国产日韩欧美一区二区三区三州_亚洲少妇熟女av_久久久久亚洲av国产精品_波多野结衣网站一区二区_亚洲欧美色片在线91_国产亚洲精品精品国产优播av_日本一区二区三区波多野结衣 _久久国产av不卡

?

骨巨細(xì)胞瘤及其輔助治療研究現(xiàn)狀

2016-01-23 14:11林育林張余
關(guān)鍵詞:氬氣苯酚消融

林育林,張余

?

骨巨細(xì)胞瘤及其輔助治療研究現(xiàn)狀

林育林,張余

【摘要】骨巨細(xì)胞瘤(GCTB)是一種常見的局部侵襲性原發(fā)性骨腫瘤,好發(fā)于20~40歲人群的長骨骨端,生物學(xué)行為存在不確定性,局部復(fù)發(fā)率較高。臨床上主要采取囊內(nèi)刮除和節(jié)段切除手術(shù)治療,其中囊內(nèi)刮除結(jié)合各種物理和化學(xué)輔助療法可提高腫瘤局部控制效果,降低腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)率。該文在復(fù)習(xí)GCTB流行病學(xué)特點、分級與診斷、手術(shù)治療等的基礎(chǔ)上重點綜述高速磨鉆技術(shù)、溫度消融技術(shù)(氬氣刀、微波、液氮、氬氦刀)、骨水泥填充以及化學(xué)輔助劑(如苯酚、高濃度酒精)輔助治療的應(yīng)用現(xiàn)狀,以期對GCTB輔助治療的選擇提供參考。

【關(guān)鍵詞】巨細(xì)胞瘤,骨;流行病學(xué);病理學(xué);影像學(xué)診斷;綜合療法;刮除術(shù);磨鉆;高溫,誘發(fā);氬;微波;冷凍療法;氮;氦;骨黏合劑;化學(xué)療法,輔助

作者單位:528311廣東佛山,南方醫(yī)科大學(xué)北滘醫(yī)院急診科(林育林,現(xiàn)在南方醫(yī)科大學(xué)研究生院學(xué)習(xí));510010廣州軍區(qū)廣州總醫(yī)院骨病關(guān)節(jié)科(張余)

骨巨細(xì)胞瘤(giant cell tumor of bone,GCTB)是一種具有局部侵襲性、復(fù)發(fā)傾向及潛在惡變可能的原發(fā)性骨腫瘤[1],診斷與治療具有一定的特殊性[2-5]。手術(shù)刮除結(jié)合輔助治療可最大限度地避免局部復(fù)發(fā),維持鄰近關(guān)節(jié)的功能,相對理想可行[6],但何種輔助治療方式療效更佳,目前尚無定論[7-8]。本文在復(fù)習(xí)GCTB流行病學(xué)特點、分級、診斷和手術(shù)治療的基礎(chǔ)上,重點綜述輔助療法的研究現(xiàn)狀,為GCTB治療策略的選擇提供參考。

1 流行病學(xué)特點與臨床表現(xiàn)

GCTB是一種常見的原發(fā)性骨腫瘤,占原發(fā)性骨腫瘤的5%[1],中國、新加坡等亞系國家發(fā)病率高于歐美國家[9-10]。該腫瘤通常發(fā)生在骨發(fā)育成熟的患者中,20~40歲人群多見(60%~75%)[2],極少患者在骨骺未閉合前發(fā)病,總體女性稍多于男性[11]。

GCTB好發(fā)于四肢長骨骨骺端,膝關(guān)節(jié)周圍是常見發(fā)病部位,占50%~65%,其次為橈骨遠(yuǎn)端、肱骨近端等[12],絕大多數(shù)為單發(fā)。病變以溶骨破壞為主,疼痛和局部腫脹是常見癥狀。病變進(jìn)展時會出現(xiàn)關(guān)節(jié)活動受限、壓迫等,骨質(zhì)進(jìn)一步破壞后9%~30%病例出現(xiàn)病理性骨折[3,5,12-16];約3%的原發(fā)病例發(fā)生肺轉(zhuǎn)移,1%~3%發(fā)生惡變,接受放療后惡變率可能更高[12,17]。

2 分級

從病理組織學(xué)角度,GCTB起源于骨髓中未分化的間充質(zhì)細(xì)胞,腫瘤組織由單核基質(zhì)細(xì)胞和多核巨細(xì)胞構(gòu)成,單核細(xì)胞、破骨細(xì)胞樣巨細(xì)胞是GCTB的反應(yīng)成分,而梭形基質(zhì)細(xì)胞則代表腫瘤的新生物成分;大量破骨細(xì)胞樣巨細(xì)胞出現(xiàn)及圍繞毛細(xì)血管緊密排列的單核基質(zhì)細(xì)胞群是其特征性表現(xiàn)。Jaffe等[18]根據(jù)單核基質(zhì)細(xì)胞形態(tài)、細(xì)胞核大小及深染程度、有無核分裂等對GCTB進(jìn)行病理組織學(xué)分級:Ⅰ級良性,Ⅲ級惡性,Ⅱ級介于兩者之間,該分級與腫瘤侵襲性、術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)率之間并不存在相關(guān)性[19-21]。

