劉彬 陳志偉 吳文特 陽(yáng)海清 陳丹 曾多名
急性踝關(guān)節(jié)三角韌帶損傷的診療進(jìn)展
劉彬 陳志偉 吳文特 陽(yáng)海清 陳丹 曾多名
踝關(guān)節(jié);創(chuàng)傷和損傷;韌帶,關(guān)節(jié);診斷;治療
踝關(guān)節(jié)三角韌帶損傷約占所有踝關(guān)節(jié)損傷的15% 左右[1-3],其中內(nèi)側(cè)三角韌帶損傷率遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)低于外側(cè)副韌帶損傷率,約 6% 左右[4,47]。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),在美國(guó),每天大約有2700 余人發(fā)生踝關(guān)節(jié)損傷,其中伴有三角韌帶損傷占有5% 左右[5]。根據(jù) Lauge-Hanson 分型,踝關(guān)節(jié)三角韌帶主要損傷機(jī)制分為旋后外旋型、旋前外展型以及旋前外旋型,在 3 種損傷方式中又以旋后外旋型損傷為主,約占踝關(guān)節(jié)損傷的10%[6-8]。何河北等[9]指出:修復(fù)三角韌帶組術(shù)后 Mazur 評(píng)分較不修復(fù)組明顯增高,同時(shí),修復(fù)組術(shù)后踝關(guān)節(jié)的穩(wěn)定性也更好。同樣,也有學(xué)者在對(duì)踝關(guān)節(jié)骨折伴有內(nèi)側(cè)三角韌帶損傷的患者進(jìn)行手術(shù)時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),修復(fù)三角韌帶在一定程度上決定了患者術(shù)后踝關(guān)節(jié)的穩(wěn)定性[10-11]。因此,在急性踝關(guān)節(jié)三角韌帶損傷時(shí),建議行韌帶的修復(fù)或者韌帶重建。
目前國(guó)內(nèi)外大部分學(xué)者都認(rèn)可三角韌帶分為淺、深兩層[12-14]。其中淺層包含:脛舟韌帶、脛彈簧韌帶、脛跟韌帶、脛距前淺層以及脛距后淺層,在限制距骨外展以及距骨傾斜上發(fā)揮重要作用;深層分為脛距前深層和脛距后深層兩層,對(duì)防止距骨旋前起著重要作用。Mengiardi 等[14]對(duì) 56 名志愿者踝關(guān)節(jié)核磁共振成像觀察發(fā)現(xiàn),56 名志愿者的踝關(guān)節(jié)都存在脛彈簧韌帶和脛距后深層韌帶,其次為脛跟韌帶,約占 88%,脛舟韌帶及脛距前深層韌帶存在率為 55%。但最新國(guó)外文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,有學(xué)者對(duì) 33 例尸體進(jìn)行解剖發(fā)現(xiàn),淺層三角韌帶中脛舟韌帶存在率為 89%,脛彈簧韌帶為 46%、脛跟韌帶為 94%、脛距前淺層韌帶為86%、脛距后淺層韌帶為 97%;深層三角韌帶中脛距后深層韌帶存在率為100%[15]。因此,不同的人群之間存在較大差異。
急性三角韌帶的損傷機(jī)制主要是踝關(guān)節(jié)的外翻或者外旋所致[16],常發(fā)生于行走不平路、跳躍或跑步等運(yùn)動(dòng)[17],這部分患者往往還伴有踝關(guān)節(jié)骨折或骨折合并脫位。根據(jù) Lauge-Hanson 分型,踝關(guān)節(jié)三角韌帶主要損傷機(jī)制分為旋后外旋型、旋前外展型以及旋前外旋型,在3 種損傷方式中又以旋后外旋型損傷為主,約占踝關(guān)節(jié)損傷的10%[6-8]。國(guó)內(nèi)外大多學(xué)者認(rèn)為,三角韌帶深層相比于淺層,在維持踝關(guān)節(jié)穩(wěn)定性上意義更為重大[18-20]。Heim等[20]研究表明,普通人踝關(guān)節(jié)距骨向外移位<2 mm,當(dāng)三角韌帶斷裂時(shí)距骨可向外側(cè)移位超過(guò) 2 mm,甚至達(dá)到4 mm。Gérard 等[21]通過(guò)生物力學(xué)測(cè)量發(fā)現(xiàn),切斷脛跟韌帶或者是脛距后深層韌帶,踝關(guān)節(jié)有效接觸面積會(huì)降低26%~43%。同樣有學(xué)者通過(guò)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)在切除外踝保留內(nèi)側(cè)結(jié)構(gòu)穩(wěn)定的情況下,在對(duì)距骨施加外移力,距骨可外移 2 mm 左右,切斷三角韌帶淺層后,距骨外移程度未見明顯增加,切斷三角韌帶深層,距骨外移達(dá) 4 mm[13,22]。因此,三角韌帶深層對(duì)維持踝關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)側(cè)間隙的穩(wěn)定意義重大。
