石雪峰,王立生,格日力
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低氧對骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞生物學(xué)特性的影響
石雪峰,王立生,格日力
作者單位:810001 西寧,青海大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院高原醫(yī)學(xué)研究中心(石雪峰、格日力);100850 北京,軍事醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院放射與輻射醫(yī)學(xué)研究所(石雪峰、王立生);810001 西寧,青海省人民醫(yī)院呼吸科(石雪峰)
近年來,大量研究表明骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞(bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells,BMMSCs)是一群具有多向分化潛能、低免疫原性的多能干細(xì)胞,在一定的誘導(dǎo)條件下能最終分化成心肌、骨、軟骨、神經(jīng)等多種組織,易于在體外分離培養(yǎng),并易于為外源基因轉(zhuǎn)染和表達(dá)。這些特性使BMMSCs 成為在細(xì)胞治療、基因治療中有效發(fā)揮療效的理想工程細(xì)胞,展示了其作為一種新的理想干細(xì)胞來源在治療多種缺血缺氧性疾病中的良好應(yīng)用前景[1-3]。但骨髓中BMMSCs 含量極其稀少,研究顯示,BMMSCs 在新生兒骨髓單個核細(xì)胞中占 0.01%,隨著年齡增大,數(shù)量逐漸降低,到 80 歲僅占 0.00005%[4]。而應(yīng)用于臨床治療的干細(xì)胞每次需要 5 千萬 ~ 2 億個,這不可能從一個捐獻(xiàn)者體內(nèi)分離獲得[5-7],而是需要進(jìn)行體外擴(kuò)增。但是,BMMSCs 體外增殖亦較慢,因此,如何實現(xiàn)少量取樣,批量獲取是 BMMSCs滿足臨床試驗研究的當(dāng)務(wù)之急。BMMSCs 的自我更新受多種復(fù)雜微環(huán)境的調(diào)控,如細(xì)胞間的接觸、各種蛋白及生長因子等,而微環(huán)境中的氧張力是調(diào)控 BMMSCs 功能的重要因素[8]。早在 1958 年,Cooper 等[9]發(fā)現(xiàn)在低氧條件下培養(yǎng)細(xì)胞時,細(xì)胞的增殖能力增強(qiáng)。骨髓中氧張力僅為 1% ~6%[10-13],因此,推測低氧可能更適合骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞的培養(yǎng)。另外,當(dāng)缺血性心臟病、缺血性腦病等發(fā)生時,局部損傷器官多處于低氧微環(huán)境中,局部氧濃度可低于0.2%[14-15],BMMSCs 移植后療效的發(fā)揮與損傷部位的低氧環(huán)境密切相關(guān)。因此,開展低氧條件對間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞生物學(xué)特性的研究對于 BMMSCs 的應(yīng)用具有非常重要的意義。
隨著干細(xì)胞治療技術(shù)的發(fā)展,如何提高 BMMSCs 增殖效率成為 BMMSCs 移植治療的關(guān)鍵。2007 年,F(xiàn)ehrer等[16]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),與常氧培養(yǎng) BMMSCs 相比,3% 氧濃度培養(yǎng)使 BMMSCs 增殖效率提高約 10 倍。2010年,Dos Santos 等[8]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在 2% 的低氧條件下培養(yǎng)BMMSCs,其增殖效率明顯優(yōu)于常氧條件,并能很好地維持其免疫原性及分化潛能,研究認(rèn)為這可能與低氧條件下細(xì)胞代謝效率提高有關(guān)。Estrada 等[17]同樣證明,3% 氧濃度下培養(yǎng)可以明顯提高 BMMSCs 增殖效率。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),同等數(shù)量的 BMMSCs 在低氧條件下培養(yǎng)到第五代時可獲得 1 × 109個細(xì)胞,而在常氧條件下培養(yǎng)僅能得到 2 × 107個??傊脱蹩梢源龠M(jìn) BMMSCs 的增殖,但是其機(jī)制目前尚不明確,可能與 Oct-4 和 Rex-1 表達(dá)升高有關(guān)[18],也可能是通過上調(diào) HIF-1α 或 HIF-2α 表達(dá)[19]。