Enneking分期是在臨床、X線表現(xiàn)和病理學(xué)三者結(jié)合的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行的臨床分期:Ⅰ期,無臨床癥狀,X線片提示有病灶,病理變化呈良性;Ⅱ期,有臨床癥狀,X線片表現(xiàn)明顯,病灶呈膨脹性,但骨皮質(zhì)未破壞,病理變化呈良性;Ⅲ期,有臨床癥狀,X線片表現(xiàn)明顯,病灶呈侵襲性,伴骨皮質(zhì)缺損,有軟組織腫塊,病灶可伸展至軟骨下,甚至侵犯關(guān)節(jié),病理變化呈良性或惡性[22]。Campanacci等[14]根據(jù)GCTB的臨床表現(xiàn)、影像學(xué)特征提出GCTB分級系統(tǒng),較之組織分級更有助于判斷預(yù)后和治療,但仍不足以正確預(yù)測GCTB的臨床行為[23]。CT或MRI掃描的應(yīng)用可能更有利于GCTB分級[24],“HC骨巨細(xì)胞瘤評分系統(tǒng)”就是根據(jù)GCTB的CT重建圖像數(shù)字化三維形態(tài)學(xué)特征建立起來的,可用于腫瘤切除及重建方法的選擇[25]。

3 影像學(xué)特點及診斷

GCTB的X線片改變頗具特征性,目前仍是四肢GCTB的首選檢查手段,也是現(xiàn)有分級系統(tǒng)的主要依據(jù),主要表現(xiàn)為長管骨骨端偏心性、溶骨性、膨脹性、皂泡樣改變,達(dá)關(guān)節(jié)軟骨下,出現(xiàn)邊界清楚的溶骨性破壞,其中皂泡樣改變是典型表現(xiàn),但并非特征性表現(xiàn)。病變的橫向破壞大于縱向,無硬化,與正常骨組織交接處可有骨膜增厚,但多無骨膜反應(yīng)。如出現(xiàn)骨膜反應(yīng),可有Codman三角,提示惡變可能。

作為術(shù)前評估腫瘤侵蝕范圍的常規(guī)檢查,CT掃描可避免遺漏松質(zhì)骨內(nèi)的擴散病灶,但對關(guān)節(jié)腔及骨髓腔的受累情況顯影欠佳。典型表現(xiàn)為干骺端或骨骺處偏心性、膨脹性、溶骨性骨質(zhì)破壞,骨皮質(zhì)變薄,連續(xù)性完整或柵欄狀中斷,腫瘤邊緣可有程度不等、斷續(xù)的骨質(zhì)破壞,腫瘤內(nèi)可見短小骨嵴,即X線片中的“皂泡征”改變。

MRI檢查對細(xì)小骨質(zhì)改變的顯示不如X線片和CT,但具有較好的軟組織分辨率和多平面成像特點,可明確GCTB在骨內(nèi)、骨外、關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)、椎管內(nèi)和周圍軟組織的侵犯情況,有助于確定腫瘤分期,對于腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)的顯示也優(yōu)于X線和CT;此外,MRI矢狀面、冠狀面成像能更理想地反映腫瘤全貎及鄰近關(guān)節(jié)是否受累,這對于手術(shù)切除方案的制定和實施很有價值。GCTB典型MRI表現(xiàn)為長骨骨端偏心性達(dá)關(guān)節(jié)軟骨下的異常信號區(qū);T1加權(quán)成像為中等信號,T2加權(quán)成像為中、高等信號混雜,可出現(xiàn)“液-液”平面;腫瘤邊緣有一相對較規(guī)則、T1加權(quán)成像及T2加權(quán)成像均為低信號的線狀影。

正電子發(fā)射計算機斷層顯像、彩色多普勒超聲等新型檢查手段目前正在不斷豐富GCTB的診斷和評價;診斷性基因標(biāo)志物,如P53、P63、P73、KTN1、NEB、ROCK1、ZAK等也有助于GCTB的診斷[26-28],但該病的確診仍取決于活組織的檢查結(jié)果。

4 手術(shù)治療

手術(shù)是GCTB主要的治療方法,手術(shù)方式是影響術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)的重要因素[9,19,29],常用術(shù)式包括囊內(nèi)刮除、節(jié)段切除(或稱廣泛切除)等。其中節(jié)段切除復(fù)發(fā)率較低(0%~12%)[30-31],但絕大多數(shù)患者需進(jìn)行較為復(fù)雜的重建,如關(guān)節(jié)融合、異體骨移植、腫瘤型假體置換、截肢術(shù)等,術(shù)后功能差、并發(fā)癥多[19];單純囊內(nèi)刮除術(shù)手術(shù)簡單、損傷小、并發(fā)癥較少、術(shù)后功能恢復(fù)較好,但復(fù)發(fā)率較高(13%~49%)[5,15-16,32-33]。因此,學(xué)者們嘗試在囊內(nèi)刮除手術(shù)后聯(lián)合采用各種化學(xué)或物理輔助療法,對存留的囊壁進(jìn)行處理,以清除骨內(nèi)遺留的小病灶,從而達(dá)到邊緣或廣泛切除的目的,在降低腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)率的同時,極大限度地保留肢體功能。

5 輔助療法

5.1物理輔助療法

5.1.1高速磨鉆技術(shù)囊內(nèi)刮除術(shù)中加用高速磨鉆,對骨組織有較強的切割作用,易于磨平腔內(nèi)突出的骨嵴,去除常規(guī)刮匙不能徹底刮除的存留于瘤腔壁的潛在腫瘤細(xì)胞,擴大了手術(shù)切除的范圍,獲得了邊緣切除的效果,保證了手術(shù)的徹底性,是減少GCTB復(fù)發(fā)率的重要手段[2,34]。Blackley等[15]報道應(yīng)用高速磨鉆輔助刮除治療GCTB,平均隨訪80個月,復(fù)發(fā)率為12%;K lenke等[35]報道一組平均隨訪108個月的GCTB病例,結(jié)果表明,采用刮除+高速磨鉆的復(fù)發(fā)率為32%;Niu等[9]對621例中國GCTB患者進(jìn)行隨訪,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)單純刮除術(shù)復(fù)發(fā)率達(dá)56.1%,而刮除+高速磨鉆+骨水泥復(fù)發(fā)率為10.2%。

