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從西南天山超高壓變質(zhì)帶多期構(gòu)造變形看天山古生代構(gòu)造演化*

2015-07-21 08:54林偉黎樂張仲培石永紅李秋立薛振華王非吳林
巖石學(xué)報(bào) 2015年8期
關(guān)鍵詞:造山天山變質(zhì)

林偉 黎樂 張仲培 石永紅 李秋立 薛振華 王非 吳林

1.巖石圈演化國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,中國(guó)科學(xué)院地質(zhì)與地球物理研究所,北京 100029

2.石油勘探開發(fā)研究院,中國(guó)石油化工集團(tuán)公司,北京 100083

3.合肥工業(yè)大學(xué)資源和環(huán)境學(xué)院,合肥 230009

1 引言

中亞造山帶(Central Asian Orogenic Belt,CAOB)是世界上顯生宙最大的增生型造山帶,延伸超過5000km(Kr?ner et al.,2008;Windley et al.,2007)。作為古生代典型增生造山帶,它為研究地球在顯生宙期間大規(guī)模地殼生長(zhǎng)和殼幔相互作用關(guān)系提供了絕佳窗口,從而引起國(guó)內(nèi)外地質(zhì)學(xué)家的廣泛關(guān)注(Coleman,1989;Windley et al.,1990,2007;?eng?r et al.,1993;Xiao et al.,2004;Charvet et al.,2007;Kr?ner et al.,2008)。中亞造山帶增生演化時(shí)間大致分布在600~250Ma(?eng?r et al.,1993)。關(guān)于中亞造山帶具體增生模式一直是研究者爭(zhēng)議的熱點(diǎn),主要存在以下幾種觀點(diǎn):多塊體俯沖-碰撞-拼貼(Coleman,1989;Charvet et al.,2007);單一島弧(Kipchak 島弧)走滑/彎曲碰撞拼貼(?eng?r et al.,1993;?eng?r and Natal’in,1996);弧 后 伸 展 垮 塌 增 生(Yakubchuk,2004);類似于環(huán)太平洋多階段多塊體增生作用(Xiao et al.,2004;Windley et al.,2007)。最近張立飛等(2013)根據(jù)對(duì)超高壓變質(zhì)時(shí)代及其退變過程的精確定年及詳細(xì)的巖石學(xué)相平衡模擬計(jì)算,認(rèn)為其在俯沖通道中經(jīng)歷了緩慢的、長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的升溫抬升(熱弛豫)過程;這個(gè)過程直到233~226Ma 方才結(jié)束。

本文通過對(duì)西南天山阿克雅孜地區(qū)的高壓-超高壓變質(zhì)帶詳盡的幾何學(xué)和運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)的剖析,厘定出高壓-超高壓變質(zhì)巖石構(gòu)造單元,確定了每個(gè)構(gòu)造單元構(gòu)造幾何學(xué)特征及各個(gè)構(gòu)造單元之間的相互關(guān)系;通過分析巖石變形特征和期次,劃分出不同構(gòu)造單元接觸關(guān)系和運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)特征;根據(jù)研究區(qū)的多期構(gòu)造變形特點(diǎn),建立了阿克雅孜地區(qū)構(gòu)造演化序列;并對(duì)橫向上相同或相似構(gòu)造帶進(jìn)行對(duì)比研究,進(jìn)而確定整個(gè)天山在古生代構(gòu)造拼合過程。從而探討我國(guó)西部洋殼相關(guān)的深俯沖造山帶形成過程和參與深俯沖作用(超)高壓變質(zhì)巖的變形變質(zhì)歷史。

