林 海,楊光友
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人和動(dòng)物的類圓線蟲病
林海,楊光友
四川農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)動(dòng)物醫(yī)學(xué)院,溫江611130
四川省科技支撐計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(2014SZ0132)資助
摘要:類圓線蟲病是一種被忽視的寄生蟲病,呈全球性分布,人和動(dòng)物均可發(fā)生。該病嚴(yán)重危害人和動(dòng)物的健康,尤其是糞類圓線蟲在人體免疫力和抵抗力下降時(shí)大量繁殖,向全身各器官擴(kuò)散,造成嚴(yán)重的后果。本文對類圓線蟲的生物學(xué)和致病性等研究進(jìn)展進(jìn)行了綜述,主要包括流行病學(xué)、致病性、分子生物學(xué)、診斷和防治等。
關(guān)鍵詞:類圓線蟲病;流行病學(xué);致病性;分子生物學(xué);診斷
類圓線蟲病(Strongyloidiasis)是由桿形目(Rhabditida)、類圓科(Strongyloididae)、類圓屬(Strongyloides)的線蟲寄生于人和動(dòng)物體內(nèi)所引起的疾病。該病嚴(yán)重危害人類和動(dòng)物的健康,尤其當(dāng)人體免疫水平下降時(shí),糞類圓線蟲大量繁殖,向全身各器官擴(kuò)散,引起人的重度感染,甚至造成人的死亡。目前報(bào)道的類圓屬線蟲已達(dá)50多種,可感染哺乳類、爬行類、鳥類和兩棲類動(dòng)物[1]。其中,對人和動(dòng)物危害最嚴(yán)重的種類有:糞類圓線蟲(Strongyloidesstercoralis)、福氏類圓線蟲(Strongyloidesfuelleborni)、乳突類圓線蟲(Strongyloidespapillosus)和蘭氏類圓線蟲(Strongyloidesransomi)[2-3]。本文主要概述這4種類圓線蟲的研究進(jìn)展。
1形態(tài)與生物學(xué)
寄生期雌蟲主要寄生于宿主的小腸前部的黏膜下層(十二指腸和空腸前端),體長約為2~3 mm,具絲狀食道。自由生活世代的雄蟲和雌蟲具有桿狀食道,蟲體均較小(體長小于2 mm),雄蟲有交合刺、引器和副引器等輔助生殖器官。雌蟲的陰門根據(jù)蟲種不同,可位于蟲體腹部、中部或后部。蟲卵呈短橢圓形,薄殼,內(nèi)含幼蟲[4-7]。
4種類圓線蟲的生活史均為世代交替,寄生于人體及動(dòng)物小腸內(nèi)的雌蟲營孤雌生殖。生活周期分為兩部分:直接發(fā)育和間接發(fā)育[8-9]。直接發(fā)育型:蟲卵隨人及動(dòng)物的糞便排出,在外界孵出第1期幼蟲(稱為桿蟲型幼蟲或桿狀蚴),然后直接發(fā)育為具有感染性的第3期幼蟲(稱為絲蟲型幼蟲或絲狀蚴),經(jīng)皮膚侵入宿主,最后在小腸粘膜發(fā)育為成蟲。間接發(fā)育型:在適宜的外界環(huán)境下,第1期桿蟲型幼蟲經(jīng)4次蛻皮,在48 h內(nèi)發(fā)育為自由生活的雌蟲和雄蟲,性成熟后交配產(chǎn)卵,卵孵出桿狀蚴,經(jīng)蛻皮發(fā)育為下一代成蟲[10-11]。
2流行病學(xué)
2.1糞類圓線蟲糞類圓線蟲主要寄生于人、靈長類動(dòng)物以及犬和貓等也可感染。主要分布于熱帶和亞熱帶地區(qū)(包括非洲,大洋洲、拉丁美洲,東南亞,歐洲東部和中部)[12-13]。全世界大約有30~100百萬人感染糞類圓線蟲,但其流行情況似被低估[3,14-15]。
非洲地區(qū)該蟲感染率從中非共和國的0.1%到加蓬的91.8%[16];澳大利亞該蟲感染率為15%[17]。在拉丁美洲,秘魯、阿根廷、哥倫比亞和巴西該蟲感染率分別為75.3%、52.8%、56.2%和13%[18-20]。東南亞是糞類圓線蟲重要流行地區(qū)之一,老撾人群感染率為26.2%,孟加拉人群感染率為29.8%,泰國人群感染率為23.7%[21]。該病主要發(fā)生在經(jīng)濟(jì)和衛(wèi)生條件差的發(fā)展中國家,在發(fā)達(dá)國家極少發(fā)生[22]。但近年來,由于越來越多的移民者、旅游者和難民涌入發(fā)達(dá)國家,其病例呈上升趨勢[23]。
