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RhoA和Snail在涎腺腺樣囊性癌中的表達及意義

2015-11-15 06:29胡瑞利安峰林媛媛馬賽郭博偉
天津醫(yī)藥 2015年7期
關鍵詞:性癌通路陽性

胡瑞利,安峰,林媛媛,馬賽,郭博偉

RhoA和Snail在涎腺腺樣囊性癌中的表達及意義

胡瑞利1,安峰2△,林媛媛2,馬賽2,郭博偉2

目的探討RhoA和Snail在涎腺腺樣囊性癌(SACC)中的表達及其與癌癥侵襲轉移的關系。方法采用免疫組織化學方法檢測RhoA和Snail在55例SACC(SACC組)與20例癌旁正常組織(對照組)中的表達情況,分析RhoA和Snail的表達與SACC臨床病理特征的關系及其在SACC組織中表達的相關性。結果SACC組的RhoA(69.1%vs 5.0%)和Snail(72.7%vs 10.0%)蛋白陽性表達率高于對照組(均P<0.05);有淋巴結轉移者的RhoA和Snail陽性表達率高于無轉移者,Ⅲ+Ⅳ期的RhoA和Snail陽性表達率高于Ⅰ+Ⅱ期者;實體型的RhoA陽性表達率高于篩孔型,實體型和管狀型的Snail陽性表達率高于篩孔型(均P<0.05),而不同性別、年齡及腫瘤部位的RhoA和Snail陽性表達率差異無統(tǒng)計學意義;RhoA和Snail在SACC中的表達呈正相關(rs=0.414,P<0.001)。結論RhoA和Snail蛋白可能通過RhoA/ROCK/PKD1/NF-κB/Snail信號傳導通路聯(lián)合作用促進了SACC的浸潤和轉移。

涎腺腫瘤;癌;Rho相關激酶類;腫瘤浸潤;腫瘤轉移;RhoA;Snail;涎腺腺樣囊性癌

涎腺腺樣囊性癌(salivary adenoid cystic carcino?ma,SACC)是較常見的口腔頜面部惡性腫瘤之一,侵襲性強,易侵入神經(jīng)和血管,易沿神經(jīng)及血循環(huán)發(fā)生遠處轉移,肺轉移率較高[1]。SACC的侵襲性生長、復發(fā)和轉移是導致患者死亡的主要原因之一。鋅指轉錄因子Snail為鋅指蛋白超家族的第1個成員,由1個高度保守的羧基末端及1個高度可變的氨基末端組成[2]。其超家族的功能為轉錄抑制,這與它復雜保守的蛋白結構域有密切關聯(lián)。因為Snail可誘導上皮-間充質的轉化,間接增強了細胞轉移侵襲的功能,所以Snail被看作是腫瘤轉移的促進因素[3-4]。而蛋白RhoA是小G蛋白超家族的成員之一,它不僅參與了細胞凋亡的過程,而且在細胞凋亡的起始中起著開關的作用[5-6]。RhoA基因與腫瘤浸潤轉移關系密切,但目前關于RhoA蛋白在SACC中的作用尚不明確,有關RhoA和Snail兩者在SACC中表達的報道較少。本研究運用免疫組化方法檢測RhoA和Snail在SACC中的表達,探討兩者與SACC侵襲轉移的關系,為有效控制SACC的發(fā)生發(fā)展提供依據(jù)。

1 資料與方法

1.1一般資料選取1997年9月—2013年9月于河北北方學院附屬第一醫(yī)院病理科存檔的手術切除SACC石蠟標本55例(SACC組),其中男25例,女30例,年齡17~80歲,平均(54.24±12.52)歲,依照2005年WHO對涎腺腫瘤的病理分類進行分型[7]:篩狀型20例,管狀型19例,實體型16例;TNM分期法(UICC)進行臨床分期:Ⅰ+Ⅱ期37例、Ⅲ+Ⅳ期18例。同時選取癌旁正常的組織20例作為對照組,所選取患者術前均未接受放療和化療。HE染色切片由2位資深的病理醫(yī)師按照WHO診斷標準進行診斷。