1.臨床表現(xiàn):急性踝關(guān)節(jié)三角韌帶損傷往往有確切的外傷史,患者入院時(shí)體格檢查出現(xiàn)以下幾點(diǎn),需要考慮三角韌帶損傷可能[23-25]:(1)內(nèi)踝局部腫脹、瘀斑、壓痛明顯;(2)按壓內(nèi)踝尖有空虛感,外翻試驗(yàn)(+);(3)外翻>5° 考慮有異常,>10° 可認(rèn)為三角韌帶損傷。
2.輔助檢查:許多學(xué)者把踝關(guān)節(jié)應(yīng)力位片下踝關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)側(cè)間隙(MCS)增寬作為考慮三角韌帶損傷的證據(jù)之一[23,26-27]。Schuberth 等使用踝關(guān)節(jié)鏡證實(shí)踝關(guān)節(jié)應(yīng)力位X 線片診斷三角韌帶損傷的檢出率,當(dāng) MCS ≥3 mm,假陽(yáng)性率達(dá) 88.5%;MCS ≥4 mm,假陽(yáng)性率為 53.6%;MCS ≥5 mm,假陽(yáng)性率為 26.9%。目前主要認(rèn)為當(dāng)MCS ≥5 mm,可確認(rèn)為踝關(guān)節(jié)三角韌帶斷裂[28]。踝關(guān)節(jié)CT 檢查也是一主要方法,可以檢測(cè)出 X 線片無(wú)法發(fā)現(xiàn)的細(xì)小的撕脫性骨折,三角韌帶斷裂的患者踝關(guān)節(jié) CT 顯示三角韌帶起止點(diǎn)撕脫骨折及內(nèi)側(cè)間隙增寬。長(zhǎng)久以來(lái),踝關(guān)節(jié) MRI 作為診斷三角韌帶損傷的一種常規(guī)檢查,能夠直觀明了的觀察三角韌帶連續(xù)性,是否有中斷,出現(xiàn)不連續(xù)、松弛及波浪狀改變等[29]。但近些年來(lái),興起了新的檢查手段,比如踝關(guān)節(jié)鏡檢查及超聲波檢查等。Sch?fer等[30]和 Hintermann 等[31]對(duì)110 例的對(duì)比研究指出,使用踝關(guān)節(jié)鏡檢查出三角韌帶損傷人數(shù)為 23 例,其它物理檢查僅查出 5 例,認(rèn)為踝關(guān)節(jié)鏡可以作為評(píng)價(jià)踝關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)側(cè)結(jié)構(gòu)不穩(wěn)的一種有效的檢查方式。同時(shí) Hintermann 等[32]經(jīng)踝關(guān)節(jié)鏡發(fā)現(xiàn)踝關(guān)節(jié)損傷患者中三角韌帶損傷的檢出率為 84.4%。與此同時(shí),Schuberth 等[33]研究中報(bào)道在外踝骨折后通過(guò)踝關(guān)節(jié)鏡檢查,三角韌帶淺層結(jié)構(gòu)往往很難區(qū)分開來(lái)。Henari 等[34]通過(guò)對(duì)比超聲波檢查及踝關(guān)節(jié)應(yīng)力位 X 線片檢查發(fā)現(xiàn),對(duì)于同1 例三角韌帶損傷的患者,超聲波檢查的敏感度及特異度都達(dá)到了100%,而應(yīng)力位X 線片敏感度僅僅為 57.1%,特異度為 60%。此前,我國(guó)學(xué)者林發(fā)儉等[35]2002 年對(duì) 42 例踝關(guān)節(jié)三角韌帶損傷進(jìn)行超聲檢查,其中18 例三角韌帶完全斷裂與術(shù)中探查結(jié)果吻合,認(rèn)為超聲波檢查對(duì)于踝關(guān)節(jié)三角韌帶檢查具有重要意義,尤其是在三角韌帶完全斷裂時(shí)檢出率更高。