我國1996年調(diào)查顯示,有26個(gè)省(市、區(qū))查到糞類圓線蟲感染者,全國平均感染率為0.122%,主要流行在東南部及南部地區(qū),感染率最高的是海南省(1.709 %)[24]。地處黃河下游黃泛區(qū)的山東省博興縣,1999年該蟲感染率為1.29%(11/854),無明顯性別及年齡差異[25]。2007年有報(bào)道云南省勐海縣居民該蟲感染率為11.60%(33/283),遠(yuǎn)高于1996年全國平均水平[26]。
2.2福氏類圓線蟲福氏類圓線蟲主要感染靈長類動(dòng)物,但在非洲也是人體內(nèi)的常見寄生蟲。在非洲的新幾內(nèi)亞(New Guinea)也有該蟲(Strongyloides fuelleborni kelleyi)的人體感染病例報(bào)道。在新幾內(nèi)亞,小孩的感染率為20%~100%,成年人感染率為5%~20%[27],克納比周邊地區(qū)5歲齡小孩的感染率為27%(48/179)[28]。
靈長類動(dòng)物易感染福氏類圓線蟲,在坦桑尼亞的馬哈勒山脈地區(qū),黑猩猩的感染率為40%(161/403)[29]。成都、北京和廣州等21個(gè)城市的動(dòng)物園靈長類動(dòng)物福氏類圓線蟲感染率:環(huán)尾狐猴2.16%(3/139)、白眉長臂猿7.14%(1/14)、白頰長臂猿7.02%(4/57)和黑猩猩3.77%(2/53)[30]。福建省某實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物中心的獼猴該蟲的感染率達(dá)33.3%(36/108),為體內(nèi)主要的寄生蟲[31]。
2.3蘭氏類圓線蟲蘭氏類圓線蟲主要寄生于豬小腸黏膜內(nèi),是引起仔豬腹瀉的重要病原。流行地區(qū)包括印度、肯尼亞和中國等熱帶和亞熱帶地區(qū)。在印度,梅加拉亞邦地區(qū)豬的平均感染率為17.45%(413/2 370)[32];那加蘭邦地區(qū)豬的感染率為10%(8/80)[33]??夏醽喌牟嘉鱽喌貐^(qū)豬的感染率為37%(113/306)[34],遠(yuǎn)高于內(nèi)羅畢和尼揚(yáng)扎省地區(qū)4.3%(5/115)的感染率[35]。在我國,該蟲分布于河北、四川和江西等16個(gè)省區(qū)[36]。廣西規(guī)模化豬場該蟲感染率為2.26%(39/1 726)、9.11(76/834),而散養(yǎng)戶豬群感染率為7.03%(91/1295)[37-38]。河南省規(guī)模化豬場的該蟲感染率5.15%(52/1 010)、5.45%(61/1 119)[39-40];江西省8個(gè)市區(qū)的規(guī)?;i場,該蟲的平均感染率為2.73%(35/1301)[41]。
2.4乳突類圓線蟲乳突類圓線蟲(Strongyloides papillosus)主要寄生于綿羊、山羊、黃牛、鹿、麝等家養(yǎng)及野生反芻動(dòng)物的小腸黏膜內(nèi)。本蟲種呈世界性分布,在我國分布于青海、四川和福建等27個(gè)省區(qū)[36],是危害我國草食動(dòng)物的重要蟲種。
湖南常德濱湖水牛該蟲感染率40%(12/30)[42];安徽省某奶牛場該蟲感染率為3.6%(29/814)[43]。湖南湘西山羊該蟲感染率51%(258/506)[44];河北邯鄲集約化羊養(yǎng)殖場該蟲感染率為3.9%(7/179),放牧散養(yǎng)羊群的感染率為27%(51/189)[45];北京房山絨山羊的感染率為36.9%(369/1 000)[46]。
