丁亞龍,謝 宏
(貴州大學(xué) 資源與環(huán)境工程學(xué)院,貴州貴陽 550003)
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貴州甕安夏安燈影組磷塊巖稀土元素地球化學(xué)特征
丁亞龍,謝 宏
(貴州大學(xué) 資源與環(huán)境工程學(xué)院,貴州貴陽 550003)
貴州甕安夏安燈影組疊層石磷塊巖豐富,本文利用地球化學(xué)方法對燈影組含磷巖系稀土元素含量進(jìn)行了測試分析。結(jié)果表明,礦層中上部疊層石磷塊巖稀土元素總量ΣREE低,且比礦層底部砂屑磷塊巖的更低,顯示出明顯的生物成因特點;磷塊巖北美頁巖組合樣標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化曲線形態(tài)上近似于“帽狀”,也指示生物有機質(zhì)參與了成磷作用。樣品具有較低的稀土元素總量ΣREE、較小的LREE/HREE比值、明顯的負(fù)Ce異常,普遍的正Eu異常,暗示該區(qū)磷礦為非正常海水沉積成因。因此,夏安燈影組磷礦為生物成礦與熱水沉積共同作用的結(jié)果;同時,樣品Ceanom值皆小于-0.1,說明夏安燈影組磷塊巖形成于相對氧化的環(huán)境。
稀土元素 疊層石磷塊巖 燈影組 夏安 貴州
Ding Ya-long, Xie Hong. REE geochemistry of the Dengying Formation phosphorites in the Xia’an area, Weng’an County, Guizhou Province [J]. Geology and Exploration, 2015, 51(5):0923-0931.
在磷塊巖形成過程中,生物以及熱水對成磷的貢獻(xiàn)會反映在磷塊巖地球化學(xué)特征上;同時,海洋自生磷酸鹽礦物很好地記錄了沉積時海水的特征,其稀土元素地球化學(xué)組合能夠提供特定的沉積環(huán)境信息,尤其是稀土元素含量、稀土模式、Eu與Ce的異常已被廣泛用作良好的指示劑(wrightetal.,1984,1987;Betrametal.,1992; Bellancaetal.,1997;Yangetal.,1999;朱杰等,2008;鄧克勇等,2015)。
貴州甕安夏安燈影組疊層石磷塊巖賦存于近年新發(fā)現(xiàn)的一個含磷層位中,含磷層位的發(fā)現(xiàn)突破了以往貴州磷礦找礦局限于震旦系陡山沱組與寒武系梅樹村期地層兩個層位的傳統(tǒng)觀點,貴州增加磷礦遠(yuǎn)景儲量估計大于1億噸(楊瑞東等,2013)。前人研究表明,生物的聚磷作用對甕安地區(qū)陡山沱組磷塊巖的形成具有重大影響(鄒采抒等,1965;Verma,1984;梁天佑等,1984;單滿生,1987;劉魁梧等,1992;高峰,2002;密文天等,2013);也有人認(rèn)為甕安地區(qū)陡山沱組磷塊巖具有熱水成礦的特征(陳多福等,1997,2002;薛春紀(jì)等,2003;郭慶軍等,2003)。然而,針對甕安燈影組疊層石磷塊巖還未有人進(jìn)行過元素地球化學(xué)特征研究,缺乏研究基礎(chǔ)。本次通過對礦區(qū)燈影組剖面采集的樣品進(jìn)行等離子光譜法測試,分析REE含量,討論該區(qū)磷塊巖的稀土元素地球化學(xué)特征,為燈影組磷塊巖沉積提供啟示。
夏安磷礦位于貴州省甕安縣城南東約34km,屬甕安縣嵐關(guān)鄉(xiāng)管轄,分布于長沖至麻秧洞一帶。大地構(gòu)造位置處于揚子地臺四級構(gòu)造單元——貴陽復(fù)雜構(gòu)造變形區(qū)的東部上塘背斜西翼。該磷礦主要出露于近南北展布的上塘背斜派生的一走向南北,向東逆沖褶斷斷層抬升的震旦系燈影組頂部的含磷巖系中。礦區(qū)斷裂構(gòu)造發(fā)育,主要為南北向,最大的斷裂構(gòu)造為位于礦區(qū)中部縱貫?zāi)媳弊呦虻哪鏀鄬?圖1)。
