何玲娟,程洪強(qiáng),柯越海,王臨潤(rùn)(.浙江大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬第一醫(yī)院,浙江杭州 30003;.浙江大學(xué)基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)院病理與病理生理學(xué)系,浙江杭州 30058)
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·綜述·
蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶SHP2在肺癌中作用的研究進(jìn)展
何玲娟1,程洪強(qiáng)2,柯越海2,王臨潤(rùn)1
(1.浙江大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬第一醫(yī)院,浙江杭州 310003;2.浙江大學(xué)基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)院病理與病理生理學(xué)系,浙江杭州 310058)
摘要:蛋白質(zhì)可逆磷酸化修飾是細(xì)胞信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)的主要事件。蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶SHP2是由非受體型蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶11基因編碼的蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶,參與多條信號(hào)通路的活化。SHP2在腫瘤中特異性高表達(dá),在腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖、侵襲、轉(zhuǎn)移以及耐藥等方面都發(fā)揮了重要的作用,是腫瘤防治的一個(gè)潛在靶點(diǎn)分子。本文就SHP2與肺癌的發(fā)生、侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移及耐藥相關(guān)研究予以綜述。
關(guān)鍵詞:肺癌;蛋白質(zhì)酪氨酸磷酸酶,非受體11型;腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移;耐藥,腫瘤
DOl:10.3867/j.issn.1000-3002.2016.01.012
肺癌是我國(guó)發(fā)病率和死亡率最高的惡性腫瘤之一,并呈逐年上升趨勢(shì)。目前,肺癌臨床治療已進(jìn)入平臺(tái)期,雖然酪氨酸激酶小分子抑制劑的出現(xiàn)給肺癌靶向治療帶來(lái)新希望,然而5年生存率仍很低(約18%)[1],其中腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移、復(fù)發(fā)和耐藥是主要因素[2]。含Src同源2結(jié)構(gòu)域蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶(Src homology 2 domain containing protein tyrosine phosphatase,SHP2)是目前蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶(protein tyrosine phosphatase,PTP)家族眾多磷酸酶分子中唯一被證實(shí)的原癌蛋白[3]。SHP2通過(guò)調(diào)控多條信號(hào)參與細(xì)胞的增殖、遷移以及凋亡等生理病理過(guò)程。
SHP2是PTP中的重要成員,并且是一類廣泛表達(dá)的非受體型PTP[4-5]。SHP2及其同源家族成員SHP1具有類似的結(jié)構(gòu),具有2個(gè)SH2結(jié)構(gòu)域(N-SH2和C-SH2)和PTP催化結(jié)構(gòu)域。在非活化狀態(tài)下,N端SH2結(jié)構(gòu)域結(jié)合PTP結(jié)構(gòu)域,形成分子內(nèi)相互作用,阻止催化活性位點(diǎn)與底物接近,因此SHP2處于自抑制的狀態(tài)[6-7]。