在四川人工飼養(yǎng)的林麝中,曾報(bào)道林麝乳突類圓線蟲感染率可達(dá)55.6%(130/232),其中育成麝高達(dá)93.3%(42/45)[47]。
3致病性
3.1糞類圓線蟲急性感染:在接觸糞類圓線蟲幼蟲幾分鐘后,絲狀蚴鉆入皮膚,引起瘙癢。在24 h后,在絲狀蚴鉆入皮膚的位置出現(xiàn)水腫、蕁麻疹和出血點(diǎn)。侵入皮膚的絲狀蚴數(shù)量多及患者敏感性高會(huì)加強(qiáng)病癥。此外,低燒,輕微的不適和嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞增多等癥狀會(huì)持續(xù)幾天。約1周后,幼蟲移行到肺部和支氣管時(shí),可使肺泡出血、細(xì)支氣管炎性浸潤,通常表現(xiàn)為過敏性支氣管炎、小葉性肺炎或哮喘。3周過后,幼蟲進(jìn)入腸腺窩,往往形成慢性病,此階段可不出現(xiàn)癥狀。有臨床癥狀的患者表現(xiàn)為空腹痛,痙攣,間歇性腹瀉,便秘和厭食[48-49]。
慢性感染:慢性感染臨通常無癥狀。有臨床癥狀者主要表現(xiàn)為腹痛,胃灼熱,消化不良,惡心嘔吐,厭食,腹瀉和體重減輕,胸痛,咳嗽,呼吸困難,蕁麻疹等。當(dāng)成蟲寄生于腸黏膜,引起炎癥反應(yīng)和腸黏膜組織的損害,造成卡他性腸炎,嚴(yán)重時(shí)為水腫性腸炎[50]。若寄生于膽道或肝內(nèi),則可引起肝腫大、右上腹痛、發(fā)熱等類似膽道感染表現(xiàn)。糞類圓線蟲感染可引起肥厚性幽門狹窄,引起幽門狹窄[51]。
重度感染:多數(shù)糞類圓線蟲感染早期都是無癥狀或癥狀輕微,可長期與宿主相安共處,其發(fā)病與機(jī)體免疫功能密切相關(guān)。當(dāng)機(jī)體因其他疾病,先天性免疫缺陷或長期大劑量使用激素和免疫抑制劑,致免疫力和抵抗力明顯下降時(shí),寄生于小腸的糞類圓線蟲即趁機(jī)大量產(chǎn)卵,孵出桿狀蚴,桿狀蚴迅速發(fā)育為絲狀蚴,大量的蟲體在體內(nèi)移行,在全身各器官中擴(kuò)散,引起自身重度感染[52-53]。絲狀蚴隨糞便排出時(shí),可從腸粘膜再次侵入,使其反復(fù)自體感染,且蟲體移行過程中,可將腸道病原菌帶入血液,而引起機(jī)體繼發(fā)性感染,造成機(jī)體呼吸道和消化道諸多癥狀(如咳血、呼吸困難、麻痹性腸梗阻和全身中毒癥狀等)[54-55]。國內(nèi)也有糞類圓線蟲移行過程中侵染顱腦的病例報(bào)道,糞類圓線蟲侵入顱腦,引起顱內(nèi)高壓,患出現(xiàn)頭痛、頭暈、頸硬和劇烈嘔吐等癥狀[56]。
糖尿病、干燥綜合征及HIV等疾病患者,長期口服激素及免疫抑制劑治療,使機(jī)體呈免疫抑制狀態(tài),為蟲體生長繁殖提供機(jī)會(huì),此時(shí)糞類圓線蟲大量繁殖,引發(fā)了重度播散性自身感染,最終導(dǎo)致患者死亡[57-60]。
李友松等(2003)[5]曾報(bào)道,人糞類圓線蟲重度感染合并糖尿病致死的病例?;颊哂捎谔悄虿。L期大量使用激素類藥物,致自身免疫功能低下,最終導(dǎo)致糞類圓線蟲的大量自身感染,同時(shí)糞類圓線蟲的重度感染,加快了病情的惡化與機(jī)體功能的衰竭,最終出現(xiàn)不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的危害。HTLV-1和HIV等疾病造成機(jī)體免疫力下降,大大增加了糞類圓線蟲重度感染的幾率,同時(shí)重度感染也加快了病情的惡化,最終導(dǎo)致機(jī)體多器官功能衰竭而死亡[61-62]。
重度糞類圓線蟲對機(jī)體危害極大,如果不及時(shí)采取治療,死亡率可達(dá)100%[63-64]。
3.2福氏類圓線蟲人感染福氏類圓線蟲通常表現(xiàn)為厭食、腹瀉、 惡心嘔吐、排稀便,生理檢測為嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞增多,IgE水平升高[65]。嬰兒感染福氏類圓線蟲,臨床表現(xiàn)為腹部腫脹、呼吸困難、輕度腹瀉和間歇性嘔吐等癥狀,同時(shí)血清蛋白水平急劇下降、血紅蛋白水平偏低和嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞增多,治療不及時(shí),可致嬰兒死亡[28]。