除了 BMMSCs 的增殖能力,BMMSCs 的分化潛能在干細(xì)胞治療中也有著舉足輕重的地位,已有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),1% ~5% 氧張力可以維持 BMMSCs 的多向分化潛能。Raheja等[20]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),21% 的氧張力與 1%、2%、5% 的氧張力相比具有更高的成骨分化潛能,低于 5% 的氧張力可以抑制 BMMSCs 的分化潛能。Holzwarth 等[21]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)相對于常氧培養(yǎng),1% 氧張力可抑制 BMMSCs 的成脂、成骨分化潛能。當(dāng)氧張力升高到 3% 時,可以恢復(fù)其成骨分化潛能。Basciano 等[22]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),相對于常氧培養(yǎng),5% 氧張力可以促進(jìn)第二代 BMMSCs 成骨及成脂分化??傊?,目前部分研究者認(rèn)為低氧抑制 BMMSCs 的成骨分化[23-24],而另有研究者認(rèn)為低氧可促進(jìn) BMMSCs 成骨分化潛能而抑制其成脂分化[25]。因此,目前關(guān)于低氧對 BMMSCs 分化潛能的影響頗有爭議[26]。
可遷移至損傷局部是 BMMSCs 應(yīng)用于干細(xì)胞治療的另一重要特性。BMMSCs 遷移依賴于不同細(xì)胞因子與其受體的結(jié)合,如基質(zhì)細(xì)胞衍生因子 1(stromal cell-derived factor 1,SDF-1)/CXC 趨化因子受體 4(CXC chemokine receptor-4,CXCR4)、干細(xì)胞因子(SCF)-c-Kit、肝細(xì)胞生長因子(hepatocyte growth factor,HGF)/c-Met、血管內(nèi)皮生長因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)/VEGFR、血小板衍生因子(platelet derived growth factor,PDGF)/PDGFR、單核細(xì)胞趨化蛋白 1(monocyte chemotactic protein 1,MCP-1)/CC 類趨化因子受體 2(C-C motif chemokine receptor-2,CCR2)以及高遷移率族蛋白 1(high mobility group box-1 protein,HMGB1)/晚期糖基化終末產(chǎn)物受體(receptor for advanced glycation endproducts,RAGE)等[27]。已有研究表明,低氧預(yù)處理 BMMSCs 有利于干細(xì)胞的遷移。Annabi 等[28]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),低氧微環(huán)境可以快速誘導(dǎo)BMMSCs 的遷移,并且可以降低基質(zhì)金屬蛋白酶 2(matrix metalloproteinase-2,MMP-2)的表達(dá)及分泌,明顯提高膜1 型 MMP(membrane-type1-MMP,MT1-MMP)的表達(dá),提示低氧可通過促進(jìn) BMMSCs 表達(dá) MT1-MMP 提高其遷移能力。Liu 等[29]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),低氧可誘導(dǎo) BMMSCs 低氧誘導(dǎo)因子 1α(hypoxia-inducible factor-1α,HIF-1α)表達(dá),后者作用于下游基因 VEGF 和 SDF-1α,促進(jìn) BMMSCs的遷移。多項研究同樣認(rèn)為低氧可能通過上調(diào) SDF-1α、CXCR4、RhoA 或 HIF-1α 的表達(dá)從而促進(jìn) BMMSCs 的遷移[29-31]。
早在 1963 年就有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),BMMSCs 可以合成細(xì)胞因子、生長因子等釋放到微環(huán)境中發(fā)揮對其他細(xì)胞的調(diào)節(jié)作用[32]。大量文獻(xiàn)表明,短期低氧預(yù)處理 BMMSCs 可以促進(jìn) VEGF、HGF、PDGF、bFGF 等表達(dá),從而發(fā)揮促進(jìn)血管生成的作用[33-35]。Hu 等[36]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),低氧可以促進(jìn)血管生成素 1 及促紅細(xì)胞生成素等微血管形成相關(guān)因子的表達(dá)。另外,還有研究表明低氧可以促進(jìn) BMMSCs 分泌腫瘤壞死因子 α、IL-10 等炎性因子[37],IL-10 可以抑制心肌缺血缺氧條件下心肌纖維母細(xì)胞增殖以及膠原蛋白的合成,從而發(fā)揮保護(hù)心肌以及抑制局部炎癥反應(yīng)的作用。Chen 等[38]將 BMMSCs 移植到小鼠心梗移行區(qū),檢測心肌促炎因子(IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8)以及抗炎因子(IL-10)的表達(dá),結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)在心肌缺血缺氧局部微環(huán)境下,BMMSCs 可以降低心肌促炎因子與抗炎因子的比率,從而發(fā)揮抑制局部炎癥反應(yīng)的作用。由此我們認(rèn)為,低氧條件下 BMMSCs 的旁分泌功能明顯高于常氧培養(yǎng),細(xì)胞可分泌更多的血管生長因子、抗炎因子等活性物質(zhì)發(fā)揮組織修復(fù)功能。