1.保守治療:目前,對(duì)于踝關(guān)節(jié)三角韌帶損傷的治療爭(zhēng)論較大,有學(xué)者認(rèn)為修復(fù)與不修復(fù)三角韌帶對(duì)于踝關(guān)節(jié)穩(wěn)定性無(wú)明顯差異[36-37]。Maynou 等[36]通過(guò)回顧性研究發(fā)現(xiàn),修復(fù)三角韌帶組與不修復(fù)組患者功能愈后無(wú)明顯差異。但最近我國(guó)學(xué)者何河北等[9]在修復(fù)與不修復(fù)踝關(guān)節(jié)三角韌帶療效對(duì)比研究中發(fā)現(xiàn):術(shù)中修復(fù)三角韌帶組術(shù)后Mazur 評(píng)分(包括疼痛、功能、行走距離、拐杖或支具、登山、下山、上、下樓、提鍾、跑步、踝關(guān)節(jié)背伸、跖屈活動(dòng)范圍12 個(gè)方面)較不修復(fù)組明顯增高,術(shù)后踝關(guān)節(jié)功能愈后較不修復(fù)三角韌帶組更好,認(rèn)為對(duì)于踝關(guān)節(jié)合并三角韌帶損傷對(duì)患者,修復(fù)三角韌帶較不修復(fù)三角韌帶,其術(shù)后功能前者恢復(fù)更好。但也并不意味著所有的踝關(guān)節(jié)三角韌帶損傷都須手術(shù)修復(fù),對(duì)于僅內(nèi)側(cè)三角韌帶淺層損傷,踝關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)側(cè)間隙穩(wěn)定,踝穴間隙正常的患者,可行保守治療,石膏外固定 6 周適當(dāng)行功能鍛煉[9,23,38],減少關(guān)節(jié)僵硬等并發(fā)癥。也有部分學(xué)者認(rèn)為,對(duì)于外踝骨折伴三角韌帶全層斷裂,但內(nèi)側(cè)間隙增寬不明顯,將外踝骨折解剖復(fù)位固定后,內(nèi)側(cè)間隙穩(wěn)定,踝穴間隙正常的患者,術(shù)中不修復(fù)三角韌帶,術(shù)后患者也可獲得較為滿意的療效[37,39]。Str?ms?e 等[40]將 50 例三角韌帶斷裂的患者分成兩組即:術(shù)后縫合組及保守治療組,術(shù)后隨訪17 個(gè)月,結(jié)果顯示行三角韌帶手術(shù)縫合組的患者術(shù)后踝關(guān)節(jié)功能愈后與保守治療組相比無(wú)明顯區(qū)別。
2.手術(shù)治療:踝關(guān)節(jié)三角韌帶損傷行手術(shù)治療的指征主要包括:(1)MCS ≥5 mm,距骨處于脫位或者半脫位狀態(tài);(2)骨折復(fù)位固定后,外翻試驗(yàn)時(shí)內(nèi)側(cè)不穩(wěn)定,MCS ≥1 mm;(3)踝穴位片示內(nèi)踝可見小骨片,提示可能有三角韌帶止點(diǎn)撕脫[41-43]。Hintermann 等[25]踝三角韌帶損傷分型分為:中間斷裂、起點(diǎn)斷裂以及止點(diǎn)斷裂三類。根據(jù)分類不同,主要有以下 3 類手術(shù)方式:斷端重疊縫合術(shù)、錨釘縫合修復(fù)術(shù)以及重建修復(fù)術(shù)。對(duì)于三角韌帶中間斷裂一般直接行斷端重疊吻合術(shù),起、止點(diǎn)斷裂的則選擇錨釘縫合修復(fù)術(shù)和肌腱替代重建修復(fù)術(shù)。踝關(guān)節(jié)三角韌帶起、止點(diǎn)斷裂的手術(shù)方式國(guó)內(nèi)、外相差較大,國(guó)內(nèi)學(xué)者多建議錨釘縫合修復(fù),而國(guó)外學(xué)者多進(jìn)行韌帶重建修復(fù)術(shù)。
(1)斷裂韌帶重疊縫合:?jiǎn)为?dú)的踝三角韌帶中間斷裂的較少見,常合并有韌帶起止點(diǎn)的斷裂。術(shù)中探查見三角韌帶中間斷裂。行斷裂部分重疊縫合術(shù)后石膏外固定 3 周,為韌帶瘢痕愈合提供一個(gè)窗口期。Sheng 等[44]對(duì)22 例三角韌帶中間斷裂的患者行斷端吻合術(shù),術(shù)后平均隨訪16 個(gè)月,患者踝關(guān)節(jié)功能愈合較好,優(yōu)良率達(dá)100%。
(2)錨釘縫合修復(fù):隨著縫合錨釘?shù)某霈F(xiàn),其在三角韌帶修復(fù)中占有不可替代的地位。我國(guó)學(xué)者曹鵬等[45]對(duì)16 例三角韌帶損傷的患者均行縫合錨釘進(jìn)行縫合修復(fù),術(shù)后平均隨訪13 個(gè)月,根據(jù) Baird-Jackson 評(píng)分系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià),優(yōu)良率達(dá) 81%。術(shù)后1 年復(fù)查踝穴 X 線片提示內(nèi)側(cè)間隙與健側(cè)踝穴內(nèi)側(cè)間隙相比無(wú)明顯差異。