黑猩猩感染福氏類圓線蟲,臨床表現(xiàn)為腹瀉、精神倦怠、消瘦和強(qiáng)咳嗽[29]。
3.3蘭氏類圓線蟲蘭氏類圓線蟲主要寄生于豬體內(nèi),可經(jīng)口和皮膚感染,幼蟲鉆入皮膚時(shí),造成皮膚水腫。幼蟲在組織器官移行過程中造成組織器官的損害,(如肺部出血,肺泡隔增厚,肺不張等問題)[66-67]。仔豬感染蘭氏類圓線蟲臨床癥狀為食欲減退、消瘦、腹瀉、排黑色稀便,偶有咳嗽,剖解可見腹腔液及心包液增多,胃有潰瘍,胃粘膜下輕度水腫[68-69]。
3.4乳突類圓線蟲乳突類圓線蟲主要寄生于草食動(dòng)物,其寄生和移行過程都對宿主造成很大損害[70]。
動(dòng)物感染乳突類圓線蟲后常出現(xiàn)腹瀉、貧血、厭食、被毛枯黃、體態(tài)消瘦等臨床癥狀,有時(shí)會(huì)引起動(dòng)物的麻痹性腸梗阻[71-72],剖解可見其肺和腸道出血嚴(yán)重,肝臟多紫紅淤血、質(zhì)地變脆、十二指腸和空腸發(fā)生炎癥、可見出血點(diǎn)、水腫和糜爛等[73-74],有些動(dòng)物還會(huì)出現(xiàn)共濟(jì)失調(diào),昏迷及眼球震顫等神經(jīng)癥狀[75-76]。
4分子生物學(xué)
4.1分子遺傳類圓線蟲雖寄生宿主不同,但SSU rDNA基因序列分析表明,屬內(nèi)各蟲種之間關(guān)系緊密[77]。
福氏類圓線蟲(非洲狒狒株、日本猴株和坦桑尼亞猩猩株)和糞類圓線蟲(人株、狒狒株和狗株)的18SrRNA(HVR-Ⅳ)序列和COX1序列的分析結(jié)果顯示:福氏類圓線蟲存在3個(gè)地理分支,與宿主無相關(guān)性;糞類圓線蟲存在兩個(gè)宿主分支(狗和靈長類動(dòng)物),與地理分布無關(guān)。福氏類圓線蟲由于地理分布不同而形成亞種分化,而由于近年來人的遷徙活動(dòng),使糞類圓線蟲分布呈全球化趨勢[65]。
4.2線粒體基因組糞類圓線蟲的線粒體基因組大小為13 758 bp,含有36個(gè)基因(編碼12個(gè)蛋白質(zhì),22 trns和2 rrns),但缺少atp8基因,其22 trns和2 rrns基因的二級結(jié)構(gòu)與其他線蟲相似,trnR轉(zhuǎn)錄翻譯常以TTT作為起始密碼子,GCG作為反密碼子。糞類圓線蟲線粒體的基因排序與已報(bào)道的其他線蟲均不同,僅有兩個(gè)相同排序的基因段(atp6-nad2和cox2-rrnL)[78]。
4.3基因組糞類圓線蟲基因組大小為43 Mb,包含13 114個(gè)基因,基因組序列含有21 058內(nèi)含子(占基因組全部序列的9.4%),其內(nèi)含子明顯少于自由生活的秀麗隱桿線蟲(Caenorhabditiselegans)和處于進(jìn)化枝Ⅰ,Ⅲ和Ⅴ的寄生線蟲[79]。
4.4轉(zhuǎn)錄組糞類圓線蟲7個(gè)發(fā)育階段(自由世代的雌蟲、自由世代的一期幼蟲、自由世代的三期幼蟲、感染性三期幼蟲、寄生期一期幼蟲、寄生世代三期幼蟲、寄生期雌蟲)的RNA序列包含了23.6億reads,其中74%與糞類圓線蟲基因組重疊群相匹配[80]。
糞類圓線蟲三期幼蟲轉(zhuǎn)錄組有253 266(82 490 223bp)個(gè)短序列,已確定8 037個(gè)假定蛋白[81-82],其中3 759個(gè)假定蛋白與人蛋白有相似性。分泌-排泄蛋白是寄生蟲與宿主之間內(nèi)在關(guān)系的關(guān)鍵[83],在假定蛋白中,有331個(gè)(4.12%)為分泌-排泄蛋白,分析預(yù)測出了幾個(gè)治療糞類圓線蟲三期幼蟲的靶標(biāo),包括磷酸甘油酸鹽變位酶,谷氨酸合成酶,異檸檬酸裂解酶和醇脫氫酶。