1.2主要試劑兔抗人RhoA多克隆抗體、兔抗人Snail多克隆抗體均購自上海廣銳生物試劑有限公司。

1.3免疫組織化學PV兩步法檢測RhoA、Snail蛋白表達水平石蠟切片經(jīng)過常規(guī)脫蠟、水化、抗原修復、一抗(RhoA和Snail一抗的工作濃度分別為1∶50和1∶75)和二抗分別孵育、DAB顯色、蘇木精復染,中性樹脂封片后觀察兩者的表達情況。用PBS代替一抗作為陰性對照。陽性標準為細胞出現(xiàn)棕黃色顆粒,陰性為無顯色。陽性細胞比例評分方法:陰性為0分,陽性細胞比例<25%為1分,25%~50%為2分,51%~75%為3分,>75%為4分。細胞染色程度評分法:腫瘤細胞不著色為0分,淡黃色為1分,棕褐色為3分。陽性細胞比例評分×細胞染色程度評分=腫瘤細胞的染色評分,總分0分為陰性(-),1~2分為(+),3~6分為(++),7~12分為(+++)。

1.4統(tǒng)計學方法采用SPSS 17.0統(tǒng)計軟件分析。計量資料采用表示,組間比較用t檢驗,計數(shù)資料用χ2檢驗,相關分析采用Spearman等級相關,以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。

2 結果

2.1RhoA和Snail在2組中的表達RhoA表達于上皮細胞膜,部分表達于細胞質,呈棕黃色,見圖1;Snail表達于細胞核中,呈棕黃色或棕褐色顆粒,見圖2。SACC組的RhoA和Snail陽性表達率明顯高于對照組,見表1。

2.2RhoA和Snail的表達與SACC臨床病理特征的關系RhoA和Snail在有淋巴結轉移者中的陽性表達率高于無轉移者,Ⅲ+Ⅳ期的RhoA和Snail陽性表達率高于Ⅰ+Ⅱ者;實體型的RhoA陽性表達率高于篩孔型,實體型和管狀型的Snail陽性表達率高于篩孔型(均P<0.05),而不同性別、年齡及腫瘤部位的RhoA和Snail陽性表達率差異無統(tǒng)計學意義,見表2。

Tab.1The positive expression of RhoA and Snail in two groups表1 RhoA和Snail在2組中陽性表達情況例(%)

Tab.2The relationship between positive expression of RhoA,Snail and clinicopathological feature in SACC表2 RhoA、Snail陽性表達與SACC臨床病理參數(shù)的關系例(%)

2.3SACC組織中RhoA和Snail的相關性RhoA和Snail共同陽性30例,共同陰性7例,兩者呈正相關(rs=0.414,P<0.001),見表3

Tab.3Correlation between expression of RhoA and Snail proteins in SACC表3 在SACC中RhoA與Snail蛋白表達的相關性

3 討論

Rho蛋白屬于Ras超家族的亞家族成員,由相對分子質量為20 000~30 000的GTP結合蛋白組成[8]。目前為止,最少已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了20余個Rho家族成員,根據(jù)其序列同源性和功能的相似性,可分為RhoA類、Rac1類、Cdc42類和缺乏內(nèi)源性GTP酶活性類。RhoA是細胞內(nèi)重要的中間信號分子,在肌動蛋白的細胞骨架重組、細胞間黏附移動和基因轉錄等過程中均有RhoA參與[9]。已有研究證實,RhoA在胃癌、肝癌、大腸癌等組織中均呈高表達,參與了腫瘤的轉移、侵襲、增殖、凋亡和周期調(diào)控等多個重要環(huán)節(jié)[10],并且扮演著許多信號通路分子開關的角色。在對乳腺癌的研究中,Cho等[11]發(fā)現(xiàn)如果抑制了RhoA的活性,可對Snail的活化起到間接阻斷的作用,進一步對Snail介導的靶基因轉錄起到了抑制作用,從而使乳腺癌細胞失去了浸潤和轉移的功能。Cowell等[12]研究表明,如果細胞的連接被破壞,可以使RhoA/ROCK/PKD1/NF-κB/Snail信號傳導通路激活,而RhoA也是Snail的一個上游因子。本課題組前期研究已證明,SACC的浸潤和轉移與血管內(nèi)皮生長因子(VEGF)有關[13],且有研究顯示,RhoA可通過ROCK信號通路參與VEGF誘導的內(nèi)皮細胞運動和血管生成,也可促進腫瘤血管的生成,同時協(xié)助腫瘤細胞穿越脈管內(nèi)皮向遠處轉移[14]。