5.1.2溫度消融技術(shù)主要包括以熱化組織為基礎(chǔ)的氬氣束凝固術(shù)、微波、高聚能超聲、射頻、激光消融技術(shù),以及以冷化組織為基礎(chǔ)的液氮冷凍、氬氦刀冷凍消融技術(shù)[36-42],目前臨床上以氬氣束凝固術(shù)、微波消融應(yīng)用較多。

5.1.2.1氬氣束凝固術(shù)也稱氬氣刀,是利用高頻電流(>500 kHz)電離氬離子形成的高溫造成組織干燥和蛋白凝固,對組織穿透深度為2~4 mm[36],目前廣泛用于表淺腫瘤、癌前病變的治療。有學(xué)者對比苯酚與氬氣束凝固術(shù)治療2~3期良性-侵襲性骨腫瘤的效果,認(rèn)為兩者在復(fù)發(fā)率、并發(fā)癥、Kaplan-Meier生存曲線、骨與軟組織腫瘤協(xié)會功能評分方面差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義[43];Lew is等[36]報道氬氣束凝固GCTB術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)率為10.2%。諸多研究結(jié)果證實,氬氣束凝固術(shù)具有精準(zhǔn)、靈活、易用、并發(fā)癥低等優(yōu)勢,是一種有價值的輔助治療方式。

5.1.2.2微波消融作為一種新的溫度消融方法,微波消融技術(shù)利用微波場作用于人體內(nèi)極性分子和細(xì)胞內(nèi)外液中的帶電粒子,形成位移電流和傳導(dǎo)電流,進(jìn)而產(chǎn)生熱能,引發(fā)目標(biāo)組織凝固、壞死和其他一系列生物學(xué)效應(yīng)。Fan等[37]首創(chuàng)插入式微波天線陣列誘導(dǎo)高溫原位滅活肢體惡性骨腫瘤保肢技術(shù),手術(shù)采用囊外分離,將腫瘤及其周圍約1~2 cm組織加熱至80℃,然后再刮除壞死組織。這樣既可達(dá)到安全邊界,又可避免瘤內(nèi)操作引發(fā)腫瘤種植、復(fù)發(fā),關(guān)節(jié)囊及其周圍韌帶肌腱也未遭到破壞,保留了良好的關(guān)節(jié)功能[44]。

微波消融技術(shù)的主要優(yōu)點是腫瘤內(nèi)溫度持續(xù)性更好、腫瘤消融體積更大、消融時間更快、受碳化和血流影響更小,該技術(shù)還可用于貼近血管的囊性腫塊或腫瘤,操作簡單,可實時監(jiān)控,操作痛輕微[45-46]。其缺點主要包括:①溫度過高將導(dǎo)致周圍部分組織壞死(如皮質(zhì)骨薄弱或遭破壞),易引起骨水泥滲漏;溫度過低則易導(dǎo)致腫瘤殘留,增加腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)的風(fēng)險。②GCTB好發(fā)于四肢長骨的骨骺端,鄰近軟骨下骨及軟骨,而微波消融技術(shù)可能損傷軟骨,易導(dǎo)致創(chuàng)傷性關(guān)節(jié)炎、關(guān)節(jié)退行性變等。③術(shù)后骨折發(fā)生率較高,對于腫瘤破壞范圍大、術(shù)后需負(fù)重的部位需行內(nèi)固定,部分患者需佩戴免負(fù)荷支具半年[45]。鑒于以上問題,術(shù)中應(yīng)用微波消融時加熱需均勻適度,可采用銅網(wǎng)來屏蔽微波,或予周圍組織冷敷降溫,以避免周圍軟組織及重要神經(jīng)血管出現(xiàn)熱損傷。

5.1.2.3液氮冷凍1973年,Marcove等[47]將液氮冷凍技術(shù)應(yīng)用于GCTB的治療,其基本原理是液氮所致的深冷引起細(xì)胞脫水、水結(jié)晶后,細(xì)胞內(nèi)電解質(zhì)濃度增加,細(xì)胞膜破裂,蛋白質(zhì)變性,血液阻滯,造成1~2 cm骨質(zhì)壞死,殺滅刮除手術(shù)未能完全去除的殘余腫瘤細(xì)胞。該技術(shù)具有溫度低、安全性好、來源廣泛的優(yōu)點,操作時多采用一次注入法,對骨性瘤腔進(jìn)行浸泡冷凍。但需要注意的是,液氮可控性差,操作無法規(guī)范化,冷凍溫度與壞死深度難以控制,存在增加出血的風(fēng)險,副作用主要有腫瘤惡變、組織壞死、關(guān)節(jié)退行性變等,術(shù)后病理性骨折發(fā)生率也高達(dá)5.9%~25%[41,48]。仔細(xì)監(jiān)測、暖化周圍組織是術(shù)中可采取的有效措施,能夠避免腫瘤鄰近組織的凍傷和皮膚壞死[49];亦有學(xué)者認(rèn)為接受液氮冷凍的患者需進(jìn)行內(nèi)固定[41,50]。由于該技術(shù)應(yīng)用范圍很小,故近幾年已少有相關(guān)應(yīng)用的報道。