陳農(nóng)等[46]回顧性分析 21 例踝關(guān)節(jié)三角韌帶損傷的患者,均采用縫合錨釘修復(fù)深層三角韌帶,術(shù)后平均隨訪12 個(gè)月,根據(jù)Baird-Jackson 評(píng)分系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià),術(shù)后患者優(yōu)良率達(dá) 85%,使用錨釘縫合三角韌帶不僅方便快捷,而且對(duì)軟組織損傷也較小。此外,我國(guó)也有使用雙錨釘縫合進(jìn)行三角韌帶修復(fù),進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)踝關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)側(cè)穩(wěn)定性。施鳳超等[47]回顧性分析 30 例踝三角韌帶損傷的患者,術(shù)中采用雙錨釘對(duì)三角韌帶進(jìn)行修復(fù),一個(gè)固定前束,一個(gè)固定后束,術(shù)后平均隨訪 20 個(gè)月,根據(jù) AOFAS 評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)評(píng)分,優(yōu)良率達(dá)100%,雙錨釘縫合方法相比于單錨釘縫合可以增強(qiáng)踝關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)側(cè)間隙穩(wěn)定性。
(3)韌帶重建修復(fù):踝三角韌帶損傷嚴(yán)重時(shí),除起、止點(diǎn)仍殘留很少一部分韌帶外,其余韌帶全部斷裂,這給縫合修復(fù)帶來(lái)極大的困難,因此行重建修復(fù)術(shù)就必不可少。踝三角韌帶重建修復(fù)最常使用的自體肌腱主要包括:腓骨長(zhǎng)、短肌腱以及脛后肌腱[48]等。Wiltberger 和Mallory[49]是世界上首次使用肌腱重建內(nèi)側(cè)三角韌帶的學(xué)者,據(jù)他們的研究報(bào)道:將脛后肌肌腱分叉截取,近端進(jìn)行吻合,遠(yuǎn)端穿過(guò)內(nèi)踝骨隧道固定于舟骨進(jìn)行韌帶重建,術(shù)后患者療效較滿意,但會(huì)引起脛后肌腱功能不全,最終可導(dǎo)致發(fā)生獲得性平足癥。Mkandawire 等[50]選用自體腓骨長(zhǎng)肌肌腱重建內(nèi)側(cè)三角韌帶,游離并截取肌腱,修整肌腱后穿過(guò)預(yù)先已準(zhǔn)備好的距骨隧道至內(nèi)踝,而后穿過(guò)脛骨隧道至脛骨外側(cè)緣并固定。術(shù)后患者踝關(guān)節(jié)穩(wěn)定性得到提升,功能愈合相對(duì)較好。McCollum 等[51]研究報(bào)道,修復(fù)斷裂三角韌帶可以增加踝關(guān)節(jié)穩(wěn)定性,早期行功能鍛煉,在一定程度上減少了關(guān)節(jié)僵硬等并發(fā)癥,可能成為以后研究的熱點(diǎn)。
總之,踝關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)側(cè)三角韌帶是維持踝關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)側(cè)穩(wěn)定最重要的結(jié)構(gòu)。單獨(dú)的踝關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)側(cè)結(jié)構(gòu)損傷較為少見,常伴隨其它復(fù)合傷。由于解剖學(xué)差異的存在,常常導(dǎo)致急性踝關(guān)節(jié)三角韌帶損傷的漏診和誤診。踝關(guān)節(jié)損傷后伴有踝關(guān)節(jié)不穩(wěn),建議行手術(shù)修復(fù)。而國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者對(duì)急性踝關(guān)節(jié)三角韌帶損傷的手術(shù)治療方法各不相同,國(guó)內(nèi)學(xué)者側(cè)重于鉚釘修復(fù)斷裂韌帶,國(guó)外學(xué)者則選擇韌帶重建,但是,各類手術(shù)方法療效不一。因此,踝關(guān)節(jié)三角韌帶的最佳手術(shù)治療策略還有待更深入的研究。
[1]Crim JR,Beals TC,Nickisch F,et al.Deltoid ligament abnormalities in chronic lateral ankle instability.Foot Ankle Int,2011,32(9):873-878.
