shut-in time,limited testing data,difficulty in obtaining accurate reservoir parameters,especiallyan obvious effect in precisely identifying boundary or calculating well-controlled reserves.

KEY WORDS:low-permeability gas reservoir,short shut-in time,limitation,deconvolution, well testing,closed boundary

Optimizing Production System of Plunger Gas Lift for Water-Producing Wells

DANG Xiaofeng,Lv Yuhai,CHEN Hu and LIU Yang

（No.1 Gas Production Plant,PetroChina Changqing Oilfield Company）.NATURAL GAS EXPLORATION&DEVELOPMENT.v.39 no.4,pp.40-43，12/25/2016

ABSTRACT:Plunger gas lift is one technology which can raise lift efficiency by using the solid interface formed through a plunger between gas and liquid in pipeline to reduce gas channeling and liquid falling back.A rational production system determines directly the drainage effect of plunger gas lift.Three common methods such as system,time and pressure optimization ones are used in fields to optimize production system.However,the first method has the problem of time consuming;and the others have disadvantages of complicated calculation,large error,and low efficiency,because they demand the technology of gathering and transportation,and the comprehensive analysis and calculation of casing pressure,liquid-loading height,shut-in time,and plunger upward speed for fine adjustment.Based on reasonably dividing the operational stages of plunger, analyzing and optimizing the operation parameters,we summarize an optimization method for loading-factor calculation in every stage of production system of plunger gas lift.And good results of field application have been achieved.

KEY WORDS:water-producing well,plunger gas lift,production system,stage analysis,loading factor,system optimization

Countermeasures Against Production Management of Horizontal Wells in Tight Sandstone Gas Reservoirs

JIN Daquan,YANG Zhilun,ZHANG Chunyu,CHEN Qiwen and ZHANG Chun
(No.4 Gas Production Plant,PetroChina Changqing Oilfield Company).NATURAL GAS EXPLORATION& DEVELOPMENT.v.39 no.4,pp.44-47，12/25/2016

ABSTRACT:As the key reservoirs in Sulige gasfield,the Permian Shihezi 8 Member and Shanxi 1 Member belong to tight sandstone gas reservoirs.Presently,horizontal wells are the major method of development and the main production ones.However,these kinds of wells have some problems such as rapid decline in pressure and output,wellbore liquid loading at low-yield stages,and management difficulties.So,based on the research of the pressure,output and liquid-loading law of horizontal wells,some countermeasures of“reasonable control of pressure drop,low production allocation,and long-term stable yield”are made,and the parameter configuration of downhole throttler,drainage gas recovery technology and intermittence system are optimized.With these measures,the pressure drop and sand production can be effectively controlled;moreover,the continuous and stable production time should be extended.As a result,the coincidence rate of production allocation of throttler is improved by 17%.At the same time of reducing the intermittent switching frequency,and the dosage and injection frequency of foaming agent for horizontal wells with liquid loading,the wellbore liquid loading can be discharged,and the well-opening period is also prolonged,resulting in significant improvement of production efficiency.

KEY WORDS:Sulige gasfield,tight sandstone gas reservoir,horizontal well,low pressure low production,wellbore liquid loading,production management,technical countermeasure

Progress in Drainage Gas Recovery Technologies and Management Countermeasures for Sulige Gasfield

ZHANG Chun,JIN Daquan,LI Shuanghui and ZHANG Jinbo
(No.4 Gas Production Plant, PetroChina Changqing Oilfield Company).NATURAL GAS EXPLORATION&DEVELOPMENT. v.39 no.4,pp.48-52，12/25/2016

ABSTRACT:Sulige gasfield is a typical one characterized by low yield,low pressure,and low abundance.The production rate and pressure decreased rapidly with deficient capability of fluid carrying in some wells after putting into production.Along with the continued development,many liquid-loading gas wells increased yearly and up to 60%of the total numbers of wells.A contradiction between productivity ensuring and liquid-loading problem solving is getting more and more serious.In this study,drainage gas recovery technologies were applied to 6 blocks including Su 6 and Su 36-11 in central Sulige gasfield.Some technologies including foam drainage,velocity string,plunger gas lift,and restoring production by gas lift were analyzed in terms of their progress,applicability,implementation effect,and process evaluation.As the result,the drainage gas recovery technologies suitable for different production phases were determined,and their workflows established.The accumulative increases in gas production over the years exceeded 7×108m3.Formed by application evaluation,the serial technologies of drainage gas recovery for low-pressure and low-yield wells can provide guidance for the development and management of water-producing gas wells in Sulige gasfield.