5.1.2.4氬氦刀冷凍目前該技術(shù)已廣泛應(yīng)用于多種實體腫瘤,其機理是冷凍+熱療。當(dāng)氬氣在針尖內(nèi)急速釋放時,可在十幾秒內(nèi)將病變組織冷凍至—120℃~—165℃;當(dāng)氦氣在針尖急速釋放時,將急速復(fù)溫和升溫,快速將冰球解凍,殺傷腫瘤細(xì)胞。與液氮冷凍技術(shù)相比,溫度、范圍可控性強以及經(jīng)皮穿刺是該技術(shù)的最大優(yōu)勢[51]。有學(xué)者采用氬氦刀冷凍消融技術(shù)輔助滅活GCTB的瘤體及瘤腔,術(shù)后無軟組織損傷并發(fā)癥,隨訪4個月時關(guān)節(jié)功能良好,無軟骨退變,骨修復(fù)正常[42],但未有大樣本病例及長期隨訪療效的報道。

5.1.3骨水泥填充作為一種填充材料,骨水泥目前廣泛應(yīng)用于GCTB的輔助治療。其作用如下:①有毒單體和/或聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯聚合作用時產(chǎn)生的熱損傷可能殺滅腔內(nèi)殘存的腫瘤細(xì)胞[52],但準(zhǔn)確性仍存在爭議[53-54]。有臨床研究表明,囊內(nèi)刮除加骨水泥治療復(fù)發(fā)性GCTB,腫瘤控制效果與廣泛切除手術(shù)相同,術(shù)后功能則更加優(yōu)異[55];骨水泥+輔助劑亦比骨移植+輔助劑復(fù)發(fā)率低[56]。②就GCTB的復(fù)發(fā)改變而言,從骨與骨水泥界面影像中鑒別較之骨移植重構(gòu)期影像更為容易[57]。③骨水泥的釋放熱不會影響一同植入的協(xié)同藥物的特性[58]。④骨水泥與殘骨接觸后穩(wěn)定性提高,特別是在軟骨下骨擴大刮除后,能提供即時的穩(wěn)定性,允許術(shù)后早期負(fù)重[59];同時減少腫瘤刮除后的殘腔塌陷,允許侵襲性腫瘤更大范圍的切除??紤]到徹底移除腫瘤關(guān)節(jié)的必要性,骨水泥提高穩(wěn)定性的能力可能比熱介導(dǎo)殺死腫瘤細(xì)胞的效應(yīng)更為重要[32]。

據(jù)報道,骨水泥填充輔助治療的不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率為13%~25%,主要有骨水泥滲漏、骨性關(guān)節(jié)炎、應(yīng)力性骨折等[3,30,60]。其中應(yīng)力性骨折的發(fā)生率與腫瘤體積有一定關(guān)系[53],所以骨腫瘤體積較大者不宜選擇骨水泥填充術(shù);亦有學(xué)者認(rèn)為,膝關(guān)節(jié)周圍GCTB刮除后填充骨水泥會增加關(guān)節(jié)軟骨損傷,加劇軟骨退化,聯(lián)合軟骨下植骨可延緩或減少這種損傷[61-62],然而實驗和臨床研究結(jié)果均支持在鄰近軟骨下骨GCTB刮除術(shù)后采用骨水泥填充空腔的觀點[32,63]。

5.2化學(xué)輔助療法

GCTB刮除手術(shù)常用的化學(xué)輔助劑有苯酚、50%氯化鋅、3%過氧化氫、95%乙醇等[64-67]。其中苯酚應(yīng)用較廣,其機理是產(chǎn)生直接的細(xì)胞毒效果,使蛋白變性,抑制細(xì)胞膜滲透性,造成凝固性壞死,有效殺滅腫瘤床內(nèi)表面殘存的腫瘤組織,其破壞組織的范圍可達(dá)1~2 mm[68]。理論上講,苯酚濃度越低,其系統(tǒng)性副作用風(fēng)險越低,但高濃度苯酚(90%)對鏡下殘留腫瘤的消滅能力明顯更強[69]。聯(lián)合使用5%~90%苯酚后局部復(fù)發(fā)率可控制在6%~25%[15,61,64,70-71];Dürr等[64]報道刮除手術(shù)聯(lián)合50%苯酚治療后腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)率為9.1%,而未采用苯酚的對照組其腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)率為42.9%。需要注意的是,苯酚是一種污染物和潛在致癌物,具有神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)、心臟、腎臟、肝臟毒性,對腫瘤和正常組織的殺滅無選擇性,易被皮膚、黏膜和開放傷口吸收,因此操作中對周圍組織的保護(hù)顯得非常重要[70,72],涂抹瘤腔壁時需格外仔細(xì),以防溢出或滲漏導(dǎo)致皮膚化學(xué)燒傷、鄰近脂肪或其他組織壞死,涂抹后還需進(jìn)行灌洗。應(yīng)用95%乙醇與苯酚輔助治療GCTB復(fù)發(fā)率相似;乙醇的細(xì)胞毒性不會滲透至骨周圍,對鄰近組織副作用??;高濃度乙醇現(xiàn)成易得,使用也相對比較安全[67]。體外實驗結(jié)果還表明,95%乙醇、5%苯酚、3%過氧化氫和50%氯化鋅在降低DNA含量、代謝活性等細(xì)胞毒性方面效果相似[8]。Oh等[73]平均4.1年的臨床隨訪結(jié)果顯示,無水酒精(99.8%)輔助治療GCTB瘤的復(fù)發(fā)率為9.5%,是一種安全有效的化學(xué)輔助劑。