[2]Rammelt S,Schneiders W,Grass R,et al.Ligamentous injuries to the ankle joint.Z Orthop Unfall,2011,149(5):e45-67.
[3]Waterman BR,Belmont PJ Jr,Cameron KL,et al.Risk factors for syndesmotic and medialankle sprain: role of sex,sport,and level of competition.Am J Sports Med,2011,39(5):992-998.
[4]Waterman BR,Owens BD,Davey S,et al.The epidemiology of ankle sprains in the United States.J Bone Joint Surg Am,2010,92(13):2279-2284.
[5]McCollum GA,van den Bekerom MP,Kerkhoffs GM,et al.Syndesmosis and deltoid ligament injuries in the athlete.Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc,2013,21(6):1328-1337.
[6]張禹,劉志成,成永忠,等.旋后外旋型踝關(guān)節(jié)損傷有限元模型的建立與力學(xué)分析.醫(yī)用生物力學(xué),2012,27(3):282-288.
[7]Lauge-hansen N.Fractures of the ankle.III.Genetic roentgenologic diagnosis of fractures of the ankle.Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med,1954,71(3):456-471.
[8]Lauge-hansen N.Fractures of the ankle: IV.Clinical use of genetic Roentgen diagnosis and genetic reduction.AMA Arch Surg,1952,64(4):488-500.
[9]何河北,董偉強(qiáng),孫永建,等.修復(fù)三角韌帶與不修復(fù)對(duì)于踝關(guān)節(jié)骨折合并三角韌帶損傷術(shù)效果的Meta分析.中華關(guān)節(jié)外科雜志(電子版),2014,8(4):64-66.
[10]姜保國(guó),張殿英,付中國(guó),等.踝關(guān)節(jié)骨折的治療建議.中華創(chuàng)傷骨科雜志,2011,13(1):51-54.
[11]Hsu AR,Garras DN,Lee S.Syndesmotic Injuries in Athletes.Oper Tech Sports Med,2014,22(4):270-281.
[12]Sarrafian SK,Kelikian AS.Syndesmology.Sarrafian’s anatomy of the Foot and Ankle: descriptive,topographic,functional.ed3.Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins,2011:163-222.
[13]Ventura A,Legnani C.Chronic Ankle Instability//Arthroscopy and Sport Injuries.Springer,2016: 399-404.
[14]Mengiardi B,Pfirrmann CW,Vienne P,et al.Medial collateral ligament complex of the ankle: MR appearance in asymptomatic subjects1.Radiology,2007,242(3):817-824.
[15]Panchani PN,Chappell TM,Moore GD,et al.Anatomic study of the deltoid ligament of the ankle.Foot Ankle Int,2014,35(9):916-921.
[16]O’Loughlin PF,Murawski CD,Egan C,et al.Ankle instability in sports.Phys Sportsmed,2009,37(2):93-103.
[17]Hintermann B.Medial ankle instability.Foot Ankle Clin,2003,8(4):723-738.
[18]Schuberth JM,Collman DR,Rush SM,et al.Deltoid ligament integrity in lateral malleolar fractures: a comparative analysis of arthroscopic and radiographic assessments.J Foot Ankle Surg,2004,43(1):20-29.