KEY WORDS:Sulige gasfield,drainage gas recovery,foam drainage,velocity string,plunger gas lift,restoring production by gas lift,applicability analysis

Evaluation of Fracturing-Fluid Damage for Permeability in Coal Seam,Liulin Area,Ordos Basin

GAO Xiang
（No.7 Oil Production Plant,PetroChina Daqing Oilfield）.NATURAL GAS EXPLORATION&DEVELOPMENT.v.39 no.4,pp53-56.，12/25/2016

ABSTRACT:Fracturing stimulation is one of the key tools for CBM development.In Liulin area, Ordos Basin,most coal seams are characterized by low reservoir pressure,permeability,porosity, and gas saturation,and strong adsorbability.By using short-core(temporary plugging)acidizing flow meter,some evaluation on the core permeability damage of coal rocks caused by fracturing fluid with active water,linear gel,gel,and clean fracturing fluid was carried out.Result shows that the active water has the minimum level of damage which is 9.82%to the core permeability;meanwhile,the damage level of the clean fracturing fluid is 43.49%,81%for the gel and gel breaking fracturing fluid,and 89.3%for the linear gel one,individually.Therefore,their damage levels to coal bed are,in order,active water＜clean fracturing fluid＜gel and gel breaking fluid＜leaner gel.The selected active-water fracturing fluid was applied to 10 wells,resulting in the maximum sand ratio no more than 30%,and the average sand ratio of 15%in single well.That means its sand-carrying capacity can meet the requirement of fracturing operation.The success rate is approximately 100%.

KEY WORDS:CBM,permeability,fracturingfluid,activewater,damageevaluation,application

Application of Self-Diverting Acid System to Zhao 51 Block,Sulige Gasfield

CHEN Ruoming1,WANG Sukai1,ZHENG Kexiang1,YIN Fuliang2and RAN Zhaohui3
(1.Drilling Engineering Technology Research Institute,CNPC Xibu Drilling Engineering Company Limited;2.Engineering Technology Company,PetroChina Xinjiang Oilfield Company;3.Sulige Gasfield Project Management Team,CNPC Xibu Drilling Engineering Company Limited).NATURAL GAS EXPLORATION&DEVELOPMENT.v.39 no.4,pp.56-58，12/25/2016

ABSTRACT:In Zhao 51 block,Sulige gasfield,the Lower Paleozoic Ordovician Majiagou Formation is one with complicated lithologies dominated by carbonates interbedded with evaporites.It is a typical“three-low”reservoir of low porosity,low permeability,and low pressure.Conventional acid system has the problems of overquick etching reaction,short operating range of fractureacidizing,and uneven improvement of high-and low-permeability reservoir,resulting in inefficient acid fracturing.So,a new system of surfactant self-diverting acid is developed.At 90℃,the viscosity of residual acid of this system is over 150 mPa·s;gel breaking occurs automatically when acid encounters oil and gas in formation;and the viscosity of flowback fluid is less than 5 mPa·s. The acid system was applied to a well in Zhao 51 block showing evident diverting effect.The gas testing production reached 6×104m3/d,which increased 2 times compared with adjacent well just adopting conventional acid fracturing.That is the highest record of acid fracturing production of single well in this block.

KEY WORDS:Sulige gasfield,Zhao 51 block,carbonate rock,acid fracturing,self-diverting acid,application

Staged Fracturing Using Cementing Sliding Sleeve for Horizontal Wells in Tight Sandstone Gas Reservoirs

SHEN Beibei
（Engineering and Technology Research Institute,Sinopec North China Company）.NATURAL GAS EXPLORATION&DEVELOPMENT.v.39 no.4,pp.59-63，12/25/2016

ABSTRACT:Daniudi gasfield of Ordos Basin is a typical tight sandstone gas reservoir with low porosity and permeability.Horizontal well with staged fracturing is the key technology for economical and efficient development.In order to solve the problems of uncontrollable fracture starting position and the secondary fracturing difficulties during open-hole packer staged fracturing, we analyzed the applicability of cementing sliding sleeve staged fracturing technology.This study describes the operation principle,tool sets,and characteristics.Moreover,we carried out field application and after-fracturing analysis.Results show that the technology not only can realize fixed-point fracturing,but also has high efficiency with fracturing completed for 10 intervals in one day.Furthermore,adopting annular fracturing,it has advantages of low friction of operation, good performance of tools,and high success ratio of fracturing.It is worth to be popularized to Daniudi gasfield or other tight reservoirs.