6 治療策略的選擇

如上所述,傳統(tǒng)化學(xué)輔助劑苯酚和液氮冷凍技術(shù)存在一定的副反應(yīng)風(fēng)險,術(shù)中既要防止滴漏,又要做到充分涂抹或浸泡瘤腔,操作起來較為困難;95%酒精或無水酒精的局部控制效果與苯酚相似且相對安全。隨著醫(yī)學(xué)工程技術(shù)的發(fā)展,溫度消融技術(shù)如氬氣刀、微波等的療效已得到認(rèn)可并進(jìn)入臨床,并發(fā)癥更低,更加方便可控,為GCTB的輔助治療提供了新的可行性選擇,但還存在安全性、技術(shù)參數(shù)、適形、有效性評估等問題,需要進(jìn)一步的技術(shù)創(chuàng)新,也需要更多的基礎(chǔ)研究和臨床數(shù)據(jù)驗證。而對于絕大多數(shù)GCTB,擴大刮除聯(lián)合骨水泥填充已成為優(yōu)選治療手段[57]。

目前,隨著技術(shù)的進(jìn)步及多學(xué)科的交叉融合,聯(lián)合多學(xué)科、優(yōu)勢互補的“多重模式治療”應(yīng)運而生。動脈栓塞療法作為不可切除骶骨GCTB的一種治療選擇,能夠起到緩解病痛、防止腫瘤進(jìn)展的作用,可單獨或聯(lián)合其他方法應(yīng)用[74]。傳統(tǒng)放療可能引起放射性脊髓炎和腫瘤惡變,臨床上較少應(yīng)用[75-76],但現(xiàn)代超壓放療、調(diào)強適形放療等新型放療技術(shù)逐漸受到人們的關(guān)注,其控制率可達(dá)85%~90%,毒性較小,惡變率較低(0%~8%)[77],可應(yīng)用于難以完全手術(shù)切除的部位(如脊柱或骶骨)[78]。雙膦酸鹽藥物治療可通過誘導(dǎo)GCTB基質(zhì)細(xì)胞和多核巨細(xì)胞的凋亡,從而達(dá)到抑制骨破壞的效果,局部復(fù)發(fā)率明顯降低[79-80]。靶向治療藥物狄諾塞麥?zhǔn)且环NRANKL單克隆抗體,選擇性阻斷人RANKL,進(jìn)而抑制破骨細(xì)胞分化、激活和存活,對GCTB的控制率及治療耐受性均表現(xiàn)良好,是一種新型的輔助治療方法[81]。

總之,目前尚未有一種完善的、能被廣泛接受、適用于所有患者的GCTB治療方案[56]。在輔助方法的選擇上需要更好地認(rèn)識腫瘤的生物學(xué)特性和自然轉(zhuǎn)歸,根據(jù)臨床、放射和病理三結(jié)合的原則進(jìn)行術(shù)前系統(tǒng)評價,開展多學(xué)科緊密協(xié)作,最終選擇更為有效、無創(chuàng)、方便易用且符合患者意愿的輔助方法。

參考文獻(xiàn)

[1]Athanasou NA,Bansal M,F(xiàn)orsyth R,et al. Giant cell tumour of bone//Fletcher CD,Bridge JA,Hogendoorn PC. WHO classification of tumours of soft tissue and bone[M]. Lyon:IARC Press,2013:321-324.

[2]栗向東,王臻,郭征.骨巨細(xì)胞瘤及其外科治療選擇[J].骨科,2010,1(2):57-61.

[3]Kivioja AH,Blomqvist C,Hietaniemi K,et al. Cement is recommended in intralesional surgery of giant cell tumors:a Scandinavian Sarcoma Group study of 294 patients followed for a median time of 5 years[J]. Acta Orthop,2008,79(1):86-93.

[4]Sakayama K,Sugawara Y,Kidani T,et al. Diagnostic and therapeutic problems of giant cell tumor in the proximal femur[J]. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg,2007,127(10):867-872.

[5]Turcotte RE,Wunder JS,Isler MH,et al. Giant cell tumor of long bone:a Canadian Sarcoma Group study[J]. Clin Orthop Relat Res,2002(397):248-258.

[6]牛曉輝.骨巨細(xì)胞瘤的診斷與治療[J].癌癥進(jìn)展,2005,3(4):316-319.

[7]郭衛(wèi),楊毅,李曉,等.四肢骨巨細(xì)胞瘤的外科治療[J].中華骨科雜志,2007,27(3):177-182.

[8]Gortzak Y,Kandel R,Deheshi B,et al. The efficacy of chemical adjuvants on giant-cell tumour of bone:an in vitro study[J]. J Bone Joint Surg Br,2010,92(10):1475-1479.

[9]Niu X,Zhang Q,Hao L,et al. Giant cell tumor of the extremity:retrospective analysis of 621 Chinese patients from one institution[J]. J Bone Joint Surg Am,2012,94(5):461-467.

[10]Lim YW,Tan MH. Treatment of benign giant cell tumours of bone in Singapore[J]. Ann Acad Med Singapore,2005,34 (3):235-237.

[11]Wang H,Wan N,Hu Y. Giant cell tumour of bone:a new evaluating system is necessary[J]. Int Orthop,2012,36(12):2521-2527.

[12]Murhey MD,Nom ikos GC,F(xiàn)lemming DJ,et a1. From the archives of the AFIP. imaging of giant cell tumor and giant cell reparative granuloma of bone:radiologic-pathologie correlation[J]. Radiographies,2001,21(5):1283-1309.