2 構(gòu)造背景

天山造山帶位于中亞造山帶最南緣,其組成和演化特征為我們理解中亞造山帶拼合方式和構(gòu)造演化歷程提供了一個(gè)不可多得的窗口(圖1)。天山造山帶被認(rèn)為是由各個(gè)不同板塊在晚古生代拼貼在一起所形成的復(fù)合山鏈,主要分為三部分:哈薩克斯坦-伊犁-北天山板塊,中天山微陸塊和其南緣的塔里木板塊北緣(Coleman,1989;Windley et al.,1990;Charvet et al.,2007;Lin et al.,2009;Wang et al.,2010a)。由于認(rèn)識(shí)不同,大家對(duì)天山地區(qū)的構(gòu)造演化提出了不同看法:Coleman(1989)認(rèn)為它們是從洋盆發(fā)育而來的不同地體拼貼而成;依據(jù)東天山的研究經(jīng)驗(yàn),Windley et al.(1990)認(rèn)為天山造山帶內(nèi)存在兩條縫合帶,它們分別位于相當(dāng)于哈薩克斯坦-伊犁-北天山板塊南北兩側(cè),南部碰撞拼貼時(shí)間為晚泥盆世-早石炭世,北部則為晚石炭世-早二疊世;Chen et al.(1999)通過大量野外工作并綜合前人資料,認(rèn)為地理上的南天山起源于一個(gè)早古生代就開始封閉的洋盆,并在晚古生代時(shí)由于塔里木板塊和中天山板塊斜向碰撞而最終閉合。Xiao et al.(2012)從區(qū)域構(gòu)造的角度對(duì)天山地區(qū)構(gòu)造分區(qū)進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)的劃分和總結(jié),認(rèn)為整個(gè)天山南部作為一個(gè)巨大的增生帶Kokshaal-Kumishi 一直持續(xù)到晚石炭-早二疊世。

西南天山作為一個(gè)重要的晚古生代造山帶,近年來由于發(fā)現(xiàn)洋殼俯沖榴輝巖而引起科學(xué)家普遍關(guān)注(Gao et al.,1995;高俊,1997;Zhang et al.,2002,2007;Gao and Klemd,2003;Klemd et al.,2011)。榴輝巖及其圍巖白云母片巖中保存完好的柯石英包體的發(fā)現(xiàn),結(jié)束了變質(zhì)峰期條件的長(zhǎng)期爭(zhēng)議(Lü et al.,2008;Yang et al.,2013;施建榮等,2014;Du et al.,2014 及其相關(guān)的參考文獻(xiàn))。但關(guān)于南天山洋俯沖極性及相關(guān)榴輝巖峰期變質(zhì)的時(shí)間仍存在很大的爭(zhēng)議(Gao and Klemd,2003;高俊等,2006,2009;Charvet et al.,2007;Zhang et al.,2007;Wang et al.,2008a,2010a;Lin et al.,2009;朱志新等,2013)。

