談及關聯(lián)詞，不妨從高考寫作評分標準說起：“能有效地使用了語句間的連接成分，全篇文章結構緊湊，思維清晰?！边@樣簡單明了的一句話，卻告訴了我們一個最重要的信息：原來學習英語語言，最重要且最高的層面是語篇，無論聽力，完形，閱讀，寫作，語篇無處不在。那何謂語篇呢？語篇是由一組組連接的句子和語段所串聯(lián)而成的語言整體。高質量的語篇，都有一個特性，那就是完美地使用了各種連接詞。反之，沒有連接詞的語篇，猶如一盤散沙，東一榔頭西一棒，讓聽者或讀者看到的只是獨立的句子個體，不知作者所言要點，看不清其中的關聯(lián)，更別提抓取文章主題去加以理解和應用了。在做高考各項題型時，如果對關聯(lián)詞語有了較好的掌握，考生就能快速有效地抓住關鍵句并予以突破。在書面表達中，如能恰當?shù)厥褂酶黝愱P聯(lián)詞，那么文章有如行云流水般流暢， 在閱卷老師眼里自然也是錦上添花。關聯(lián)詞分類不同所表示的句子關系也不近相同。中學階段，學生應該掌握的關聯(lián)詞可以簡單歸納為如下幾類：

第一類：表示時間的連接詞：to begin with， to start with， at first， in the beginning， for the first time， next， then， later， in the end， finally， after a while， since then， meanwhile / at the same time， immediately， suddenly， all of a sudden， now / at present， soon， soon after that， afterwards， up to now， before long， from then on， sooner or later等。如以下書面表達部分范文：

Your problem is a common one among middle school students. Maybe the following advice can help you. First of all， believe in yourself. Your greatest problem is that you lack selfconfidence. The first thing you must do is to smile at your classmates. Next， try talking with a student who is as shy as yourself or who shares the same interest as you. Finally， if anyone is in trouble in life or study， you should be ready to help him or her. Once you have confidence， you can make as many friends as possible.

第二類：表目的的連接詞：in order to， so as to， so that， in order that， in case等。

如： be admitted into the college， he had to work hard at all subjects.

A. Now thatB. In order to

C. Only ifD. So that

答案B。now that既然，in order to為了，only if只要，so that以便，位置應放在句中。這里是in order to引導目的狀語從句。句意：為了被錄取進大學，他得努力學習所有的課程。根據(jù)句意應選B。

第三類：表因果關系的連接詞：because， as， since， for， thanks to， due to， owing to， so， thus， therefore， as a result （of）， as a consequence （of）， one reason is that...， another reason is that...等。

如：Now people are more aware of the significance of the sustainable development. ， renewable energy has become their favorite choice in their daily life.

A. Still B. However

C. Therefore D. Furthermore

答案C。本題考查的連詞都是常見的連詞。still盡管如此（強調讓步關系）；however然而；therefore 因此（通常以逗號隔開，接結果狀語從句）；furthermore 此外，而且（表示遞進）。句意：現(xiàn)在人們較以往更注重可持續(xù)發(fā)展的重要性，因此，可再生能源成為他們日常生活中最偏愛的選擇。上下文之間是因果關系。故選C。

第四類：表讓步關系的連接詞：while （放于句首）， as （倒裝）， though， although， even if / though， whether... or...， who （what， when，）ever / no matter who （what， when）等。

如： scientists have learned a lot about the universe， there is much we still dont know. （2015年安徽）

A. Once B. Since

C. Though D. Unless

答案C。本題考查的是狀語從句的連詞辨析。though盡管；once一旦；since自從，既然；unless除非，如果……不……；句意：雖然科學家已經(jīng)了解了許多有關宇宙的東西，但是還有很多我們不知道的。根據(jù)句意可知上下文之間存在著轉折關系，所以使用though表示讓步和轉折。故C正確。

第五類：表條件關系的連接詞：if， unless， as / so long as， on condition that， suppose / supposing， provided that等。

如：Ones life has value one brings value to the life of others. （2012江蘇）

A. so that B. no matter how

C. as long as D. except that

答案C。本題考查狀語從句。題干意為：只要一個人給其他人的生活帶來價值，他的生命就有價值。so that以便；no matter how無論如何；except that除了；所填詞引導條件狀語從句，意思是“只要”，故選C。

第六類：表并列關系的連接詞：and， or， as well as， both... and...， neither... nor...， not only... but also...， either... or...， not... but...等。

如： you must improve your work we shall dismiss you.