[13]Jeys LM,Suneja R,Cham i G,et al. Impending fractures in giant cell tumours of the distal femur:incidence and outcome [J]. Int Orthop,2006,30(2):135-138.

[14]Campanacci M,Baldini N,Boriani S,et al. Giant-cell tumor of bone[J]. J Bone Joint Surg Am,1987,69(1):106-114.

[15]Blackley HR,Wunder JS,Davis AM,et al. Treatment of giant-cell tumors of long bones w ith curettage and bone grafting[J]. J Bone Joint Surg Am,1999,81(6):811-820.

[16]Ghert MA,Rizzo M,Harrelson JM,et al. Giant cell tumor of the appendicular skeleton[J]. Clin Orthop Relat Res,2002 (400):201-210.

[17]Muheremu A,Niu X. Pulmonary metastasis of giant cell tumor of bones[J]. World J Surg Oncol,2014,12:261.

[18]Jaffe L,Lichtenstein L,Portis RB. Giant cell tumor of bone:its pathologic appearance,grading,supposed variants and treatment[J]. Arch Path,1940(30):993-1031.

[19]王晗,胡永成,于秀淳,等.膝關(guān)節(jié)周圍骨巨細(xì)胞瘤治療的多中心回顧性研究[J].中華骨科雜志,2012,32(11):1040-1047.

[20]Wang CS,Lou JH,Liao JS,et a1. Recurrence in giant cell tumour of bone:imaging features and risk factors[J]. Radiol Med,2013,118(3):456-464.

[21]Canale ST. Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics[M]. 10th ed. US:Mosby,2003:813-817.

[22]Enneking WF. A system of staging museuloskeletal neoplasms[J]. Clin Orthop Relat Res,1986(204):9-24.

[23]邱貴興.骨科學(xué)高級教程[M].北京:人民軍醫(yī)出版社,2013:755-758.

[24]Prosser GH,Baloch KG,Tillman RM,et al. Does curettage w ithout adjuvant therapy provide low recurrence rates in giant-cell tumors of bone?[J]. Clin Orthop Relat Res,2005 (435):211-218.

[25]胡永成,陳雁西,倫登興.骨巨細(xì)胞瘤臨床評分系統(tǒng)的建立及臨床驗證[J].中華骨科雜志,2011,31(2):105-112.

[26]Cowan RW,Singh G. Giant cell tumor of bone:a basic science perspective[J]. Bone,2013,52(1):238-246.

[27]Graziano V,De Laurenzi V. Role of p63 in cancer development[J]. Biochim Biophys Acta,2011(1816):57-66.

[28]Babeto E,Concei??o AL,Valsechi MC,et al. Differentially expressed genes in giant cell tumor of bone[J]. Virchows Arch,2011,458(4):467-476.

[29]Karpik M. Giant Cell Tumor(tumor gigantocellularis,osteoclastoma):epidem iology,diagnosis,treatment[J]. Ortop Traumatol Rehabil,2010,12(3):207-215.

[30]Balke M,Schremper L,Gebert C,et al. Giant cell tumor of bone:treatment and outcome of 214 cases[J]. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol,2008,134(9):969-978.

[31]Errani C,Ruggieri P,Asenzio MA,et al. Giantcell tumor of the extrem ity:a review of 349 cases from a single institution [J]. Cancer Treat Rev,2010,36(1):1-7.

[32]Su YP,Chen WM,Chen TH. Giant-cell tumors of bone:an analysis of 87 cases[J]. Int Orthop,2004,28(4):239-243.

[33]O'Donnell RJ,Springfield DS,Motwani HK,et al. Recurrence of giant cell tumors of the long bones after curettage and packing w ith cement[J]. J Bone Joint Surg Am,1994,76 (12):1827-1833.

[34]Algawahmed H,Turcotte R,F(xiàn)arrokhyar F,et al. High-speed burring w ith and w ithout the use of surgical adjuvants in the intralesional management of giant cell tumor of bone:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Sarcoma,2010:586090.

[35]K lenke FM,Wenger DE,Inwards CY,et al. Giant cell tumor of bone:risk factors for recurrence[J]. Clin Orthop Relat Res,2011,469(2):591-599.

[36]Lew is VO,Wei A,Mendoza T,et al. A rgon beam coagulation as an adjuvant for local control of giant cell tumor[J]. Clin Orthop Relat Res,2007(454):192-197.

[37]Fan QY,Ma BA,Zhou Y,et al. Bone tumors of the extrem ities or pelvis treated by m icrowave-induced hypertherm ia[J]. Clin Orthop Relat Res,2003(406):165-175.

[38]張強,鄒德威,馬華松,等.超聲刀在骨巨細(xì)胞瘤中的應(yīng)用[J].中國矯形外科雜志,2007,15(15):1181-1183.

[39]Santiago FR,Del Mar Castellano García M,Montes JL,et al. Treatment of bone tumours by radiofrequency thermal ablation[J]. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med,2009,2(1):43-50.

[40]Kirby EJ,Buchalter JS,Kastenbaum DM,et al. CO2 laser cauterization of giant-cell tumor margins[J]. Clin Orthop Relat Res,1990(253):231-239.

[41]Malawer MM,Bickels J,Meller I,et al. Cryosurgery in the treatment of giant cell tumor:a long-term followup study[J]. Clin Orthop Relat Res,1999(359):176-188.