當(dāng)在SHP2接到活化信號(hào)時(shí),N端SH2結(jié)構(gòu)域直接與其他蛋白的磷酸化酪氨酸殘基結(jié)合,或間接通過(guò)生長(zhǎng)因子受體結(jié)合蛋白2(growth factor receptor bound protein 2,GRB2)相關(guān)結(jié)合蛋白1(Grb2-associated binder 1, GAB1)或者GAB2結(jié)合,而釋放PTP催化結(jié)構(gòu)域,自抑制狀態(tài)解除,激活SHP2[6-7]。最近發(fā)現(xiàn)SHP2的一個(gè)新的錨定蛋白HOOK1[7]。SHP2的N端SH2結(jié)構(gòu)域和PTP結(jié)構(gòu)域均可與HOOK1結(jié)合,表明HOOK1可能參與本底時(shí)SHP2自抑制的維持。SHP2的底物不存在氨基酸序列上的一致性,其胞內(nèi)催化活性的時(shí)空調(diào)控是由與其結(jié)合的錨定蛋白決定的。SHP2編碼基因非受體型PTP 11(PTP non-receptor type 11,PTPN11)是努南綜合征(Noonan syndrome,NS)的相關(guān)基因[8]。NS是累及包括心肺在內(nèi)多器官的疾病,過(guò)半數(shù)患者存在PTPN11突變。隨后發(fā)現(xiàn)在白血病中存在PTPN11,統(tǒng)稱為豹斑綜合征(leopard syndrome,LS)[9]。SHP2是目前PTP家族眾多磷酸酶分子中唯一被證實(shí)的原癌蛋白[8-10],在各種腫瘤中,包括肺癌,呈現(xiàn)高表達(dá)[10],并在腫瘤的增殖、侵襲、轉(zhuǎn)移以及耐藥等方面發(fā)揮重要的作用。研究還發(fā)現(xiàn),在肝癌和軟骨瘤中,SHP2發(fā)揮抑癌功能[11-12]。這種矛盾性的結(jié)果表明SHP2功能的多樣性和復(fù)雜性。本文將對(duì)近年來(lái)SHP2與肺癌的相關(guān)性研究予以綜述。
在多種腫瘤中檢測(cè)到編碼SHP2的PTPN11基因的突變,多屬獲得性突變,可使SHP2酶活化抑制效應(yīng)喪失,SHP2過(guò)度活化激活了下游的信號(hào)通路,增強(qiáng)了腫瘤細(xì)胞的存活和生長(zhǎng)能力,促進(jìn)了腫瘤的發(fā)生與發(fā)展。SHP2點(diǎn)突變?cè)谏窠?jīng)細(xì)胞瘤、黑色素瘤、肺癌、急性髓系白血病、乳腺癌和直腸癌中都被發(fā)現(xiàn)[9-10]。Bentires-Alj等[9]的研究報(bào)道,在人實(shí)體瘤及急性白血病中存在SHP2的突變,同時(shí)還發(fā)現(xiàn)在肺腺癌患者的標(biāo)本中存在位于SHP2 E76V的點(diǎn)突變,而在相應(yīng)的正常肺組織中不存在這一點(diǎn)突變,提示這一點(diǎn)突變是腫瘤相關(guān)的體細(xì)胞獲得性突變。另外,對(duì)65例非小細(xì)胞肺癌(non small-cell lung cancer,NSCLC)細(xì)胞系的突變分析發(fā)現(xiàn)了位于SHP2 N-SH2結(jié)構(gòu)域的2個(gè)點(diǎn)突變[9]:V45L (HCC1171)和N58S(H661)。這些突變解除了SHP2的分子內(nèi)自抑制,使SHP2處于組成型活化狀態(tài)。
除了突變外,研究者還發(fā)現(xiàn)SHP2在肺癌中表達(dá)增高[10-13]。Li等[13]對(duì)肺部疾病的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),吸煙小鼠肺組織中SHP2呈現(xiàn)高表達(dá),而選擇性抑制SHP2可減少小鼠的肺部炎癥。Zhan等[14]也報(bào)道,SHP2在吸煙肺癌組織中高表達(dá)。Tang等[15]利用組織芯片技術(shù)在80例患者的肺癌標(biāo)本上發(fā)現(xiàn),SHP2在NSCLC組織中有較高的陽(yáng)性表達(dá)率(70%)。Schneeberger等[16]研究SHP2E76K轉(zhuǎn)基因小鼠,發(fā)現(xiàn)突變?cè)鰪?qiáng)SHP2-E76K與其錨定蛋白GAB1的結(jié)合,小鼠發(fā)生自發(fā)的肺腫瘤,這提示SHP2的活化足以促進(jìn)正常細(xì)胞向腫瘤細(xì)胞的惡性轉(zhuǎn)化,并促進(jìn)腫瘤的發(fā)展。
臨床數(shù)據(jù)表明,在NSCLC中SHP2的表達(dá)與淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移正相關(guān)[17]。SHP2在肺癌中特異性高表達(dá)可能與肺癌的發(fā)生及惡化密切相關(guān)[16,18],但具體的調(diào)控機(jī)制尚未明確。
腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移是腫瘤引起死亡的主要原因。腫瘤細(xì)胞通過(guò)上皮間充質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化(epithelial mesenchymal transition,EMT)過(guò)程獲得侵襲性,使其脫離原發(fā)腫瘤部位并侵入鄰近組織,是腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移發(fā)生的關(guān)鍵步驟[19]。提示肺癌細(xì)胞發(fā)生EMT的分子調(diào)控機(jī)制對(duì)理解肺癌轉(zhuǎn)移與復(fù)發(fā)病因至關(guān)重要。
SHP2參與多種細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)因子信號(hào)通路,包括膜受體酪氨酸蛋白激酶信號(hào)通路Ras-Raf-絲裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK),磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶-絲氨酸/蘇氨酸激酶(phosphoinositide 3 kinase-serine/threonine kinase,PI3K-AKT)信號(hào)通路等[20]。早期的研究報(bào)道,SHP2在激活Ras-胞外信號(hào)調(diào)節(jié)激酶(extracellular signal-regulated kinase,ERK)信號(hào)通路上起著關(guān)鍵作用,是ERK活性的正向調(diào)控因子。SHP2抑制肝細(xì)胞的凋亡主要通過(guò)激活ERK活性實(shí)現(xiàn)的[21]。E76位點(diǎn)是SHP2常見(jiàn)的突變位點(diǎn)之一[22],其中E76K突變形式是白血病及實(shí)體瘤中最常見(jiàn)的激活突變,能激活ERK1/2,有效抑制BCL-2蛋白信號(hào)調(diào)控的凋亡。而Ras-ERK的活化還可以激活EMT相關(guān)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子Snail和Slug,對(duì)于EMT的產(chǎn)生非常重要[23]。與此一致,抑制SHP2可促進(jìn)乳腺癌細(xì)胞的EMT過(guò)程,該過(guò)程是EMT的逆向過(guò)程[24]。這些研究提示,SHP2在調(diào)控上皮與間充質(zhì)狀態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)化過(guò)程中發(fā)揮正向調(diào)控作用。
在肺上皮細(xì)胞中,轉(zhuǎn)化生長(zhǎng)因子β1(transform-ing growth factor-β1,TGF-β1)能誘導(dǎo)產(chǎn)生經(jīng)典的EMT。SHP2參與這個(gè)過(guò)程并發(fā)揮正向調(diào)控作用[7]。小分子干擾RNA降低SHP2的表達(dá)或小分子抑制劑PHPS1抑制SHP2活性的可抑制TGF-β1誘導(dǎo)的EMT間充質(zhì)表型,也就是抑制EMT過(guò)程。過(guò)表達(dá)肺癌相關(guān)的SHP2活化突變(SHP2-E76V)可促進(jìn)EMT過(guò)程。更為重要的是,在TGF-β1誘導(dǎo)的肺上皮細(xì)胞的EMT過(guò)程中,SHP2新的錨定蛋白HOOK1蛋白表達(dá)下調(diào),SHP2催化活性增強(qiáng),EMT的表型更加明顯。我們的研究結(jié)果表明,SHP2的結(jié)合蛋白HOOK1可能是一個(gè)內(nèi)源抑制蛋白。
此外,Buonato等[25]在肺癌和胰腺癌細(xì)胞中,發(fā)現(xiàn)EGF促進(jìn)SHP2與錨定蛋白GAB1結(jié)合,釋放SHP2的酶活性,從而促進(jìn)表皮生長(zhǎng)因子(epider-mal growth factor,EGF)介導(dǎo)的EMT發(fā)生。SHP2還可通過(guò)其他信號(hào)影響肺癌細(xì)胞的行為。Bhan-dary等[26]發(fā)現(xiàn),SHP2可通過(guò)抑制尿激酶型纖維蛋白酶原激活物受體(uPA receptor,uPAR)mRNA轉(zhuǎn)錄來(lái)抑制uPAR的表達(dá),進(jìn)而影響肺癌細(xì)胞的增殖、黏附及轉(zhuǎn)移侵襲。