3 西南天山超高壓變質(zhì)帶構(gòu)造格架及多期構(gòu)造變形事件剖析

我們對(duì)西南天山超高壓變質(zhì)帶代表地區(qū)的阿克雅孜和木扎爾特構(gòu)造格架進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)的野外地質(zhì)考察,根據(jù)構(gòu)造幾何形態(tài)及相關(guān)巖石變形的運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)展布特征將研究區(qū)劃分為三個(gè)構(gòu)造單元:北部單元、中部單元和南部單元(圖2)。不同的構(gòu)造帶各具特征:北部單元的巖石組成為云母片巖、片麻巖和變基性巖,經(jīng)歷了角閃巖相-麻粒巖相的變質(zhì)作用,這些巖石通常被認(rèn)為是哈薩克斯坦-伊犁-北天山板塊的基底(哈薩克斯坦板塊東緣)。北部單元的構(gòu)造幾何形態(tài)主要為一系列軸面傾向N 或NW 的向斜和背斜組成,褶皺樞紐沿ENE-WSW 方向延展(圖2、圖3a);晚石炭世-早二疊世火山巖覆蓋其上(圖2,Zhang et al.,2007;Lin et al.,2009)。中部單元構(gòu)成了西南天山晚古生代高壓-超高壓造山帶主體,其組成為洋殼物質(zhì)殘片及增生雜巖,經(jīng)歷了俯沖過程中的高壓和超高壓變質(zhì)作用而形成了藍(lán)片巖和榴輝巖(Gao and Klemd,2003;Zhang et al.,2007;Lin et al.,2009)。中帶在剝蝕出露過程中同樣經(jīng)歷了綠片巖相的退變質(zhì)作用,因此大多數(shù)藍(lán)片巖和綠片巖呈間隔層狀產(chǎn)出。大多數(shù)榴輝巖在阿克雅孜河南部產(chǎn)出,最大的榴輝巖塊體出露面積約2km2,產(chǎn)出在綠片巖相變質(zhì)的變泥質(zhì)巖中(Gao et al.,1999;Zhang et al.,2007)。變火山巖主要由榴輝巖、綠輝巖、綠簾巖和藍(lán)片巖組成,榴輝巖和藍(lán)片巖呈漸變過渡關(guān)系,而非構(gòu)造接觸,表明榴輝巖和藍(lán)片巖屬于同一個(gè)巖片,經(jīng)歷了同樣的進(jìn)變質(zhì)作用,卻經(jīng)歷了不一樣的退變質(zhì)作用(Gao and Klemd,2003)。最近,蒲曉菲等(2011)在其中識(shí)別出一套中志留世基性-酸性火山巖,與高壓-超高壓巖石差別明顯,因而此帶表現(xiàn)出高壓-超高壓巖石俯沖-折返過程中經(jīng)歷了構(gòu)造混雜過程。中部單元的構(gòu)造幾何形態(tài)由一系列千米級(jí)尺度的、具有極性向NW 或N 的緊閉向斜和背斜組成(圖2、圖3c)。南部單元構(gòu)成了西南天山地形最高的位置,主要由弱變質(zhì)或未變質(zhì)的奧陶紀(jì)-志留紀(jì)地層和火山巖組成。南部單元的構(gòu)造幾何形態(tài)為一系列南傾的單斜地層組成(圖3e)。南部單元與中部單元之間的淺變質(zhì)沉積巖中發(fā)育有大量的褶劈理,局部面理化明顯,這些具有面理向南陡傾的特點(diǎn)(圖3f)。三個(gè)構(gòu)造帶之間為產(chǎn)狀近直立的糜棱巖帶所分隔(圖2)。在構(gòu)造幾何學(xué)研究基礎(chǔ)上,我們?cè)诎⒖搜抛胃邏?超高壓造山帶識(shí)別出多期構(gòu)造變形,這些構(gòu)造事件在區(qū)域上與天山古生代俯沖-碰撞的整個(gè)過程具有很好的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系。

圖1 天山造山帶構(gòu)造地質(zhì)簡(jiǎn)圖據(jù)(Wangetal.,2010b,2011; Lin etal.,2013 修改)Fig.1 Simplified geological map of the ChineseTianshan (modified afterWangetal.,2010b,2011; Lin etal.,2013)

圖2 西南天山高壓-超高壓變質(zhì)帶構(gòu)造地質(zhì)圖(據(jù)Lin et al.,2013 修改)Fig.2 Geological map of the Southwest Chinese Tianshan high-pressure and ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic belt and structural planar and linear elements (modified after Lin et al.,2013)

在構(gòu)造幾何學(xué)的研究基礎(chǔ)上,識(shí)別出了多期構(gòu)造變形事件(E1-E4),它們發(fā)育于不同的構(gòu)造單元和變質(zhì)條件下,具有不同的運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)特征,體現(xiàn)了不同的構(gòu)造背景,代表了不同的動(dòng)力學(xué)機(jī)制。

3.1 高壓-超高壓巖石折返過程(E1)

圖3 西南天山高壓-超高壓變質(zhì)帶構(gòu)造地質(zhì)簡(jiǎn)圖及構(gòu)造要素的赤平投影結(jié)果所有赤平投影結(jié)果均為施密特網(wǎng)等面積下半球投影Fig.3 Simplified geological map of the Southwest Chinese Tianshan high-pressure and ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic belt and structural planar and linear elements:foliation,bedding,mineral and stretching lineation,recumbent fold,crenulations axis and isoclinals fold axisAll diagrams are equiareal Schmidt net,lower hemisphere projection