A. Either； orB. Neither； nor

C. Both； andD. Not； but

答案A。本題考查的是并列連詞中的選擇關系。句意為：要么你必須好好干，要么我們就辭退你。故A正確。

第七類：表遞進關系的連接詞：on top of that， whats more / furthermore / moreover / in addition / besides， whats worse / to make matters worse / worse still， on the one hand...， on the other （hand）...等。

如：He lost his wallet on the way to school. this， he was late and blamed by his teacher.

A. Because ofB. As a result of

C. On account ofD. On top of

答案D。本題考查的是介詞短語辨析。A，B和C項均有“因為”之意，列舉原因；D.“除此之外”屬于遞進關系的過渡性詞語。句意：他在上學路上丟了錢包，除此之外，他遲到了并被老師責備了。根據(jù)句意說明這是一件事情的連鎖反應，表遞進，所以D項符合題意。

第八類：表轉折對比關系的連接詞：but， yet， however， while， nevertheless， whereas， on the contrary等。

如：Brown said he was by no means annoyed； ， he had a wonderful time.（2012年 江西）

A. Above allB. Whats more

C. As a resultD. On the contrary

答案D。根據(jù)句意，前后兩句話為兩種情況的對比：布朗說他一點也不生氣，相反，他玩得很愉快！on the contrary“相反”故選D。

第九類：表列舉事實的連接詞：for example / instance， like， such as， take... for example， that is to say， as follows， in other words等。

如：A wellwritten essay should be unified， in other words， everything in it should be related to its main idea. （對句中的所述內容作解釋）

一篇好的文章應當是一個完整的統(tǒng)一體，換句話說，文章里的一切內容都與主題思想有關。

第十類：表示總結的過渡性詞語：in short， in brief， in a word， on the whole， in general， generally speaking， to conclude， to sum up， all in all， in general等。

如：總的來說，美國正處在一個強有力的位置，并且還在奮力前行。

To sum up， the United States is moving forward from a position of strength.

總而言之，青年人應該向前看而不是對過去一直留戀。

All in all， young people should be forwardlooking rather than the other way round.

牛刀小試

1. —Its a long time I saw you last.

—Yes， and what a pity that it will be a long time we see each other again.

A. before； since B. since； when

C. since； beforeD. when； before

2. Much the young couple needed money to make the payment for the apartment， they wouldnt ask their parents for help.

A. althoughB. as

C. even ifD. while

3. I would appreciate it you can help me with my English this afternoon.

A. because B. until

C. when D. if

4. ， Jack can never catch up with Tom in the study of English.

A. However he tries hard

B. No matter how hard he tries

C. No matter how he tries hard

D. As hard he tries

5. has taken part in the Athens Olympic Games is worth praising no matter he has won medals or not.

A. Who； if B. Anyone； whether

C. Whoever； whether D. Whoever； how

6. we have achieved great success， we have no reason to be proud.

A. SinceB. Even if

C. Now that D. Even that

7. your essay carefully before you hand it in， some mistakes can surely be avoided， I think.

A. Having checkedB. Check

C. As long as you check D. While checking

8. he has limited technical knowledge， the old worker has a lot of experience.

A. Since B. Unless

C. As D. Although

9. I have got no interest in it； ， I have lots of work to do.

A. otherwise B. besides

C. however D. therefore

10. you go on trying， you will succeed some day.

A. As soon asB. As far as

C. As long as D. As well as

11. I couldnt afford to rent a house like this， buy it.

A. no longer B. no more than

C. let alone D. instead

12. —You dont seem to be quite yourself today. Whats wrong？

—Oh， Im suffering from a cold. Nothing serious， .

A. though B. yet

C. indeedD. anyway

13. Professor Hawking stepped into the office， I knew that there was no hope.

A. Unless B. Now that

C. AlthoughD. The moment

14. She informed her husband she arrived home.

A. as long as B. as soon as

C. after D. what

15. I had left when the quarrel started.

A. hardlyB. soon

C. because D. after

16. It must be very late， and I claim it the streets are quite deserted.

A. becauseB. so

C. what D. when

17. he sat up all night with the patient， the doctor looks tired and sleepy.

A. But B. however

C. Because D. After

18. I cant tell you what he looks like I have never met him.

A. forB. however

C. but D. when

19. The teacher is very strict with us， simply he wants us to make rapid progress.

A. sinceB. because

C. as D. when

20. I was writing a letter the telephone rang.

A. whileB. as

C. when D. though

參考答案

1—5 CBDBC 6—10 BCDBC 11—15 CADBA 16—20 ACABC

（作者：姜晨露，海安縣曲塘中學）