圖1 夏安地區(qū)區(qū)域地質(zhì)簡圖(據(jù)貴州地礦局115地質(zhì)隊資料修編)Fig. 1 Geological sketch map of Xiaan area (modified from 115 Geological Team of Guizhou Geology and Mineral Exploration and Development Bureau)1-大冶組; 2-吳家坪組至長興組; 3-棲霞組至茅口組; 4-梁山組; 5-婁山關(guān)組; 6-高臺組; 7-清虛洞組; 8-金頂山組; 9-明心寺組; 10-牛蹄塘組; 11-燈影組; 12-洋水組; 13-南陀組; 14-鵝家坳組; 15-地質(zhì)界線; 16-正斷層; 17-逆斷層; 18-性質(zhì)不明斷層; 19-地層產(chǎn)狀; 20- 礦區(qū)1-Daye Formation; 2-Wujiaping Formation to Changxing Formation; 3-Qixia Formation to Maokou Formation; 4-Liangshan Formation; 5-Loushanguan Formation; 6-Gaotai Formation; 7-Qingxudong Formation; 8-Jindingshan Formation; 9-Mingxinsi Formation; 10-Niutitang Formation; 11-Dengying Formation; 12-Yangshui Formation; 13-Nantuo Formation; 14-Ejiaao Formation; 15-geological boundary; 16-normal fault; 17-reverse fault; 18-unknown fault; 19-stratigraphic occurrence; 20-mining area
礦區(qū)工業(yè)礦體為乳白色、淺灰色致密狀柱狀疊層石磷塊巖與深灰色致密狀柱狀疊層石磷塊巖,呈層狀產(chǎn)出。礦石由淺灰色致密狀柱狀疊層石磷塊巖與深灰色細(xì)晶白云巖夾石呈縱向滲透穿插組成,形成柱狀、層紋狀構(gòu)造及膠狀、粒屑狀結(jié)構(gòu)(圖2)。礦石礦物主要為白云質(zhì)膠磷礦,以非晶質(zhì)膠磷礦集合體的形式產(chǎn)出,含量一般大于80%,其次為重結(jié)晶微晶質(zhì)碳氟磷灰石,含量小于20%;脈石礦物主要為白云石及少量石英、玉髓等。
研究樣品采自甕安縣嵐關(guān)鄉(xiāng)夏安磷礦,采集方向為自底板至頂板,采樣位置依次是底板(WLX-1,角礫狀白云巖)、礦層底部(WLX-2,砂屑磷塊巖)、夾層(WLX-3,磷質(zhì)白云巖)、礦層下部(WLX-4,疊層石磷塊巖)、夾層(WLX-5,含磷白云巖)、礦層上部(WLX-6,疊層石磷塊巖)、夾層(WLX-7,含磷白云巖)、直接頂板(WLX-8,磷質(zhì)白云巖)。采集的樣品經(jīng)去除風(fēng)化表層后,選取新鮮部分破碎成細(xì)小顆粒,在60~80目的顆粒中挑選出質(zhì)純樣品,用去離子水進(jìn)行清洗,隨后置于100℃條件下干燥數(shù)小時。將干燥后的樣品粉末繼續(xù)粉碎至200目以下,稱取100mg粉末至于溶樣器中(溶樣器經(jīng)20%的HNO3加熱至110℃后清洗1h),加入1mlHF及0.5mlHNO3后置于190℃條件下溶樣12h(溶樣使用的分析純級HF與HNO3試劑經(jīng)亞沸騰蒸餾方法純化)。再加入0.5mlHNO3,加熱至140℃并持續(xù)3h,隨后冷卻并加入去離子水稀釋至100ml,待測。用電感耦合等離子體-質(zhì)譜法(ICP-MS)精確測定樣品中稀土元素的組成,測定值平均標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差<10%,平均相對標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差<5%,結(jié)果如表1。采用X射線熒光光譜儀(PW4400XRF)精確測定樣品中常量元素的組成,精度<3%,結(jié)果如表2。樣品分析在廣州澳實測試中心完成。
4.1 稀土元素總量