[42]陳國奮,張會良,蘭天,等.氬氦刀冷凍消融輔助治療骨巨細(xì)胞瘤三例早期臨床報道[J].中國骨與關(guān)節(jié)雜志,2012,1(3):277-279.

[43]Benevenia J,Patterson FR,Beebe KS,et al. Comparison of phenol and argon beam coagulation as adjuvant therapies in the treatment of stage 2 and 3 benign-aggressive bone tumors [J]. Orthopedics,2012,35(3):e371-e378.

[44]王進(jìn),吳曄,楊國華,等.原位微波滅活瘤段+重建治療骨巨細(xì)胞瘤的臨床觀察[J].中華關(guān)節(jié)外科雜志:電子版,2012,6 (1):48-50.

[45]Wright SA,Lee FT,Mahvi DM. Hepatic microwave ablation w ith multiple antennae results in synergistically larger zones of coagulation necrosis[J]. Ann Surg Oncol,2003,10(3):275-283.

[46]Simon CJ,Dupuy DE,Mayo-Sm ith WW. M icrowave ablation:principles and applications[J]. Radiographics,2005,25(Suppl 1):69-83.

[47]Marcove RC,Lyden JP,Huvos AG,et al. Giant-cell tumors treated by cryosurgery:a report of twenty-five cases[J]. Bone Joint Surg Am,1973,55(8):1633-1644.

[48]Marcove RC,Weis LD,Vaghaiwalla MR,et al. Cryosurgery in the treatment of giant cell tumor of bone:a report of 52 consecutive cases[J]. Cancer,1978,41(3):957-969.

[49]Khalil el SA,Younis A,Aziz SA,et al. Surgical management for giant cell tumor of bones[J]. J Egypt Natl Canc Inst,2004,16(3):145-152.

[50]Aboulafia AJ,Rosenbaum DH,Sicard-Rosenbaum L,et al. Treatment of large subchondral tumors of the knee w ith cryosurgery and composite reconstruction[J]. Clin Orthop Relat Res,1994(307):189-199.

[51]陳國奮.冷凍消融在骨與軟組織腫瘤治療中的應(yīng)用[J].實用醫(yī)學(xué)雜志,2013,29(21):3453-3454.

[52]Rock M. Adjuvant management of benign tumors:basic concepts of phenol and cement use[J]. Chir Organi Mov,1990,75(1 suppl):195-197.

[53]K rishnan EC,Nelson C,Neff JR. Thermodynam ic considerations of acrylic cement implant at the site of giant cell tumors of the bone[J]. Med Phys,1986,13(2):233-239.

[54]Harving S,S?balle K,Bünger C. A method for bone-cement interface thermometry:an in vitro comparison between low temperature curing cement palavit,and surgical simplex P[J]. Acta Orthop Scand,1991,62(6):546-548.

[55]K lenke FM,Wenger DE,Inwards CY,et al. Recurrent giant cell tumor of long bones:analysis of surgical management [J]. Clin Orthop Relat Res,2011,469(4):1181-1187.

[56]Zuo D,Zheng L,Sun W,et al. Contemporary adjuvant polymethyl methacrylate cementation optimally lim its recurrence in primary giant cell tumor of bone patients compared to bone grafting:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. World J Surg Oncol,2013,11:156.

[57]Wada T,Kaya M,Nagoya S,et al. Complications associated w ith bone cementing for the treatment of giant cell tumors of bone[J]. J Orthop Sci,2002,7(2):194-198.

[58]Greco F,de Palma L,Specchia N,et al. Polymethylmethacrylate-antiblastic drug compounds:an in vitro study assessing the cytotoxic effect in cancer cell lines:a new method for local chemotherapy of bone metastasis[J]. Orthopedics,1992,15(2):189-194.

[59]Bini SA,Gill K,Johnston JO. Giant cell tumour of bone:curettage and cement reconstruction[J]. Clin Orthop Relat Res,1995(321):245-250.

[60]Arbeitsgemeinschaft Knochentumoren,Becker WT,Dohle J,et al. Local recurrence of giant cell tumor of bone after intralesional treatment w ith and w ithout adjuvant therapy[J]. J Bone Joint Surg Am,2008,90(5):1060-1067.

[61]Campanacci M,Capanna R,F(xiàn)abbri N,et al. Curettage of giant cell tumour of bone:reconstruction w ith subchondral grafts and cement[J]. Chir Organi Mov,1990,75(1 suppl):212-213.

[62]曹武,葉招明,林秾,等.膝關(guān)節(jié)周圍骨巨細(xì)胞瘤刮除后填充骨水泥對關(guān)節(jié)軟骨影響的臨床研究[J].中國修復(fù)重建外科雜志,2014,28(12):1459-1463.

[63]von Steyern FV,Kristiansson I,Jonsson K,et al. Giant-cell tumour of the knee:the condition of the cartilage after treatment by curettage and cementing[J]. J Bone Joint Surg Br,2007,89(3):361-365.

[64]Dürr HR,Maier M,Jansson V,et al. Phenol as an adjuvant for local control in the treatment of giant cell tumour of the bone[J]. Eur J Surg Oncol,1999,25(6):610-618.

[65]Zhen W,Yaotian H,Songjian L,et al. Giant-cell tumour of bone:the long-term results of treatment by curettage and bone graft[J]. J Bone Joint Surg Br,2004,86(2):212-216.

[66]Nicholson NC,Ramp WK,Kneisl JS,et al. Hydrogen peroxide inhibits giant cell tumor and osteoblast metabolism in vitro[J]. Clin Orthop Relat Res,1998(347):250-260.