糞類圓線蟲DNA微陣列分析顯示:其三期幼蟲和一期幼蟲之間的基因表達(dá)存在差異,一期幼蟲基因大多參與轉(zhuǎn)錄表達(dá),而三期幼蟲基因傾向于熱休克蛋白(如hsp-90)和免疫反應(yīng)性物質(zhì)(如SsIR和NIE)的表達(dá)[84]。
5蛋白組學(xué)
糞類圓線蟲三期幼蟲經(jīng)胰蛋白酶消化處理后得到26個(gè)蛋白。胰蛋白酶短消化得到13種表面蛋白,其中細(xì)胞骨架結(jié)構(gòu)蛋白中肌動(dòng)蛋白的含量最高,其他蛋白包括代謝酶類(如琥珀酸脫氫酶)和核蛋白同源物(如組蛋白2A),免疫反應(yīng)性蛋白IgG和IgE也在短消化后得到。胰蛋白酶長消化得到了Hsp70、ATP-合酶、鳥嘌呤核酸結(jié)合蛋白G等。經(jīng)洗滌劑萃取后還可得到檸檬酸合成酶、烯醇酶、胍基磷酸轉(zhuǎn)移酶和組蛋白4[85]。糞類圓線蟲轉(zhuǎn)錄組和蛋白組的研究成果,有助于了解宿主與寄生蟲間的相互作用關(guān)系。
6診斷
6.1病原學(xué)診斷人糞類圓線蟲病可通過在新鮮糞便或痰液中查見桿狀蚴或絲狀蚴進(jìn)行診斷。直接涂片法檢出率較低,可用離心沉淀法或沉淀法檢查糞便、痰液和嘔吐物中的病原體,也可以采用貝爾曼法檢測患者糞便[86-87],瓊脂糖平板培養(yǎng)法也是一種高效的診斷方法,可用于群體調(diào)查[88]。動(dòng)物類圓線蟲病的診斷主要是采用漂浮法檢查新鮮糞便內(nèi)的蟲卵。
6.2免疫學(xué)診斷免疫診斷主要為抗體檢測(間接ELISA、免疫熒光抗體試驗(yàn)、免疫印跡法、熒光素酶免疫沉淀反應(yīng)系統(tǒng)等)、抗原檢測和免疫復(fù)合物檢測[2]。Van Doorn (2007)用糞類圓線蟲幼蟲作為抗原,建立了侵染棒法,檢測血清中IgG, 此技術(shù)操作簡單且需要的抗原量少,此方法用來診斷類圓線蟲病其敏感性和特異性達(dá)91%和98%。同時(shí),他用糞類圓線蟲的體細(xì)胞抗原建立的ELISA檢測方法,特異性達(dá)到了97%,運(yùn)用此方法研發(fā)的免疫診斷商品試劑盒IVD-ELISA,其敏感性和特異性達(dá)到了91%和99%[89-90]。免疫熒光抗體試驗(yàn)(IFAT)技術(shù)被廣泛用于檢測患者血清中的抗體,以此來診斷疾病。最近研究表明,IFAT與其他4種血清學(xué)試驗(yàn)相比,顯示出更高的敏感性,此方法還可以定量的檢測抗體滴定度[91]。干血斑抗體酶聯(lián)免疫吸附試驗(yàn)(ELISA),只需要很少量的血液就可以完成檢測,試驗(yàn)的敏感性和特異性分別為85.7%和88.9%,此方法在大規(guī)模檢測糞類圓線蟲病時(shí)具有很大優(yōu)勢[92]。近年來,熒光素酶免疫沉淀反應(yīng)系統(tǒng)也被用于診斷類圓線蟲病,其試驗(yàn)的敏感性和特異性高達(dá)97%和100%,與絲蟲病沒有交叉反應(yīng)[93]。
6.3分子診斷技術(shù)PCR方法主要以18Sr DNA、ITS1和28S RNA為目的基因進(jìn)行擴(kuò)增檢測,其特異性都達(dá)到了100%[94-95]。RT-PCR用于柬埔寨218名在校學(xué)生糞樣的檢測時(shí)靈敏度和特異性分別為88.9%和92.7%[96]。
18Sr DNA和Cox1基因序列可鑒別糞類圓線蟲和福氏類圓線蟲[97],且15種類圓線蟲的32個(gè)不同蟲株可通過18SrDNA序列的4個(gè)高變區(qū)(HVR-Ⅰ至HVR-Ⅳ)進(jìn)行互相鑒別[98]。改良糞類圓線蟲DNA提取方法,采用PCR技術(shù)檢測17個(gè)糞類圓線蟲陽性樣品,檢測率為100%,具有很高的靈敏度和特異性[99]。
7免疫預(yù)防
糞類圓線蟲的蟲體蛋白能引起小鼠IgG免疫反應(yīng),用免疫產(chǎn)生的IgG蛋白免疫小鼠后,減蟲率可達(dá)83%[100]。糞類圓線蟲感染者血清中的IgG經(jīng)純化后免疫小鼠,可減少小鼠體內(nèi)76%的糞類圓線蟲幼蟲[101]。糞類圓線蟲抗原(Ss-TMY-1、Ss-EAT-6 和 Ss-LEC-5)和高免疫原性抗原(Ss-NIE-1和 Ss-IR)免疫小鼠,結(jié)果顯示(Ss-IR)免疫性最高,可作為潛在的疫苗[102]。
