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嚴(yán)格掌握經(jīng)皮脊柱內(nèi)鏡技術(shù)的手術(shù)指征

2016-01-23 09:10楊惠林孟斌吳凱倫
中國骨與關(guān)節(jié)雜志 2016年5期
關(guān)鍵詞:內(nèi)窺鏡外科手術(shù)頸椎

楊惠林 孟斌 吳凱倫

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. 述評 Editorial .

嚴(yán)格掌握經(jīng)皮脊柱內(nèi)鏡技術(shù)的手術(shù)指征

楊惠林孟斌吳凱倫

【關(guān)鍵詞】外科手術(shù),微創(chuàng)性;內(nèi)窺鏡;頸椎;腰椎;椎間盤移位;椎管狹窄

隨著外科手術(shù)微創(chuàng)化時(shí)代的發(fā)展,經(jīng)皮脊柱內(nèi)鏡技術(shù)的發(fā)展也取得了長足的進(jìn)步,并逐漸走向成熟。經(jīng)皮脊柱內(nèi)鏡技術(shù)是在 YESS (yeung endoscopic spine system) 技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)之上逐漸發(fā)展起來的。所謂 YESS 技術(shù),即美籍華人 Yeung[1]于 20 世紀(jì) 90 年代研制了脊柱內(nèi)鏡 YESS 系統(tǒng),并應(yīng)用該系統(tǒng)采用后外側(cè)入路經(jīng)皮經(jīng) Kambin 三角進(jìn)入椎間盤行髓核摘除減壓的技術(shù)。Hoogland 等[2]又在 YESS 技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行擴(kuò)展改進(jìn),提出了 TESSYS (transforaminal endoscopic spine system) 技術(shù),借助內(nèi)鏡直視下直接到達(dá)椎管內(nèi)突出的髓核,并可進(jìn)行直接摘除,減除神經(jīng)根壓迫。這兩種脊柱內(nèi)鏡技術(shù)的共同特點(diǎn)就是要借助于工作通道將內(nèi)鏡置于病變部位,在持續(xù)的水環(huán)境下直視操作。比較而言,TESSYS 技術(shù)更強(qiáng)調(diào)工作通道放置偏向椎管內(nèi),內(nèi)鏡直視下直接神經(jīng)根減壓操作。Ridout 等[3]在總結(jié)以上技術(shù)的同時(shí)提出了后路經(jīng)椎板間全內(nèi)鏡技術(shù),鏡下逐層進(jìn)入至椎管椎間盤突出部位進(jìn)行直視下摘除減壓操作。經(jīng)過 20 多年的發(fā)展和應(yīng)用,脊柱內(nèi)鏡技術(shù)的優(yōu)勢逐漸體現(xiàn),可以減少組織損傷,減少出血量,減輕術(shù)后疼痛,縮短康復(fù)時(shí)間等。在給患者帶來巨大利好的同時(shí),對手術(shù)醫(yī)生也提出了更高的要求,如術(shù)者對解剖知識的熟練程度、影像定位和解剖空間的匹配、手術(shù)器械和操作技能的理解和應(yīng)用等。但是任何技術(shù)都不能解決所有疾病,嚴(yán)格掌握脊柱內(nèi)鏡技術(shù)的手術(shù)指征是保證手術(shù)療效和安全性的關(guān)鍵。

一、腰椎間盤突出癥

理論上,經(jīng)皮脊柱內(nèi)鏡技術(shù)下可以治療任何類型的腰椎間盤突出癥。最早的 YESS 技術(shù)是經(jīng)后外側(cè)椎間孔入路由盤內(nèi)至盤外的操作技術(shù),適用于椎間孔型及極外側(cè)型椎間盤突出,但對椎管內(nèi)脫出及游離髓核無法有效切除[4]。Hoogland 等[2]發(fā)明的由椎間盤外向內(nèi)摘除髓核的 TESSYS 技術(shù)和 Ruetten 等[5]發(fā)明的極外側(cè)橫向經(jīng)椎間孔穿刺技術(shù),進(jìn)一步拓展脊柱內(nèi)鏡技術(shù)治療腰椎間盤突出癥的適應(yīng)證。但是 L5~S1部位的特殊解剖結(jié)構(gòu)給該技術(shù)的應(yīng)用帶來了困難。Osman 等[6]率先開創(chuàng)經(jīng)髂入路腰椎間盤髓核摘除術(shù),成功解決了高髂棘L5~S1椎間盤突出癥患者的鏡下摘除困難。