稀土元素分析數(shù)據(jù)如表1,據(jù)礦層與圍巖、夾層可將含磷巖系稀土元素特征分為角礫狀白云巖、磷質(zhì)白云巖和砂屑磷塊巖、疊層石磷塊巖兩組。其中,角礫狀、磷質(zhì)白云巖稀土元素總量為3.76×10-6~38.19×10-6,平均19.79×10-6;砂屑、疊層石磷塊巖稀土元素總量8.81×10-6~81.99×10-6,平均37.87×10-6。其中,礦層中磷塊巖P2O5的含量介于22.03%~36.53%,平均值達(dá)30.07%,且礦層從底到頂P2O5含量有逐漸降低趨勢;夾層及圍巖中P2O5含量介于0.07%~9.43%(表2)??傮w上稀土元素總量與P2O5含量呈顯著正相關(guān)關(guān)系(R=0.598)。CaO為礦石礦物碳氟磷灰石重要組成成分,樣品中CaO含量為30.74%~54.60%,與P2O5含量呈完全正相關(guān)關(guān)系(R=0.998);而作為脈石礦物白云石主要成分的MgO在樣品中含量為1.81%~20.8%,與P2O5含量呈完全負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系(R=-0.999);說明白云石、碳氟磷灰石的出現(xiàn)會對磷塊巖稀土元素總量產(chǎn)生相應(yīng)的影響。
雖然白云巖和磷塊巖都是化學(xué)成因的沉積巖,但由于巖石內(nèi)部礦物晶體結(jié)構(gòu)不同而導(dǎo)致二者對稀土元素的兼容性產(chǎn)生明顯差異。其中,白云巖的組成礦物主要是白云石,白云石晶體結(jié)構(gòu)較為緊密,尤其是呈層狀排列的鎂離子半徑與REE元素的離子半徑存在較大差異。因此,白云石對REE元素具有顯著排他性(張杰等,2007)。而礦區(qū)疊層石磷塊巖的組成礦物主要為非晶質(zhì)膠磷礦及重結(jié)晶之后形成的微晶質(zhì)碳氟磷灰石,碳氟磷灰石中的Ca離子與REE離子半徑相近,且其晶體具有“開放型”的六方柱狀結(jié)構(gòu),REE元素能以類質(zhì)同象方式進(jìn)入礦物晶格中,造成REE富集(李勝榮等,1995;陳吉艷等,2010;謝宏等,2012),從而出現(xiàn)白云巖與磷塊巖稀土元素總量相差較大的現(xiàn)狀。
稀土元素進(jìn)入磷酸鹽礦物的機制還受到諸多因素的制約,如經(jīng)長距離搬運、低沉積速率、與海水接觸時間長、顆粒較細(xì)的沉積等,由于具有高的比表面積及與海水間的物質(zhì)交換時間長,磷塊巖的稀土元素含量較高 (Ilyin,1998;蔡觀強等,2007)。研究區(qū)含磷巖系底部的砂屑磷塊巖主要由70%以上的磷質(zhì)碎屑組成,碎屑粒徑0.1~0.5mm,呈次圓狀-圓狀,分選性、磨圓度均較好,指示了較長距離的搬運及較低的沉積速率,從而使其具有較高的稀土元素含量。而礦層中上部柱狀疊層石磷塊巖菌藻植物發(fā)育,指示較快沉積速率以及較短與海水接觸的時間,形成較低的稀土元素總量。另外,海洋生物碳酸鹽巖、生物成因的磷酸鹽通常具有較低的稀土元素總量(王中剛等,1989),樣品中疊層石磷塊巖稀土元素總量顯著低于底部砂屑磷塊巖甚至部分夾層,反映其形成具有生物成礦因素。
表1 夏安磷礦含磷巖系稀土元素組成(10-6)
注:標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化值用PAAS(McLennan 1989),其中Ce/Ce*=CeN/(LaN×PrN)0.5, Ceanom=lg[3CeN/(2LaN+NdN)], Eu/Eu*=EuN/(SmN×GdN)0.5,Y/Y*=2YN/(DyN+HoN)。
表2 夏安磷礦磷塊巖部分常量元素組成(%)
夏安燈影組疊層石磷塊巖稀土元素總量低于俄羅斯臺地磷塊巖的600×10-6及中生代的魚骨磷灰石的8700×10-6(葉連俊等,1989),但仍落在震旦紀(jì)-早寒武世磷塊巖的稀土元素豐度范圍內(nèi)(Ilyin,1998)。樣品中Y質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)在稀土元素總量中占有較大比例,為1.9×10-6~108×10-6,平均27.9×10-6,反映了夏安地區(qū)磷礦相對富集Y的基本特征。研究表明,海洋生物中REE含量較低,生物成因磷塊巖也以明顯的低稀土元素含量為特點(王中剛等,1989)。本區(qū)磷塊巖低稀土元素含量反映了生物有機質(zhì)在成磷過程中發(fā)揮了重要作用。該生物成礦作用主要表現(xiàn)在磷塊巖形成過程中,微生物活體及死亡殘骸吸收及攝取稀土元素,從而造成稀土元素含量相對白云巖富集,形成典型的條帶狀、層紋狀及紋理狀構(gòu)造。同時,后期進(jìn)行的成巖作用使生物碎屑膠磷礦化,從而形成 Y、La、Nd的富集。
