陸?zhàn)⊥醯ぁ≡S國(guó)輝等
[摘 要] 目的:分析CT高壓增強(qiáng)掃描中造影劑滲漏發(fā)生影響因素及發(fā)生概率,尋找預(yù)防措施。方法:回顧性分析我院做CT增強(qiáng)掃描而出現(xiàn)造影劑滲漏患者38例資料。結(jié)果:在發(fā)生造影劑滲漏患者38例中,由于患者血管較差導(dǎo)致建立靜脈通道時(shí)留置針軟管進(jìn)入血管較淺導(dǎo)致造影劑外漏患者9例,占23.68%;由于病人放化療后導(dǎo)致其血管彈性降低、脆性增加導(dǎo)致外漏的患者18例,占47.37%;由于病人在建立靜脈通道后等待檢查時(shí)未保護(hù)好靜脈通道以至于造影劑外漏患者8例,占21.05%;由于留置針本身質(zhì)量問題導(dǎo)致造影劑外漏患者3人,占7.89%。結(jié)論:絕大部分造影劑滲漏為可干預(yù)因素,通過制定預(yù)判斷,預(yù)處理方案,可明顯降低滲漏事件發(fā)生概率。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 造影劑滲漏;預(yù)防
中圖分類號(hào):R445 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼: B 文章編號(hào):2095-5200(2015)05-118-02
[Abstract] Objective: to use the probability of pressure leakage during contrast media in CT scan to illustrate the the influence factors and prevention. Methods: Collecting 38 patients whose contrast leakage during CT Injection Scans in our hospital between 2013.12.26 to 2014.08.25,Each patient were recorded and analysis the causes of leakage in contrast agenting and the prevention measures. Results:In 38 patients with leakage, Due to poor patients in patients with vascular establishing intravenous indwelling needle tube into the shallow vessels leads to contrast leakage in 9 patients, accounting for 23.68%;Due to radiation and chemotherapy patients after the blood vessel elasticity decreased, fragility increase lead to leakage of 18 cases of patients with 47.37%;Because the patient waiting for inspection after establishing venous channel to protect that intravenous contrast agent of 8 patients with leakage, accounting for 21.05%;Contrast leakage due to needle itself quality problems in patients with 3 people, accounting for 7.89%. Conclusion: in 38 patients ,regardless of the quality problem of the needle itself, the remaining 92.11% of the leakage of contrast media events are our medical staff can intervene, we carefully summarize the type and the probability of each contrast leakage incident, completes the preliminary judgment and pretreatment, strive to minimize the probability of adverse events.
[Key words] Contrast Leakage;prevention
CT增強(qiáng)掃描是利用高壓注射器通過靜脈通道快速注射造影劑,以求獲得最大圖像對(duì)比度一種CT掃描方式[1-2]。隨著CT機(jī)及高壓注射器普及,隨之而來不良事件也時(shí)有發(fā)生,最常見的屬高壓注射時(shí)造影劑滲漏 [3]。本文作者對(duì)2013年12月26日至2014年8月25日期間在本院進(jìn)行CT增強(qiáng)掃描時(shí)出現(xiàn)造影劑滲漏38例患者進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,旨在探討造影劑滲漏這一不良事件影響因素及預(yù)防措施。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
2013年12月26日至2014年8月25日我院進(jìn)行CT增強(qiáng)掃描出現(xiàn)造影劑滲漏患者38例,其中男性15例、女性23例,年齡48~67歲、平均57歲;體重46~74kg、平均體重60kg。
1.2 方法
掃描儀為GE公司Lightspeed VCT(64排),美國(guó)MEORAO公司雙筒高壓注射器,B.BRAUN公司22G一次性靜脈留置針,造影劑為碘佛醇注射液,規(guī)格為320mg I/mL。所有患者均在檢查前簽訂《造影劑檢查知情同意書》[4]患者給藥量按1.2mL/kg計(jì)算[5],根據(jù)年齡,性別,體重,掃描部位來確定給藥速率,一般為2.5-3.0mL/s[6]。建立靜脈通道。用22G靜脈留置針,選取手背靜脈等比較粗、直,且易于固定部位。掃描技師在選擇病人體位時(shí),盡量考慮到增強(qiáng)時(shí)護(hù)理人員操作方便性,并且在擺位時(shí)囑咐病人保護(hù)好靜脈通道。增強(qiáng)過程中,技術(shù)人員密切關(guān)注高壓注射器壓力曲線變化[7],及時(shí)反饋給護(hù)理人員;護(hù)理人員在注藥過程中注意觀察病人靜脈通道并及時(shí)詢問患者感覺,對(duì)有出現(xiàn)造影劑外漏傾向患者,立即終止注藥,告知技術(shù)人員暫停檢查,并采取適當(dāng)措施。針對(duì)患者資料進(jìn)行分析。
2 結(jié)果
38例造影劑滲漏患者中,由于患者血管較差導(dǎo)致建立靜脈通道時(shí)留置針軟管進(jìn)入血管較淺導(dǎo)致造影劑外漏患者9例,占23.68%;由于病人放化療后導(dǎo)致其血管彈性降低、脆性增加導(dǎo)致外漏患者18例,占47.37%;由于病人在建立靜脈通道后等待檢查時(shí)未保護(hù)好靜脈通道以至于造影劑外漏患者8例,占21.05%;由于留置針本身質(zhì)量問題導(dǎo)致造影劑外漏患者3人,占7.89%。見表1。
3 小結(jié)與討論
在38例造影劑滲漏患者中,拋開留置針本身質(zhì)量問題這一不可干預(yù)因素所占比例7.89%,其余92.11%造影劑滲漏事件都是我們醫(yī)護(hù)人員可以加以干預(yù);將上述可干預(yù)因素與不可干預(yù)因素占比經(jīng)軟件分析,P<0.05差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義??梢娫谶M(jìn)行CT增強(qiáng)掃描時(shí),只要醫(yī)務(wù)人員認(rèn)真學(xué)習(xí)并總結(jié)每種造影劑滲漏事件發(fā)生類型及概率,積極做好預(yù)判斷與預(yù)處理,可以降低造影劑滲漏發(fā)生率。
針對(duì)上述影響造影劑滲漏因素,我們積極查閱相關(guān)資料,組織醫(yī)、技、護(hù)三方討論,制定出一套完整預(yù)判斷與預(yù)處理方案:對(duì)于血管走行不暢,留置針進(jìn)針過淺病人,將常規(guī)手背靜脈改為肘正中靜脈、貴要靜脈,甚至足背靜脈等相對(duì)較粗、直血管建立靜脈通道,或者配合技術(shù)人員改良掃描方式,降低給藥速率以防止軟管頭因壓力過高而滑出血管[8];對(duì)于血管彈性較差放化療病人,采取降低給藥速率,用頭皮針替代留置針方法進(jìn)行靜脈給藥,在不超過血管最大耐受壓力情況下將造影劑順利注入患者體內(nèi)[9];對(duì)于認(rèn)知能力較差不能很好配合保護(hù)靜脈通道患者,精心制作靜脈通道保護(hù)基本常識(shí)手冊(cè),在病人待檢時(shí)發(fā)放給病人及家屬觀看,爭(zhēng)取得到病人最大限度配合,并做好醫(yī)務(wù)工作者告知義務(wù)[10]。對(duì)于實(shí)在不能配合危重病人,采取平掃后在掃描床上建立靜脈通道辦法,雖然這樣做可能會(huì)浪費(fèi)一部分掃描時(shí)間,但是能夠很好避免危重病人無意識(shí)破壞靜脈通道行為。采取上述措施后,有效降低了滲漏發(fā)生率。
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