近年來(lái),分子靶向治療藥物的臨床應(yīng)用,為肺癌患者的治療帶來(lái)了新的希望。在肺癌中,EGF受體(EGF receptor,EGFR)酪氨酸激酶的小分子抑制劑吉非替尼(gefitinib)與間變性淋巴瘤激酶(ana-plastic lymphoma kinase,ALK)抑制劑克佐替尼(crizotinib)已取得臨床顯效[27],然而,只有部分NSCLC患者對(duì)吉非替尼敏感。進(jìn)一步研究顯示,EGFR對(duì)于抑制劑敏感的患者普遍存在特定的EGFR受體缺失突變或點(diǎn)突變(如EGFR-L858R)[27-28],這些突變?cè)鰪?qiáng)了EGFR與ATP或其競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性抑制劑吉非替尼的結(jié)合,使低濃度吉非替尼即能抑制EGFR的催化活性。另一方面,對(duì)EGFR抑制劑有效的患者會(huì)出現(xiàn)耐藥反應(yīng),其原因是發(fā)生了EGFR二次突變(如EGFR-T790M)[29],突變的結(jié)果是阻礙了吉非替尼與EGFR的結(jié)合。最近有研究顯示,SHP2可能參與了EGFR抑制劑的耐藥反應(yīng)[27,30]。肺癌對(duì)EGFR抑制劑敏感或耐藥與EGFR突變和EGFR自身磷酸化水平密切相關(guān),進(jìn)而影響下游Ras/ MAPK信號(hào)。SHP2分子調(diào)控EGFR-Ras-MAPK信號(hào),因此是這種耐藥調(diào)控機(jī)制關(guān)鍵節(jié)點(diǎn)之一[18]。Lazzara等[30]報(bào)道,減少EGFR內(nèi)化和減弱SHP2介導(dǎo)的ERK活性能提高EGFR突變的NSCLC細(xì)胞對(duì)吉非替尼的敏感性。最近研究也發(fā)現(xiàn),在EGFR-L858R轉(zhuǎn)基因肺腺癌小鼠中,表達(dá)SHP2失活突變體能抑制小鼠肺癌的產(chǎn)生[31],說(shuō)明SHP2可能是克服EGFR抑制劑耐藥的一個(gè)關(guān)鍵分子。
另外研究發(fā)現(xiàn),SHP2抑制劑Ⅱ-B08能有效抑制ERK活性,與EGFR抑制劑聯(lián)合應(yīng)用對(duì)NSCLC具有更好的治療效果[32]。Chung等[33]也證實(shí)EMT 是NSCLC對(duì)EGFR-酪氨酸激酶耐藥的機(jī)制之一,而SHP2在肺泡Ⅱ型上皮EMT過(guò)程中發(fā)揮關(guān)鍵作用[7,25],因此有可能通過(guò)EMT途徑參與耐藥。SHP2也參與調(diào)控干擾素-γ介導(dǎo)的耐藥[34]。這些研究表明,SHP2參與肺癌對(duì)EGFR抑制劑的耐藥有多條相關(guān)的信號(hào)通路。
SHP2基于在肺癌的侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移及其耐藥方面的關(guān)鍵作用,有望成為肺癌或其他腫瘤個(gè)體化治療新的干預(yù)靶點(diǎn)。目前,很多酪氨酸激酶在腫瘤中的作用已經(jīng)明確,相應(yīng)的抑制劑己進(jìn)入臨床試驗(yàn)和應(yīng)用。與激酶相比,具有去磷酸化作用的磷酸酶在腫瘤中功能的研究相對(duì)滯后,PTP還只是藥物開(kāi)發(fā)領(lǐng)域的新成員。通過(guò)不同的途徑可發(fā)現(xiàn)SHP2的抑制劑,如計(jì)算機(jī)輔助藥物設(shè)計(jì)[35]、高通量篩選小分子化合物等。Yu等[36]采用計(jì)算機(jī)模擬篩選出SHP2抑制劑C21,能特異性地結(jié)合PTP結(jié)構(gòu)域。PHPSl是具有良好細(xì)胞通透性的有效的SHP2抑制劑[37]。最近,Liu等[38]研究報(bào)道,源自丹參的單體隱丹參酮(cryptotanshinonoe)和丹參酮(tanshinone)能抑制SHP2的活性,其在細(xì)胞特別是動(dòng)物水平的進(jìn)一步應(yīng)用值得關(guān)注。
SHP2抑制劑有望成為聯(lián)合治療肺癌的新型藥物。但由于SHP2表達(dá)的廣泛性,如何能減輕抑制劑對(duì)正常細(xì)胞的毒性作用,靶向抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞的SHP2活性及相關(guān)的信號(hào)通路,這是此型抑制劑成為抗腫瘤藥物要首先克服的困難。SHP2催化活性的時(shí)空調(diào)控是由與其結(jié)合的錨定蛋白決定的,比如GAB1/GAB2和HOOK1等[7,25]作為SHP2重要的調(diào)控蛋白,探究并發(fā)現(xiàn)改變SHP2與其錨定蛋白結(jié)合的小分子多肽來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)SHP2的抑制,為抗腫瘤藥物的研發(fā)提供了新的思路。