[19]Michelsen JD,Ahn UM,Helgemo SL.Motion of the ankle in a simulated supination-external rotation fracture model.J Bone Joint Surg Am,1996,78(7):1024-1031.
[20]Heim D,Schmidlin V,Ziviello O.Do type B malleolar fractures need a positioning screw? Injury,2002,33(8):729-734.
[21]Gérard R,Unno-Veith F,F(xiàn)asel J,et al.The effect of collateral ligament release on ankle dorsiflexion: An anatomical study.Foot Ankle Surg,2011,17(3):193-196.
[22]Rasmussen O,Kromann-Andersen C,Boe S.Deltoid ligament: functional analysis of the medial collateral ligamentous apparatus of the ankle joint.Acta Orthop Scand,1983,54(1): 36-44.
[23]van den Bekerom MP,Mutsaerts EL,van Dijk CN.Evaluation of the integrity of the deltoid ligament in supination external rotation ankle fractures: a systematic review of the literature.Arch Orthop Trauma Surg,2009,129(2):227-235.
[24]Hintermann B,Valderrabano V.Medial ankle/deltoid ligament reconstruction.Operative technique of the foot and ankle.Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins,2010: 874-886.
[25]Hintermann B,Valderrabano V,Boss A,et al.Medial ankle instability an exploratory,prospective study of fifty-two cases.Am J Sports Med,2004,32(1):183-190.
[26]Michelson JD,Varner KE,Checcone M.Diagnosing deltoid injury in ankle fractures: the gravity stress view.Clin Orthop Relat Res,2001,(387):178-182.
[27]Park SS,Kubiak EN,Egol KA,et al.Stress radiographs after ankle fracture: the effect of ankle position and deltoid ligament status on medial clear space measurements.J Orthop Trauma,2006,20(1):11-18.
[28]Schuberth JM,Collman DR,Rush SM,et al.Deltoid ligament integrity in lateral malleolar fractures: a comparative analysis of arthroscopic and radiographic assessments.J Foot Ankle Surg,2004,43(1):20-29.
[29]Crim J,Longenecker LG.MRI and surgical findings in deltoid ligament tears.AJR Am J Roentgenol,2015,204(1):W63-69.
[30]Sch?fer D,Hintermann B.Arthroscopic assessment of the chronic unstable ankle joint.Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc,1996,4(1):48-52.
[31]Hintermann B,Boss A,Sch?fer D.Arthroscopic findings in patients with chronic ankle instability.Am J Sports Med,2002,30(3):402-409.
[32]Hintermann B,Regazzoni P,Lampert C,et al.Arthroscopic findings in acute fractures of the ankle.J Bone Joint Surg Br,2000,82(3):345-351.
[33]Schuberth JM,Collman DR,Rush SM,et al.Deltoid ligament integrity in lateral malleolar fractures: a comparative analysis of arthroscopic and radiographic assessments.J Foot Ankle Surg,2004,43(1):20-29.
[34]Henari S,Banks LN,Radiovanovic I,et al.Ultrasonography as a diagnostic tool in assessing deltoid ligament injury in supination external rotation fractures of the ankle.Orthopedics,2011,34(10):e639-643.
[35]林發(fā)儉,冉維強(qiáng),黃曼維,等.踝關(guān)節(jié)側(cè)副韌帶損傷超聲檢查.中國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)影像技術(shù),2002,18(12):1298-1299.
[36]Maynou C,Lesage P,Mestdagh H,et al.Is surgical treatment of deltoid ligament rupture necessary in ankle fractures? Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot,1997,83(7):652-657.
[37]Davidovitch RI,Egol KA.The medial malleolus osteoligamentous complex and its role in ankle fractures.Bull NYU Hosp Jt Dis,2009,67(4):318-324.
[38]張程,林光錨,劉敏.踝關(guān)節(jié)三角韌帶損傷的診斷和治療進(jìn)展.中國(guó)骨傷,2013,28(11):967-970.
[39]Ferran NA,Oliva F,Maffulli N.Ankle instability.Sports Med Arthrosc,2009,17(2):139-145.
[40]Str?ms?e K,H?qevold HE,Skjeldal S,et al.The repair of a ruptured deltoid ligament is not necessary in ankle fractures.J Bone Joint Surg Br,1995,77(6):920-921.