Snail為鋅指蛋白超家族的第一個成員,人的Snail基因定位于第20號染色體20q12.3,全長為5 882 bp,包含了3個外顯子。鋅指轉錄因子Snail屬于轉錄抑制子中的Snail超家族,它可通過誘導上皮-間充質轉化的發(fā)生,提高細胞侵襲轉移的能力,因此Snail被視為腫瘤轉移的促進因素[3-4]。研究表明,Snail在口腔癌、乳腺癌、宮頸癌的陽性表達率明顯高于癌旁組織[15-16],與本研究結果相一致,本研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)RhoA與Snail蛋白表達與不同類型SACC、TNM分期和有無淋巴結轉移有關,但與患者的年齡大小、性別及腫瘤所生長的部位無關,且兩者表達呈正相關,提示RhoA和Snail的高表達可能隨著SACC的惡性程度的增高而增高,有可能提示預后不良。這一結果與Cowell等[12]發(fā)現(xiàn)若破壞細胞的連接可使信號傳導通路RhoA/ROCK/PKD1/NF-κB/ Snail激活相一致,并且RhoA還可通過ROCK信號通路參與VEGF的誘導,提示在SACC中如果抑制RhoA的活性,很有可能在一定程度上為SACC的治療提供新的理論依據(jù)和治療靶點。

(圖1、2見插頁)

[1]Lyv CT,Zhou ZH.The biological property and biotherapy of salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma[J].Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 2009,19(3):153-158.[呂春堂,周中華.涎腺腺樣囊性癌生物學特性與生物治療[J].口腔頜面外科雜志,2009,19(3):153-158].

[2]LKenouchi J,Matuda M,F(xiàn)uruse M.Regulation of tight junctions dur?ing the epithelium-mesenchyme transition:direct repression of the gene expression of claudins/occluding by Snail[J].J Cell Sci,2003,116(Pt10):1959-1967.

[3]Klymkowsky MW,Savagner P.Epithelial-mesenchymal transition:a cancer researcher’s conceptual friend and foe[J].Am J Pathol,2009,174(5):1588-1593.

[4]Evdokimova V,Tongon C,Ng T,et al.Translational activation of snail and other developmentally regulated transcription factors by YB-1 Promotes an Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition[J].Cancer Cell,2009,15(5):402-415.

[5]Park GB,Kim YS,Song H,et al.Cross-linking of CD80 and CD86 diminishes expression of CD54 on EBV-transformed B cells through inactivation of RhoA and Ras[J].Immunc Netw,2011,11(6):390-398.

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[7]Lee J,Kang WK,Park JO,et al.Expression of activated signal trans?ducer and activator of transcription 3 predicts poor clinical outcome in gastric adenocarcinoma[J].APMIS,2009,117(8):598-606.

[8]Grise F,Bidaud A,Moreau V,et al.Rho GTPases in hepatocellular carcinoma[J].Biochim Biochim Biophys Acta,2009,1795(2):137-151.

[9]Loirand G,Sauzeau V,Pacaud P.Small G proteins in the cardiovas?cular system:physiological aspects[J].Physiol Rev,2013,93(4): 1659-1720.

[10]Wilson KF,Erickson JW,Antonyak MA,et al.Rho GTP ases and their roles in cancer metabolism[J].Trends Mol Med,2013,19(2):74-82.

[11]Cho SG,Li D,Stafford LJ,et al.KiSS I suppresses TNF-a-in?duced bresst cancer cell invasion via an inhibition of RhoA-mediat?ed NF-кb activation[J]J Cell Biochem,2009,107(6):1139-1149.