由于脊柱內(nèi)鏡技術(shù)的學(xué)習(xí)曲線長,手術(shù)危險(xiǎn)性高,對于不同的術(shù)者和患者,手術(shù)的效果及安全性都有所不同。Choi 等[7]回顧分析了 10 228 例患者的臨床資料,結(jié)果顯示脊柱內(nèi)鏡技術(shù)治療腰椎間盤突出癥后,4.3% 的患者疼痛未緩解,2.8% 切除不完全,0.8% 疼痛復(fù)發(fā),認(rèn)為手術(shù)適應(yīng)證的選擇和手術(shù)時(shí)工作通道的正確放置,對手術(shù)的成功非常重要。周躍等[8]對 350 例行經(jīng)皮脊柱內(nèi)鏡下腰椎間盤髓核摘除術(shù)的患者進(jìn)行了為期 6 年的隨訪,其結(jié)果顯示手術(shù)失敗率可高達(dá) 10.3%,當(dāng)對這些患者進(jìn)行回顧分析時(shí),會發(fā)現(xiàn)不少患者于術(shù)后 5 年出現(xiàn)持續(xù)性腰痛,癥狀甚至較前有所加重。Moliterno 等[9]和 Kim 等[10]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)消瘦的患者在術(shù)后更易出現(xiàn)疼痛復(fù)發(fā),而糖尿病患者與正常患者相比也有著較高的復(fù)發(fā)率[11]。

筆者認(rèn)為,在術(shù)前應(yīng)對手術(shù)方式進(jìn)行詳細(xì)規(guī)劃,不僅需要考慮病變椎間盤的位置、大小以及所在節(jié)段,還應(yīng)將解剖條件如髂棘高度、椎間寬度等因素考慮在內(nèi),進(jìn)行充分評估,才能選擇正確的手術(shù)方式。Seungcheol 等[12]以脫出髓核位于椎管內(nèi)位置將突出分為 4 個(gè)區(qū)域,并提出對于脫出位于 2、3 區(qū)的髓核可給予經(jīng)皮內(nèi)鏡腰椎間盤切除術(shù) (percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy,PELD) 治療,對于脫出位于 l、4 區(qū)的髓核給予開放手術(shù)。Kim 等[13]通過對行開放手術(shù)治療的 12 816 例和脊柱內(nèi)鏡治療的 3001 例進(jìn)行分析,提出內(nèi)鏡治療失敗有著明確的年齡相關(guān)性,并指出 > 57 歲的患者在術(shù)后 3.4 年內(nèi)有著更高的再手術(shù)率。對年輕患者而言,內(nèi)鏡治療與開放手術(shù)的再手術(shù)率則無明顯差別。所以,對于初學(xué)者來說,以下情況應(yīng)謹(jǐn)慎對待,做好術(shù)前規(guī)劃:(1) 椎間盤脫出向遠(yuǎn)處游離,找不到突出的髓核或取除不完全;(2) 嚴(yán)重椎管和椎間孔骨性狹窄,置入通道困難或損傷神經(jīng);(3) 鈣化型椎間盤突出;(4) 高髂嵴的 L5~S1椎間盤突出采用椎間孔入路者;(5) 椎間盤翻修手術(shù),容易因粘連而使硬膜囊撕裂;(6) 對疼痛非常敏感無法耐受局麻手術(shù),術(shù)中無法正確交流等[14-16]。