圖2 疊層石磷塊巖Fig. 2 Stromatolites phosphorites of Languan(1)-疊層石磷塊巖,淺色部分為疊層石磷塊巖柱體,深色部分為疊層石磷塊巖柱間;(2)-柱間疊層石柱體,由亮暗紋層相間構(gòu)成;(3)-由白云石(Dol)及膠磷礦-白云石(Clh-Dol)混合物構(gòu)成的礫屑被亮晶白云石膠結(jié),見有部分疊層石,透射光(-)10×5;(4)-疊層石磷塊巖中見有大量菌藻類,膠磷礦(Clh)多呈團(tuán)粒狀結(jié)構(gòu),呈斑點狀分布,團(tuán)粒間見有亮晶白云石膠結(jié),透射光(-)10×5;(5)-磷質(zhì)白云巖,由白云石(Dol)與少量膠磷礦-白云石(Clh-Dol)混合物構(gòu)成,透射光(-)10×5;(6)-疊層石磷塊巖,由疊層石 及膠磷礦-白云石(Clh-Dol)混合物構(gòu)成,透射光(+)10×5(1)-Stromatolites phosphorites , light section is column and the dark section is inter-column; (2)-Stromatolites with alternating bright and dark lamination; (3)-Gravel crumbs cemented of gravel crumbs consisting of dolomite (Dol) and collophane-dolomite(Clh-Dol) mixtures, it occasionally bears some stromatolites, transmitted light(-)10×5; (4)-A large number of bacteria and algae exist in the stromatolites phosphorites,collophane(Clh) often isolates the crumb structure, patchy distribution, crumbs is cemented of bright crystal dolomite, transmitted light(-)10×5;(5)-Phosphorus dolomite is is constituted of dolomite(Dol) and collophane-dolomite(Clh-Dol) mixtures, transmitted light(+)10×5; (6)-Stromatolites phosphorites composed of stromatolites and collophane-dolomite(Clh-Dol) mixtures, transmitted light (+)10×5
4.2 稀土配分特征
研究資料表明(王中剛等,1989;李勝榮等,1995;Baturin,2007),正常海水沉積物與熱水沉積物稀土元素地球化學(xué)特征存在明顯差異。正常海水沉積物稀土總量較高,可見Ce的正異常,輕稀土富集,北美頁巖組合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化曲線向右傾斜明顯;相反,熱水沉積物稀土總量較低,Ce常有明顯負(fù)異常,LREE /HREE比值較小,北美頁巖組合樣標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化曲線近于水平或左傾(楊帆,2013;劉勁松,2014)。另外,Graf(1978)等認(rèn)為太古界含鐵硅質(zhì)巖建造的一個顯著特征為正Eu異常,Eu異常被視為強還原的熱液注入或大洋玄武巖經(jīng)受海底蝕變而繼承了源區(qū)的特征。如東太平洋洋底熱液噴口群中的熱水就具有明顯的正Eu異常,即正Eu異常是熱水成因的特征之一。Y的正異常同樣可以指示熱水沉積的特征(楊興蓮等,2008;陶志華等,2014)。
夏安磷礦磷塊巖樣品REE北美頁巖標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化分布模式曲線(圖3),與生物作用形成的磷塊巖所具有的典型帽狀稀土分配型式近似(梁天佑等,1984),部分樣品Eu顯輕微的負(fù)異常,這是正常海相生物有機質(zhì)成礦作用的結(jié)果。同時,夏安磷塊巖稀土元素又具有REE總量低、LaN/SmN平均值為0.96、輕重稀土比值較小,與典型黑色頁巖高的輕重稀土比相距甚遠(yuǎn)、具有明顯的Ce的負(fù)異常、大多樣品顯示Eu、Y正異常等一系列特征;指示著該區(qū)磷礦具有熱水成因的可能。因此,該區(qū)磷礦應(yīng)為熱水沉積成礦作用與生物成礦作用雙重作用的結(jié)果。