[12]Cowell CF,Yan IK,Eiseler T,et al.Loss of cell-cell contacts in?duced NF-кB via RhoA-mediated activation of protein kinase DI[J].J Cell Biochem,2009,106(4):714-728.

[13]Zhang G,Xiang F,An F,et al.The expression of STAT3,VEGF pro?tein in salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma and the effect on angiogen?esis[J].Tianjin Med J,2012,40(6):563-565.[張果,項峰,安峰,等.STAT3、VEGF蛋白在涎腺腺樣囊性癌中的表達及對血管生成的影響[J].天津醫(yī)藥,2012,40(6):563-565].doi:10.3969/i.issn.0253-9896.2012.06.011.

[14]Pille JY,Denoyelle C,Varet J,et al.AntiRhoA and antiRhoC siR?NAs inhibit the proliferation and invasiveness of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells in vitro[J].Mol Ther,2005,11(2):267-274.

[15]Sun L,Diamond ME,Ottaviano AJ,et al.Transforming growth factorbetal promotes matrix metalloproteinase-9-mediated oral cancer in?vasion through snail expression[J].Mol Cancer Res,2008,6(1):10-20.

[16]Lee MY,Chou CY,Tang MJ,et al.Epithelial-mesenchymal transi?tion in cervical cancer:correlation with tumor progression,epider?mal growth factor receptor overexpression,and snail up-regulation[J].Clin Cancer Res,2008,14(15):4743-4750.

(2014-11-12收稿 2015-01-25修回)

(本文編輯 閆娟)

Significance of RhoA and Snail expression in salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma

HU Ruili1,AN Feng2△,LIN Yuanyuan2,MA Sai2,GUO Bowei2
1 Hebei North University,Zhangjiakou 075000,China;2 The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University△

ObjectiveTo investigate the relationship of RhoA and Snail expressions,and the invasion and metastasis in salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma(SACC).MethodsThe expressions of RhoA protein and Snail protein in 55 samples of SACC(SACC group)and 20 samples of para-carcinoma normal tissues(control group)were detected using immunohisto?chemical method.The relationship between RhoA protein and Snail protein expressions and clinical and pathological charac?teristics were analyzed.ResultsThe positive expressions of RhoA protein(69.1%vs 5.0%)and Snail protein(72.7%vs 10.0%)were significantly higher in SACC group than those in control group(P<0.05).The positive expression rates of RhoA protein and Snail protein were significantly higher in patients with lymph node metastasis than those in patients with?out lymph node metastasis.The positive expression rates of RhoA protein and Snail protein were significantly higher in pa?tients atⅢ+Ⅳstage than those in patients atⅠ+Ⅱstage.The positive expression rates of RhoA protein and Snail protein were significantly higher in substantive carcinal tissues than those in screen roller type and tubular carcinal tissues.The posi?tive expression of Snail protein was significantly higher in substantive and tubular carcinal tissues than that in screen roller type carcinal tissues(P<0.05).There were no significant differences in positive expression rates of RhoA and Snail between different gender,age and different carcinal tissues.There was a positive correlation beween expression rates of RhoA and Snail protein in SACC(r=0.414,P<0.001).ConclusionRhoA and Snail may both facilitate the infiltration and metastasis of SACC through RhoA/ROCK/PKD1/NF-kappa B/Snail signaling pathways.

salivary gland neoplasms;carcinoma;Rho-associated kinases;neoplasm invasiveness;neoplasm metasta?sis;RhoA;Snail;salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma

R739.87

A

10.11958/j.issn.0253-9896.2015.07.016

張家口市科學技術研究與發(fā)展計劃指令項目(11110012D);河北北方學院自然科學面上項目(2013010)

1河北北方學院(郵編075000);2河北北方學院附屬第一醫(yī)院

胡瑞利(1986),女,碩士在讀,主要從事口腔頜面頭頸部腫瘤研究

△通訊作者E-mail:kq126@126.com

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