二、腰椎管狹窄癥

腰椎管狹窄癥是腰椎中央椎管、側(cè)隱窩或椎間孔狹窄引起腰骶神經(jīng)根和馬尾神經(jīng)受壓,表現(xiàn)為以間歇性跛行和坐骨神經(jīng)痛為主要癥狀的一種疾病,是一種常見的脊柱退行性疾病,以中老年人高發(fā)。最初的經(jīng)皮脊柱內(nèi)鏡技術(shù)對于腰椎管狹窄癥是相對禁忌證。2002 年,德國 Hoogland 等[2]提出了 TESSYS 技術(shù),并設(shè)計(jì)了一套不同直徑的椎間孔鉸刀,逐級絞除部分上關(guān)節(jié)突前下緣骨質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu),擴(kuò)大椎間孔,直接經(jīng)擴(kuò)大成形的椎間孔進(jìn)入椎管內(nèi),可在內(nèi)鏡系統(tǒng)直視下摘除脫出、游離的椎間盤組織,并且能有效處理伴有椎間孔狹窄的腰椎間盤突出。實(shí)現(xiàn)了脊柱內(nèi)鏡技術(shù)成功治療腰椎管狹窄癥。腰椎管狹窄根據(jù)其病理區(qū)域分為 3 種,即中央管狹窄、側(cè)隱窩狹窄和椎間孔狹窄。而脊柱內(nèi)鏡技術(shù)可以根據(jù)狹窄類型選擇不同的減壓技術(shù),如經(jīng)椎板間技術(shù)、經(jīng)椎間孔技術(shù)和內(nèi)鏡下椎間孔成形術(shù)。Komp 等[17]采用經(jīng)皮經(jīng)椎板間隙入路、單通道雙側(cè)減壓技術(shù)治療腰椎中央管狹窄獲得了 93% 的優(yōu)良率,與傳統(tǒng)手術(shù)結(jié)果相近,但并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率明顯降低。Ruetten 等[18-19]比較經(jīng)椎板間隙完全內(nèi)鏡下及顯微鏡下腰椎側(cè)隱窩減壓技術(shù),兩者療效相近,但完全內(nèi)鏡手術(shù)并發(fā)癥明顯低于顯微鏡下腰椎管減壓技術(shù)。Chiu 等[20]報(bào)道了 2000 例腰椎間盤突出癥和腰椎管狹窄癥患者行脊柱內(nèi)鏡手術(shù)后的優(yōu)良率達(dá)到 94%,盡管所有患者的癥狀術(shù)后都得到改善,但是仍有 6% 的患者有術(shù)后殘留綜合征。Hwa Eum 等[21]采用雙通道脊柱內(nèi)鏡技術(shù)治療 58 例單節(jié)段的腰椎管狹窄癥患者的優(yōu)良率為 81%。Lewandrowski[22]報(bào)道了 220 例椎間孔狹窄的患者采用脊柱內(nèi)鏡技術(shù)進(jìn)行減壓的患者,手術(shù)優(yōu)良率達(dá)到 85%。

盡管經(jīng)皮脊柱內(nèi)鏡技術(shù)治療腰椎管狹窄癥取得了成功,但并不是所有的腰椎管狹窄癥都能用內(nèi)鏡技術(shù)解決。對于伴有椎間不穩(wěn)的患者應(yīng)列為禁忌證。腰椎管狹窄癥多是由于退變引起,節(jié)段往往多于 1 個(gè),所以責(zé)任節(jié)段的精準(zhǔn)判定非常重要,再加上狹窄往往呈環(huán)形,單純減除一個(gè)節(jié)段或脊髓腹背側(cè)減壓,不能起到應(yīng)有的臨床療效。所以,術(shù)前診斷和術(shù)前根據(jù)影像學(xué)進(jìn)行規(guī)劃對手術(shù)的成功非常重要。手術(shù)技術(shù)不成熟的術(shù)者不建議馬上開展該技術(shù)。即使手術(shù)技術(shù)相對較為成熟的術(shù)者,也常常會出現(xiàn)鏡下判斷不準(zhǔn)確而致減壓范圍不夠的情況。所以對于鏡下操作技術(shù)熟練者,也要逐步開展該技術(shù),減少并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生。

此外,也有個(gè)別學(xué)者嘗試將經(jīng)皮脊柱內(nèi)鏡技術(shù)用于治療腰椎滑脫[23]、感染[24]、椎間融合[25]、復(fù)發(fā)性腰椎間盤突出癥[26]及多節(jié)段手術(shù)[27],但僅有少量的文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,還需要病例積累和長期隨訪,進(jìn)行客觀評估。