[67]Lin WH,Lan TY,Chen CY,et al. Sim ilar local control between phenol- and ethanol-treated giant cell tumors of bone [J]. Clin Orthop Relat Res,2011,469(11):3200-3208.

[68]Lin PP,F(xiàn)rink SJ. Intralesional treatment of bone tumours[J]. Oper Tech Orthop,2005,14:251-258.

[69]Ofluoglu O. Aggressive treatment of giant cell tumour w ith multiple local adjuvants[J]. Acta Orthop Belg,2008,74(6):831-836.

[70]Lackman RD,Hosalkar HS,Ogilvie CM,et al. Intralesional curettage for grades II and III giant cell tumors of bone[J]. Clin Orthop Relat Res,2005(438):123-127.

[71]Vidyadhara S,Rao SK. Techniques in the management of juxta-articular aggressive and recurrent giant cell tumors around the knee[J]. Eur J Surg Oncol,2007,33(2):243-251.

[72]M cGough RL,Rutedge J,Lew is VO,et al. Impact severity of local recurrence in giant cell tumor of bone[J]. Clin Orthop Relat Res,2005(438):116-122.

[73]Oh JH,Yoon PW,Lee SH,et al. Surgical treatment of giant cell tumour of long bone w ith anhydrous alcohol adjuvant[J]. Int Orthop,2006,30(6):490-494.

[74]Lin PP,Guzel VB,Moura MF,et al. Long-term follow-up of patients w ith giant cell tumor of the sacrum treated w ith selective arterial embolization[J]. Cancer,2002,95(6):1317-1325.

[75]Khan DC,Malhotra S,Stevens RE,et al. Radiotherapy for the treatment of giant cell tumor of the spine:a report of six cases and review of the literature[J]. Cancer Invest,1999,17 (2):110-113.

[76]Chen ZX,Gu DZ,Yu ZH,et al. Radiation therapy of giant cell tumor of bone:analysis of 35 patients[J]. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys,1986,12(3):329-334.

[77]Feigenberg SJ,Marcus Jr RB,Zlotecki RA,et al. Radiation therapy for giant cell tumors of bone[J]. Clin Orthop Relat Res,2003(411):207-216.

[78]Sobti A,Agrawal P,Agarwala S,et al. Giant cell tumor of bone:an overview[J]. Arch Bone Jt Surg,2016,4(1):2-9.

[79]鄭小飛,尹慶水,楊傳紅,等.雙膦酸鹽誘導(dǎo)骨巨細(xì)胞瘤細(xì)胞凋亡的實驗研究[J].臨床腫瘤學(xué)雜志,2011,16(3):219-222.

[80]Tse LF,Wong KC,Kum ta SM,et al. Bisphosphonates reduce local recurrence in extremity giant cell tumor of bone:a case-control study[J]. Bone,2008,42(1):68-73.

[81]Thomas D,Henshaw R,Skubitz K,et al. Denosumab in patients w ith giant-cell tumour of bone:an open-label,phase 2 study[J]. Lancet Oncol,2010,11(3):275-280.

繼續(xù)教育

Current researches for giant cell tumor of bone and its ad juvant therapy

LIN Yulin*,ZHANG Yu. *Department of Emergency,Beijiao Hospital of Southern Medical University,F(xiàn)oshan,Guangdong 528311,China

【Abstract】Being a kind of common locally-aggressive primary bone tumor,giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB)mostly occurs in metaphysis of long bones in adults between 20 to 40 years old,w ith uncertain biological behavior and relative high local recurrence rate. Major treatment included intralesional curettage and segmental resection,in which the combination of curettage and physical or chem ical adjuvant therapy could enhance local control effects and thus reduce the recurrence of tumor. Based on reviews of epidem iological characteristics,tumor grading,diagnosis and surgical treatment,current researches of high speed drilling,temperature ablation(argon knife,m icrowave,liquid nitrogen,argon-helium knife),bone cement filling,as well as chem ical adjuvant(phenol,high concentration ethanol and so on)therapy were focused in this paper,so as to provide references for adjuvant treatment selection in patients w ith GCTB.

【Key words】Giant cell tumors of bone;Epidemiology;Pathology;Radiological diagnosis;Combined modality therapy;Curettage;Drill;Hypertherm ia,induced;Argon;M icrowaves;Cryotherapy;Nitrogen;Helium;Bone cements;Chemotherapy,adjuvant

中圖分類號:R738.1,R730.59

文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼:A

文章編號:1674-666X(2016)02-112-08

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-666X.2016.02.009

基金項目:國家自然科學(xué)基金面上項目(81271957)

通信作者:張余,E-mail:luck_2001@126.com

Corresponding author:ZHANG Yu,E-mail:luck_2001@126.com

收稿日期:(2016-01-15;修回日期:2016-02-16)(本文編輯:張輝)

猜你喜歡
氬氣苯酚消融
消融
一種輪胎制備用橡膠處理裝置
苯酚對厭氧氨氧化顆粒污泥脫氮性能抑制作用的研究
基于光譜識別的LF氬氣底吹自適應(yīng)控制設(shè)計
示范快堆主容器內(nèi)氬氣空間數(shù)值模擬
一種苯酚焦油中苯酚與苯乙酮的回收方法
消融邊界:城市中的多功能復(fù)合空間
亞洲將引領(lǐng)全球苯酚產(chǎn)能增長
苯酚對典型承壓裝置材料的腐蝕行為研究
氬氣凝固術(shù)聯(lián)合艾司奧美拉唑腸溶片治療260例Barrett食管患者的療效觀察