乳突類圓線蟲人工免疫主要采用Co604000倫琴(R)、20 000倫琴和40 000倫琴照射其絲狀幼蟲及用絲狀幼蟲的凍融提取物經(jīng)一次和二次免疫接種家兔,照射組和抗原組的兔子對乳突類圓線蟲都有一定的免疫力,且Co60照射致弱蟲苗免疫性優(yōu)于抗原提取物,其中40000倫琴照射致弱蟲苗二次免疫的效果最好[103]。
8結(jié)語
隨著生活水平的提高,飼養(yǎng)寵物及外出旅游的人數(shù)增多,導(dǎo)致糞類圓線蟲感染的機(jī)會(huì)增加。近年,我國艾滋病患者不斷增多及其他疾病伴發(fā)糞類圓線蟲病的患者也較常見,且這一類患者自身免疫水平和抵抗力低下,易引起糞類圓線蟲的重度感染,嚴(yán)重威脅人們的生命健康。在我國靈長類動(dòng)物中還存在福氏類圓線蟲的感染與流行。同時(shí),乳突類圓線蟲和蘭氏類圓線蟲對家養(yǎng)動(dòng)物的危害也較嚴(yán)重。因此,今后應(yīng)該重視這類寄生蟲的監(jiān)測與防控,以確保人體與動(dòng)物健康。
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DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-2694.2016.05.012 tropica, 2013, 126(2): 89-92.10. 1016/j. actatropica. 2012. 12. 012
通訊作者:楊光友,Email:guangyou1963@aliyun.com
中圖分類號:R383
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼:A
文章編號:1002-2694(2016)05-477-09
Corresponding author:Yang Guang-you, Email:guangyou1963@aliyun.com
收稿日期:2015-11-12修回日期:2016-03-16
Strongyloidiasis of human and animals
LIN Hai,YANG Guang-you
(DepartmentofParasitology,CollegeofVeterinaryMedicine,SichuanAgriculturalUniversity,Wenjiang611130,China)
Abstract:Strongyloidiasis is one of the most neglected parasitic diseases with worldwide distribution which occurs in both humans and animals. Strongyloidiasis greatly threatened human and animal health, especially in immunocompromised hosts/Strongyloides may multiply rapidly, spread to each organ and cause fatal hyperinfection. This review covers its morphology, life cycle, epidemiology, pathogenesis, molecular biology,diagnosis, treatment and prevention.
Key words:strongyloidiasis; epidemiology; pathogenesis; molecular biology; diagnosis Supported by the Sichuan Science and Technology Support Program (No.2014SZ0132)