總之,SHP2在肺癌的發(fā)生、轉(zhuǎn)移和靶向藥物耐藥中發(fā)揮著關(guān)鍵的調(diào)控作用,是腫瘤干預(yù)的理想靶點(diǎn),然而SHP2抑制劑發(fā)展成為抗腫瘤藥物尚需更多的基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)與轉(zhuǎn)化醫(yī)學(xué)的研究。
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(本文編輯:賀云霞)
Roles of protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 in lung cancer
HE Ling-juan1,CHENG Hong-qiang2,KE Yue-hai2,WANG Lin-run1
(Zhejiang University 1.The First Affiliated Hospital,College of Medicine,Hangzhou 310003,China;2.Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology,School of Basic Medical Sciences,Hangzhou 310058,China)
Abstract:The reversible phosphorylation plays an important regulatory role in various pathological and physiological processes.Src Homology 2 domain containing protein tyrosine phosphatase (SHP2),a featured member of the protein tyrosine phosphatase family,is identified as the first PTP proto-oncogene.SHP2 is associated with breast cancer,leukemia,lung cancer,liver cancer,gastric cancer,laryngeal cancer,oral cancer and other types of cancer.Signalling pathways involving SHP2 have also been discovered.It has been recently reported that the high expression of SHP2 in lung cancer regulates cancer cell proliferation,metastasis and drug resistance.SHP2 may be a potential thera-peutic target because it is implicated in many diseases.This article focuses on the research progress in functions of SHP2 in lung cancer.
Key words:lung cancer;protein tyrosine phosphatase,non receptor type 11;neoplasm metastasis;drug resistance,neoplasm
中圖分類號(hào):R734.2
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A
文章編號(hào):1000-3002-(2016)01-0082-05
Foundation item:The project supported by Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(LY14H310006) WANG Lin-Run,Tel:(0571)87236531,E-mail:linrunw@163.com
收稿日期:(2015-04-15接受日期:2015-08-27)
基金項(xiàng)目:浙江省自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(LY14H310006)
作者簡(jiǎn)介:何玲娟,女,藥師,碩士研究生,主要從事腫瘤藥理學(xué)研究。
通訊作者:王臨潤(rùn),E-mail:linrunw@163.com,Tel:(0571)87236531
中國(guó)藥理學(xué)與毒理學(xué)雜志2016年1期