[41]Padman M,Davies H,Monkhouse R,et al.The use of a hamstring autograft to reconstruct the distal tibiofibular joint and superficial deltoid ligament in chronic syndesmotic injuries.Techni Foot Ankle Surg,2008,7(2):96-99.
[42]俞光榮,趙有光,夏江,等.踝關(guān)節(jié)骨折合并三角韌帶完全斷裂的手術(shù)治療.中華創(chuàng)傷骨科雜志,2013,15(3):188-192.
[43]Yu GR,Zhang MZ,Aiyer A,et al.Repair of the acute deltoid ligament complex rupture associated with ankle fractures: a multicenter clinical study.J Foot Ankle Surg,2015,54(2):198-202.
[44]Sheng SS,Xing GX.Operative treatment of III degree injuries without fracture of ankle joint ligaments.Zhongguo Gu Shang,2009,22(2):136.
[45]曹鵬,韓小平,王武,等.帶線錨釘在踝關(guān)節(jié)三角韌帶損傷修復(fù)中的應(yīng)用.實(shí)用骨科雜志,2013,19(9):857-858.
[46]陳農(nóng),李智,董健,等.應(yīng)用縫合錨釘治療踝關(guān)節(jié)三角韌帶損傷.中國(guó)骨與關(guān)節(jié)損傷雜志,2011,26(7):650-651.
[47]施鳳超,周敦,朱文峰,等.雙固定錨釘治療踝關(guān)節(jié)三角韌帶損傷的療效分析.江蘇醫(yī)藥,2014,40(10):1215-1216.
[48]Savage-Elliott I,Murawski CD,Smyth NA,et al.The deltoid ligament: an in-depth review of anatomy,function,and treatment strategies.Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc,2013,21(6):1316-1327.
[49]Wiltberger BR,Mallory TH.A new method for the reconstruction of the deltoid ligament of the ankle.Orthop Rev,1972,1:37-41.
[50]Mkandawire C,Ledoux WR,Sangeorzan BJ,et al.Foot and ankle ligament morphometry.J Rehabil Res Dev,2005,42(6): 809-820.
[51]McCollum GA,van den Bekerom MP,Kerkhoffs GM,et al.Syndesmosis and deltoid ligament injuries in the athlete.Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc,2013,21(6):1328-1337.
Diagnosis and treatment progress of the acute injury of the deltoid ligament
LIU Bin,CHEN Zhi-wei,WU Wen-te,YANG Hai-qing,CHEN Dan,ZENG Duo-ming.Department of Orthopaedics,the first Affiliated Hospital of Nanhua University,Hengyang,Hunan,421001,PRC
CHEN Zhi-wei,Email: liubin3122006@163.com
The deltoid ligaments of ankle are the main stable structures on maintaining the mechanical structures of medial ankle,which play an important role in keeping ankle stability by limiting excessive valgus and external rotation of ankle.The deltoid ligaments of ankle are divided into the deep and superficial layers.Superficial layers mainly limit outreach and slope of the talus,and meanwhile,deep layers play a crucial role in the prevention of talus pronation.Deltoid ligament injuries always happen with the fracture of the extramalleolus and injury of inferior tibiofibular syndesmosis.At present,there is no standard about the diagnosis and treatment of acute deltoid ligament injury.Stress X-ray of ankle,B ultrasound,MRI and arthroscopy of ankle can be used as the main basis of diagnosis,but the diagnosis and treatment of acute deltoid ligament injury remains a worldwide problem.The views inside and outside the country are different for the treatment of acute deltoid ligament injury.Domestic scholars suggest to repair with anchor suture,but,foreign scholars support ligament reconstruction surgery.During the treatment,many doctors attach great importance to the open reduction and internal fixation of the fracture of the medial malleolar and lateral malleolus,and ignore the repairing of the medial deltoid ligament,which eventually leads to continuous postoperative instability of the ankle and poor effects.In this paper,we are to discuss the diagnosis and treatment progress of the acute injury of the deltoid ligament.
Ankle joint;Wounds and injuries;Ligaments,articular;Diagnosis;Therapy
10.3969/j.issn.2095-252X.2016.10.013
R684
421001 湖南,南華大學(xué)附屬第一醫(yī)院骨科
陳志偉,Email: liubin3122006@163.com
(2016-03-18)
(本文編輯:裴艷宏 李貴存)