圖3 夏安磷礦含磷巖系稀土元素北美頁巖標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化配分模式曲線Fig. 3 PAAS normalized REE patterns of phosphorites in Xia’an deposit
4.3 Ce異常
當(dāng)稀土元素被搬運到海相環(huán)境時,Ce3+在氧化條件下易氧化形成具有Ce4+離子的CeO2沉淀,使海水中貧乏Ce元素,從而導(dǎo)致Ce的負(fù)異常。因此,沉積磷灰石中Ce的負(fù)異常特征可作為反映海水氧化環(huán)境的標(biāo)志(梁天佑等,1984;陳多福等,1997,楊帆等,2011)。但在后期成巖過程中,Ce異常會受到影響,只有當(dāng)LaN/SmN>0.35,且LaN/SmN與Ce異常不具有相關(guān)性時,磷酸鹽礦物的Ce異常才能代表其形成時的古海水條件(Moradetal.,2001)。夏安磷礦疊層石磷塊巖樣品的LaN/SmN為0.65~1.69,皆大于0.35;另外,LaN/SmN與Ce異常不具有相關(guān)性(圖4)。因此,該區(qū)磷塊巖的Ce異??勺鳛楣藕K趸€原條件的指示標(biāo)志。
圖4 Ce/Ce*與LaN/SmN相關(guān)圖Fig. 4 Correlation of Ce/Ce and LaN/SmNof Xia’an phosphorites
Wright(1984)將Ce與La和Nd元素的相關(guān)變化定義為鈰異常(Ceanom),計算公式為:
Ceanom=lg[3CeN/(2LaN+NdN)]
式中,N為樣品經(jīng)北美頁巖標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的值。Ceanom<-0.1代表氧化環(huán)境,Ceanom>-0.1代表還原環(huán)境。夏安疊層石磷塊巖樣品的Ceanom值為-0.42~-0.22,皆小于-0.1,表示當(dāng)時夏安地區(qū)磷塊巖沉積于一個較為氧化的海水環(huán)境中。
南陀冰期結(jié)束后,海洋生物生產(chǎn)率大幅度增加,必然導(dǎo)致海洋上部氧濃度增加,為燈影組磷塊巖的沉積提供一個氧化的古海水環(huán)境(丁亞龍等,2015)。事實上,疊層石磷塊巖的形成也確實需要一個相對氧化的古海洋環(huán)境,不管是菌藻等生物的繁衍,還是其殘體的氧化分解,都需要在充氧環(huán)境中進(jìn)行。因此,夏安燈影組疊層石磷塊巖成磷的氧化環(huán)境可能是冰期后觸動生命大爆發(fā)的一個關(guān)鍵因素。
(1) 夏安燈影組疊層石磷塊巖稀土元素總量較低,Y相對富集。反映了生物有機質(zhì)在成磷過程中發(fā)揮了重要作用,并造成磷塊巖稀土元素含量相對白云巖富集,形成典型的條帶狀、層紋狀及紋理狀構(gòu)造。后期成巖作用使生物碎屑膠磷礦化,從而形成 Y、La、Nd的富集。
(2) 夏安磷礦含磷巖系底部稀土元素總量顯著高于中上部,這是由于礦層底部的砂屑磷塊巖經(jīng)歷了較長距離的搬運及較低的沉積速率;而礦層中上部系柱狀疊層石磷塊巖,菌藻植物發(fā)育,沉積速度變快,磷酸鹽碎屑顆粒與海水進(jìn)行物質(zhì)交換的時間短;從而導(dǎo)致礦層底部砂屑磷塊巖的稀土元素含量比礦層中上部疊層石磷塊巖的高。另外,海洋生物碳酸鹽巖、生物成因的磷酸鹽通常具有較低的稀土元素總量,中上部疊層石磷塊巖稀土元素總量顯著低于底部砂屑磷塊巖甚至部分夾層,指示其形成具有生物成礦因素。
(3) 夏安磷礦含磷巖系REE北美頁巖標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化模式曲線較為一致,與生物作用形成的磷塊巖所具有的典型帽狀稀土配分模式近似,顯示該區(qū)磷礦具有生物成因的特征;而樣品中稀土總量低,輕、重稀土分餾程度較低,Ce負(fù)異常明顯,大多樣品顯示Eu、Y正異常,又暗示該區(qū)磷礦為非正常海水沉積成因。因此,夏安燈影組磷礦應(yīng)為熱水沉積與生物成礦共同作用的結(jié)果。