目前,BMMSCs 移植到缺血缺氧心肌局部后在數(shù)天內(nèi)大量死亡也是干細(xì)胞治療需要解決的重要問題[39]。Chacko等[34]以 0.5% 氧濃度分別預(yù)處理 BMMSCs 24、48 和72 h,發(fā)現(xiàn)低氧預(yù)處理 BMMSCs 可以抑制其凋亡,促進(jìn)其存活、血管生成、分化等能力,并且低氧預(yù)處理 24 h 效果明顯優(yōu)于預(yù)處理 72 h。Maslov 等[39]研究顯示,低氧預(yù)處理可以保護(hù)移植 BMMSCs 歸巢到缺血心肌局部后的長期低氧及氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng)所致的凋亡,從而發(fā)揮減少心梗面積、促進(jìn)梗死后心肌重建等組織修復(fù)功能。
BMMSCs 的基因不穩(wěn)定性是干細(xì)胞治療安全性的主要問題,例如 BMMSCs 在體外擴(kuò)增及進(jìn)入體內(nèi)后出現(xiàn)的染色體數(shù)目異常(非整倍體)、DNA 降解、端粒縮短等問題[40-41]。已有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),常氧培養(yǎng)細(xì)胞可以導(dǎo)致 DNA 損傷從而導(dǎo)致細(xì)胞衰老及失去活力[17, 42-43]。Oliveira 等[44]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),低氧可以迅速降低 DNA 損傷相關(guān)基因的表達(dá)及染色體數(shù)目異常,促進(jìn)微衛(wèi)星的不穩(wěn)定性及維持端粒的長度。研究還發(fā)現(xiàn),低氧不影響 BMMSCs 線粒體基因組的完整性。Fan等[45]同樣發(fā)現(xiàn),常氧(20%)條件下培養(yǎng) BMMSCs 出現(xiàn)廣泛的染色體異常,而低氧可以降低其氧化性損傷,聯(lián)合抗氧化劑α-苯丁酰硝酮和 N-乙酰半胱氨酸可以進(jìn)一步降低DNA 損傷及染色體異常,并可以促進(jìn) BMMSCs 的增殖。但是也有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),被認(rèn)為是腫瘤發(fā)生的主要因素的染色體數(shù)目異常,受供體影響而不是受培養(yǎng)環(huán)境中氧張力的影響[40]。
綜上,低氧預(yù)處理(氧張力 0.5% ~ 5%)BMMSCs 可以作為一種有效方法在一定程度上克服 BMMSCs 的增殖緩慢、移植后遷移率低、基因不穩(wěn)定等缺點(diǎn),提高其臨床應(yīng)用的有效性及安全性,對再生醫(yī)學(xué)的研究有至關(guān)重要的意義。另外,關(guān)于 BMMSCs 在低氧條件下的分化能力爭議頗多,這可能與不同培養(yǎng)環(huán)境的氧張力、BMMSCs 的傳代次數(shù)、細(xì)胞狀態(tài)等有關(guān)。總之,雖然目前低氧對 BMMSCs 調(diào)控作用還缺乏一致性,特別是低氧對其分化能力的影響,但低氧對 BMMSCs 的生物學(xué)特性的影響及其在再生醫(yī)學(xué)中的應(yīng)用是不可忽視的。氧張力對細(xì)胞生物學(xué)行為的影響在一系列的影響因素中最為突出,且通過控制氧張力來影響細(xì)胞的生物學(xué)行為簡單易行。但臨床實踐中仍有很多問題需要解決:①氧張力的最佳比例和最適培養(yǎng)時間的確定;②低氧對BMMSCs的調(diào)控機(jī)制是什么?其調(diào)節(jié)作用是否受傳代次數(shù)及凍存后復(fù)蘇的影響;③低氧預(yù)處理后,BMMSCs 體內(nèi)致瘤性等問題??傊?,低氧環(huán)境對 BMMSCs 生理特性及作用機(jī)制的影響研究具有重要意義,或可為解決缺血缺氧性疾病提供新的思路。
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·協(xié)會之窗·
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1673-713X.2016.03.011
基金項目:國家重點(diǎn)基礎(chǔ)研究發(fā)展計劃(973 計劃)(2012CB518205);國家自然科學(xué)基金(81573086、31160219、31571231)
通信作者:格日力,Email:geriligao@hotmail.com
收稿日期:2016-01-12