三、頸椎病

隨著脊柱內(nèi)鏡技術(shù)的發(fā)展和器械的改進(jìn),該技術(shù)也被成功地應(yīng)用于頸椎病的治療,并取得了一定的進(jìn)步和發(fā)展。頸椎內(nèi)鏡技術(shù)有兩種入路,一種是直接后路到達(dá)椎板 - 椎間孔區(qū)域,解除椎間孔處的壓迫,不一定摘除椎間盤,另一種是前路到達(dá)椎間隙,起到傳統(tǒng)開放頸椎前路減壓融合手術(shù)的作用[28]。具有切口小、出血少、非融合、保留頸椎運(yùn)動節(jié)段、費(fèi)用低、恢復(fù)快、并發(fā)癥少、術(shù)后止痛藥使用少等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。Ruetten 等[29]對103 例分別行脊柱內(nèi)鏡下頸椎前路椎間盤摘除術(shù)和傳統(tǒng)頸椎前路減壓融合手術(shù),術(shù)后療效兩者無明顯差異,脊柱內(nèi)鏡組優(yōu)良率高達(dá) 96%。Yao 等[30]在脊柱內(nèi)鏡下對 67 例行頸椎前路椎間盤摘除減壓、椎間融合術(shù),獲得至少 5 年的隨訪,臨床優(yōu)良率達(dá) 86.6%,椎間融合率高達(dá) 100%。Lee 等[31]對 37 例行脊柱內(nèi)鏡下椎間盤切除減壓,4 例復(fù)發(fā)或進(jìn)行性后凸畸形,后又行前路減壓椎間融合術(shù)。

盡管頸椎內(nèi)鏡技術(shù)得到逐步開展,但其發(fā)生血管、神經(jīng)、食道損傷等并發(fā)癥是嚴(yán)重的。只有熟練掌握內(nèi)鏡技術(shù)操作規(guī)范、嚴(yán)格把握手術(shù)適應(yīng)證和充分制訂術(shù)前規(guī)劃,才能對頸椎內(nèi)鏡技術(shù)的推廣和應(yīng)用起到促進(jìn)的作用。在掌握相關(guān)技術(shù)的基礎(chǔ)上穩(wěn)扎穩(wěn)打,減少手術(shù)并發(fā)癥,提高手術(shù)療效和安全性,不要一哄而上。

總之,經(jīng)過 20 多年的發(fā)展和改進(jìn),在國內(nèi)外專家學(xué)者的共同努力下,經(jīng)皮脊柱內(nèi)鏡技術(shù)得到了蓬勃的發(fā)展,已經(jīng)顯示了該技術(shù)的優(yōu)越性和強(qiáng)大生命力。術(shù)前精準(zhǔn)診斷、熟練操作技術(shù)、臨床手術(shù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)累積和嚴(yán)格掌握手術(shù)指征,是充分發(fā)揮技術(shù)優(yōu)勢,減少并發(fā)癥,提高手術(shù)安全性和手術(shù)療效的關(guān)鍵,是更好地服務(wù)于患者的根本保證。

參 考 文 獻(xiàn)

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(本文編輯:王萌)

Indications of percutaneous endoscopic spine surgery be controlled strictly

YANG Hui-lin, MENG Bin, WU Kailun. the first Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, PRC

【Abstract】Percutaneous endoscopic spine surgery differs from other minimally invasive spinal techniques because of use of the spinal endoscope. With the development and improvement of endoscopic optical technology,endoscopic surgical techniques and instrumentation, central, paracentral, foraminal and far lateral lumbar disc herniation can now be treated by endoscopic techniques. Endoscopic systems are also used for posterior interlaminar lumbar decompression, anterior and posterior cervical discectomy. Some unilevel lumbar stenosis may be treated by the endoscopic techniques as well. Although the surgical indications for endoscopic techniques are evolving, there are many potential complications, such as nerve root injury, durotomy, infection, retro-peritoneal cavity injury, cauda equine injury, great vessel injury, muscular hematoma, re-herniation, piriformis syndrome, and/or epidural hematoma. So, the endoscopic spine surgery can only be practiced after the completion of learning curve which could be improved through training, mentorship and clinic surgical experience. Surgical training, including didactic lectures, hands on cadaveric training, and surgical observation, should all be essential for surgical education and instruction. Appropriate preoperative planning and strictly controlled indications of percutaneous endoscopic spine surgery are necessary and important for optimal outcomes.

【Key words】Surgical procedures, minimally invasive; Endoscopes; Cervical vertebrae; Lumbar vertebrae;Intervertebral disc displacement; Spinal stenosis

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.2095-252X.2016.05.001中圖分類號:R618.5, R616.5

作者單位:215006 江蘇,蘇州大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院

收稿日期:(2016-04-27)

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