KEY WORDS:Daniudi gasfield,tight sandstone reservoir,horizontal well,cementing sliding sleeve,coiled tubing,staged fracturing

Application of KCl Polysulfonate Drilling-Fluid System to Horizontal Wells,Yanchang Gasfield

ZHANG Yongli1,2,WU Gaoxiang2,WANG Yandong2,ZHANG Fei2and WU Beibei2

(1. Xi’an Shiyou University;2.Oil and Gas Exploitation Company,Shaanxi Yanchang Petroleum（Group）Co.,Ltd.）.NATURAL GAS EXPLORATION&DEVELOPMENT.v.39 no.4,pp.64-67，12/25/2016

ABSTRACT:Most gas reservoirs in Ordos Basin are mainly sandstone ones with low porosity and permeability.Horizontal-well technology is usually adopted to enlarge drainage area,explore full potential of reservoir,increase single-well production,and further improve development benefits.Horizontal-well drilling for Yanchang gasfield began in 2011.But,many complicated accidents such as lost circulation and borehole collapse often occurred.Along with the long period and high cost of drilling,the development benefits were not obvious.According to the analysis on geology,engineering condition,and drilling-fluid technical difficulties,aiming at the problems of borehole instability and lost circulation,we compared the inhibition and plugging property of polysulfonate drilling fluid with those of KCl polysulfonate drilling fluid.Results show that the latter possesses the better inhibition and plugging property.Field application to two wells also indicates that the KCl polysulfonate drilling-fluid system has the advantages of prevention of collapse and lost circulation.This system may shorten drilling period,avoid complicated accidents, and bring about obvious economical benefits.

KEY WORDS:Yanchang gasfield,formation,easy collapse and lost circulation,KCl polysulfonate drilling-fluid system,borehole stability,lost circulation prevention,plugging

Elastic-Plastic Cement Slurry System for Tight Sandstone Reservoirs and Its Application to E’nan Oilfield

YANG Dazu and LIU Yongsheng
（Engineering and Technology Research Institute,Sinopec North China Company）.NATURAL GAS EXPLORATION&DEVELOPMENT.v.39 no.4,pp.68-71，12/25/ 2016

ABSTRACT:Most reservoirs in E'nan oilfield belong to tight sandstone ones with low porosity and permeability.Horizontal-well casing cementation and completion along with large-scale fracturing are generally adopted to realize their effective development.In order to improve the capability of cement sheath bearing an impact force from large-scale fracturing and maintain the integrity of cement sheath,not only the excellent toughness but also the good elastoplasticity of cement stone are required.Thus,the MFR,an elastic-plastic material,is developed,and its performance tested.Based on the laboratory test,the optimum rational dosage of MFR is 1%～3%.The formula of elastic-plastic cement slurry system is optimized.As the result,cement stone in this formula has the properties of suitable elastic modulus and high bending strength(with fracturetoughness increased by 44.8%),and can meet the demands of horizontal-well cementation.This cement slurry system has been applied to 139.7 mm production casing in HH73P92 well,testing result of VDL shows a high cementing quality.

KEY WORDS:tight reservoir,horizontal well,well cementation,elastoplasticity,cement slurry system

Application Scenarios of Big Data in City Gas Industry

YANG Huan
(Chengdu City Gas Co.,Ltd.).NATURAL GAS EXPLORATION&DEVELOPMENT.v.39 no.4,pp.72-75，12/25/2016

楊桓，1992年生，助理工程師；主要從事油氣儲運和城市燃氣的研究。地址：（610041）成都市武侯區(qū)少陵路19號。電話：18628193367。E-mail：85472711@qq.com