景觀設(shè)計：俞孔堅/土人設(shè)計，比爾·泰勒/CRJA事務(wù)所

新中國城公園，波士頓，美國

景觀設(shè)計：俞孔堅/土人設(shè)計，比爾·泰勒/CRJA事務(wù)所

美國波士頓的交通問題世界著名。為此，馬薩諸塞州公路管理局設(shè)計了一個大型、昂貴的解決方案，稱為中央干道/隧道工程，俗稱“大開挖”。大開挖騰退出了超過121hm2的景觀和開放空間，包括約45個公園和主要公共廣場。唐人街項目是這些公園之一。

土人設(shè)計與位于波士頓的卡羅·約翰遜公司（CRJA事務(wù)所）聯(lián)合，提出將中國城公園建成一個公共活動中心和演藝場所。這一想法的靈感源于傳統(tǒng)中國村落的村口廣場、中國移民前往波士頓的航程故事，以及人們對這一小片城市區(qū)域的使用需求。5個竹林屏風(fēng)框出了一扇象征著傳統(tǒng)中國村落入口的大門，每道竹林屏風(fēng)由紅色腳手架框限。竹林屏風(fēng)同時也營造出進深感，擴大了空間。一個跌瀑，一道流水，營造靜謐的氛圍，并在夏季降低周圍環(huán)境的溫度。另外，水流象征中國村落里的溪澗,配置原產(chǎn)于中國的植物，中國紅的使用更是對場地文化特點的闡述。

竹林屏風(fēng)的另一端，豁然開朗，是一個開放空間，一個容納不同需求并隨之變化的城市“展區(qū)”。這一空間適用于節(jié)慶活動，如新年、元宵的舞龍等；同時，適宜于居民每日、每周和季節(jié)性的需求。唐人街公園使得場地從一個荒涼危險的地區(qū)轉(zhuǎn)變成一個當(dāng)?shù)厝司蹠臒狒[場所。

在西方國家，典型的“中國城”標識往往被理解為蓋著琉璃瓦的門樓和涼亭。這個新唐人街公園避免了上述陳詞濫調(diào)，讓中國的文化以現(xiàn)代的設(shè)計語言，通過全新的身份出現(xiàn)，同時展示傳統(tǒng)思想的精髓。正如哈佛大學(xué)城市設(shè)計教授阿列克斯·克里格爾指出，“這小小的城市綠洲，是對中國傳統(tǒng)園林的現(xiàn)代詮釋，讓人們在城市的廣闊和喧囂中能體會到一絲恬靜的美麗”。[1]

當(dāng)?shù)孛襟w報道廣泛的贊譽和居民普遍的積極反響可以證明，新的中國城公園的建成，徹底改變了中國城門外“臟、亂、差”和不安全的印象，成為一個賦有中國和亞洲文化特色、同時不乏時代特色的景觀；公園增強了社區(qū)的歸屬感和認同感；同時，新公園成為波士頓的一處新景觀，已被當(dāng)?shù)芈糜尾块T推薦為波士頓的亮點工程；公園的設(shè)計探索了用新的、當(dāng)代的景觀語言來表達“唐人街”的方式，將異國他鄉(xiāng)的“中國”，帶入當(dāng)代的新世界。

1 外景/Exterior view

2 總平面/Site plan

Boston, Massachusetts, had a world-class traffic problem. The Massachusetts Turnpike Authority constructed an immense and costly solution, the Central Artery/Tunnel Project, called as "The Big Dig." The Big Dig created more than 121 hectares (300 acres) of landscaped and restored open space, including over 45 parks and major public plazas. The Chinatown project is one of these parks.

Turenscape and the Boston-based landscape firm Carol R. Johnson Associates (CRJA) proposed the Chinatown Park as a public space and performance theater. This idea was inspired by the linked concept of the squares at the entrance to traditional Chinese villages, the voyage of the Asian immigrants to Boston, and the active uses of this small urban zone. Five bamboo screens framed within red scaffolds create a gateway that symbolizes the entrance to the traditional Chinese village. The screens also bring a sense of depth to the park, visually enlarging the space. The small waterfall and watercourse create a tranquil atmosphere and cool off the surrounding environment in the summer. The watercourse, emblem of the streams in Chinese villages, is dotted with Chinese native plants on both sides. The use of Chinese red is a reflection of the cultural identity of the place.

The passage along the bamboo screens leads to a bright open space, an urban "exhibition" that constantly changes with various occasions. The space is an ideal venue for events such as the Chinese New Year celebration, dragon dancing and the Lantern Festival etc. The park is designed to meet the daily, weekly, and seasonal needs of the local residents. Chinatown Park has transformed a dangerous and deserted area into a lively place for get-togethers for the local people.