(4) 夏安磷礦REE北美頁巖標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化分布模式曲線中,Ce相對于其它稀土元素具有明顯的負(fù)異常,Ceanom值皆小于-0.1。由于LaN/SmN與Ce異常不具有相關(guān)性使得Ce異常能反映古海水的氧化還原條件。因此,夏安燈影組磷塊巖形成于相對氧化的環(huán)境。
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REE Geochemistry of the Dengying Formation Phosphorites in the Xia’an Area, Weng’an County, Guizhou Province
DING Ya-long, XIE Hong
(InstituteofResourcesandEnvironments,GuizhouUniversity,Guiyang,Guizhou550003)
There exist abundant phosphorites in the Dengying Formation of the Xia’an area, Weng’an County, Guizh ou Province. Geochemical analysis of REE elements has been conducted to the phosphorus rock series in this area. The results show low ΣREE values of the middle and upper deposit, even much lower than the bottom, suggesting a biogenic feature. The PAAS normalized REE concentrations plotted against respective atomic numbers form approximate the hat-shaped REE pattern, which indicates that fauna played an important role in the phosphorite formation. On the other hand, the phosphorite characters of positive Eu anomalies, the negative Ce anomalies, the low ΣREE and the low ratio of ΣLREE to ΣHREE suggest that the Xia’an phosphorite belongs to the abnormal marine deposition. Therefore, the formation of Xia’an phosphorite is the product of biomineralization plus hydrothermal deposition. At the same time, the results of Ceanomare all less than -0.1, implying a relatively oxidizing environment for formation of Xia’an phosphorite.
REE element, stromatolites phosphorite, Dengying Formation, Xia’an, Guizhou
2015-04-11;
2015-08-12;[責(zé)任編輯]郝情情。
貴州省地勘基金(編號:黔財建[2011]114號)和貴州大學(xué)創(chuàng)新基金“研理工2015066”聯(lián)合資助。
丁亞龍(1991年—),研究生,研究方向:礦床地球化學(xué)。E-mail: 1728636361@qq.com。
謝 宏(1968年—),女,博士,教授,主要從事地質(zhì)教學(xué)與科研工作。E-mail: xh5033@163.com。
P532,P566
A
0495-5331(2015)05-0923-09