In Western countries, the sign of Chinatown is often interpreted as an archway or pavilion covered with glazed tiles. The new park departs from this cliché. Through the modern design language, it bestows a new image to Chinese culture and displays the essence of Chinese traditional thoughts. As Alex Krieger, Professor of Urban Planning at Harvard, pointed out, "This small oasis presents a modern interpretation of the traditional Chinese garden. It offers a retreat from the expanse and bustle of the adjacent city."[1]

/Reference

[1] Alex Krieger, "Boston's Big Dig," Topos 73 (2010): 68–75.

項目信息/Credits and Data

客戶/Client: 美國麻省高速公路局，波士頓市政府，波士頓再發(fā)展局，波士頓公園與游憩局，波士頓地標委員會/Massachusetts Turnpike Authority (MTA), Boston Municipal Government，Boston Redevelopment Authority，Boston Parks and Recreation Department, Boston Landmarks Commission

方案設(shè)計/Schematic Design: 土人設(shè)計，CRJA事務(wù)所/ Turenscape，CRJA

施工圖設(shè)計/Construction Drawing: CRJA事務(wù)所，土人設(shè)計/ CRJA , Turenscape

合作設(shè)計/Cooperation: Communication Arts, Inc.；Environmental Graphics Designer, Design Communications Ltd,Chia-Ming Sze Architect, Inc.；Stull & Lee Inc.

主持景觀建筑師/Principal Landscape Architects: 俞孔堅，比爾·泰勒/YU Kongjian, Bill Tylor

景觀設(shè)計團隊/Project Team: 黃國平，張蕾，張斌，Tom Doolittle，Jill Ochs Zick, Nancy Stack, Hongbing Tang, Henry G. Bee, Leonard Thomas, John Ward, Carl Okazaki, McKenzie Cordes, Mark Andreasson, Doris Chu, David Le, Chia-Ming Sze

造價/Cost: USD4.5M

面積/Area: 0.41hm2

設(shè)計時間/Design Period: 2003.01-2006.10

3 鳥瞰透視/Aerial view perspective

4.5 外景/Exterior view

評論

龍灝： 這是一個令人欣喜的設(shè)計。場地是典型的“邊角廢料”，是不同時期的不同規(guī)劃和建設(shè)的產(chǎn)物，而設(shè)計師完美地結(jié)合了場地現(xiàn)狀輪廓以及“中國城入口”這一特定背景，相當(dāng)成功地以現(xiàn)代設(shè)計語言詮釋或再現(xiàn)了傳統(tǒng)中國村落入口的儀式感，受到了市民的歡迎。在此，設(shè)計師刻意以紅色腳手架框限每道竹林屏風(fēng)，這一類型化的形式語言會否因其過于簡單甚至蒼白而引起觀者的疑惑？

青鋒：中國城公園讓一個“城”變得完整，它彌補了海外眾多中國城中所缺失的重要成分——公共場所。盡管城市廣場在傳統(tǒng)中國城市中并不多見，但是對于海外的華裔族群，這樣的場所對于文化儀式的傳承至關(guān)重要，一個族群的身份由此定義。就像項目中的其他元素一樣，中國城花園表明一種西方化的語匯并非不能接受，中國人的符號遠遠不如中國人的生活方式更具有生命力。

Comments

LONG Hao: This is a delightful design. The site is a typical "scrap", a product of different planning and construction in different periods. Nevertheless, the architects made a perfect combination of the outline of the site and the particular context of "Entrance to Chinatown". With modern design language, they successfully interpreted or reproduced the sense of ritual of the entrance to Chinese traditional village.The design is welcome by the public. However, the red scaffoldings, which were deliberately set to frame each bamboo screen, might puzzle the viewers because their forms are too simple and seem even pale. QING Feng: The Chinatown Park makes a "town" complete. It makes up for the important element that was missing in many Chinatowns overseasthe public territory. Although public spaces were not common in traditional Chinese cities, in oversea Chinese communities, such places play a key role in the continuation of cultural rites, which define the identity of the community. Together with other elements in this project, the park shows that a westernized landscape language is not a problem at all, the Chinese way of life is much more vital than the Chinese symbols.

Chinatown Park, Boston, USA, 2007

Landscape Architects: YU Kongjian/Turenscape, Bill Tylor/CRJA

6 傳統(tǒng)村落水口/Entrance of traditional village