E1事件發(fā)育在中部單元,其特點(diǎn)是強(qiáng)烈褶皺的面理上發(fā)育了NNW-SSE 或近N-S 向礦物拉伸線理(圖2、圖3d),其礦物組成為藍(lán)閃石、綠輝石、多硅白云母、黝簾石和石英等礦物,指示變形發(fā)生在高壓條件下。無論是野外露頭還是巖石薄片尺度,沿此礦物拉伸線理方向均顯示上部指向N 或NNW 的剪切變形(D1,圖4a-d)。由于高壓礦物卷入了這期變形,我們推斷這期構(gòu)造事件發(fā)生在高壓變質(zhì)條件的榴輝巖相(圖4b,d)。

3.2 高壓-超高壓巖石造山帶的早期改造過程(E2)

E2構(gòu)造事件主要發(fā)育在南部單元和中部單元之間,特別是二者的接觸界線附近(圖2)。向南陡傾的糜棱面理上發(fā)育了近N-S 向礦物拉伸線理(圖3g,h),其組成礦物主要為絹云母和石英,指示巖石變形發(fā)生在低綠片巖相的條件下(圖5a)。沿此礦物拉伸線理,上部向北的剪切變形(D2)較為一致地發(fā)育在中部單元與南部單元界線附近(圖5a)。需要指出的是這期變形向北迅速減弱,在中部單元南翼,靠近斷裂帶附近的韌性變形減弱成密集發(fā)育的褶劈理,同樣指示了上部指北的剪切運(yùn)動(dòng)特征(圖5b)。我們對(duì)這期變形事件的解釋是向北的逆沖推覆構(gòu)造,指示了南部單元向北逆沖到中部單元之上(圖6)。

3.3 北部構(gòu)造事件對(duì)高壓-超高壓造山帶影響(E3)

E3構(gòu)造事件主要發(fā)育在北部單元,在火山碎屑巖、石英片巖中均有明顯記錄;中部單元中也有些許疊加,但并未明顯改造E1事件造成的巖石形變(圖6)。這期構(gòu)造事件最主要特征是較淺的構(gòu)造變形層次,巖石面理主要由脆性破裂面所組成,并可見近N-S 和NW-SE 半透入性線理(圖2、圖3b)。沿此線理,巖石變形表現(xiàn)為上部指向SE 或S 剪切(D3;圖5c,d)。從區(qū)域上來看,E3變形事件可以解釋為北部單元發(fā)育的大規(guī)模向南的逆沖推覆,并疊加在中部單元早期高壓變質(zhì)-變形帶之上;這樣可以很好地解釋向南變形減弱并逐漸過渡到脆性域。E3構(gòu)造事件無論是在木扎爾特河和阿克雅孜河,還是在科克蘇河,均有十分穩(wěn)定的展布(Lin et al.,2009;Wang et al.,2010a)。

3.4 走滑構(gòu)造對(duì)高壓-超高壓造山帶的疊加(E4)

圖4 西南天山高壓-超高壓變質(zhì)帶折返過程(E1)的構(gòu)造變形(D1)特征(a)露頭尺度糜棱巖化云母片巖中殘余的榴輝巖透鏡體指示上部向NW 的剪切;(b)薄片下石英σ 斑晶指示上部向NW 的剪切變形,多硅白云母沿面理分布;(c)露頭尺度糜棱巖化云母片巖中發(fā)育的剪切條帶指示上部向NW 的剪切;(d)薄片下石英σ斑晶和藍(lán)閃石構(gòu)成的剪切條帶指示上部向NW 的剪切變形Fig.4 Field photographs and micrograph of the D1 deformation related early stage exhumation event (E1)in Southwest Chinese Tianshan high-pressure and ultrahighpressure metamorphic belt(a)outcrop scale sigmoidal eclogite lens in mylonitic micaschist showing top-to-the-NW sense of shear;(b)asymmetric phengite pressure shadows around quartz showing top-to-the-NW sense of shear in thin section;(c)outcrop scale shear band in mylonitized micaschist showing top-to-the-NW shearing deformation; (d)glaucophane shear band around quartz showing top-to-the-NW sense of shear in thin section

圖5 西南天山高壓-超高壓變質(zhì)帶后期改造過程中不同尺度多期構(gòu)造變形特征(a-e 為露頭尺度照片;f 為薄片尺度照片)(a)云母片巖中不對(duì)稱石英碎斑和強(qiáng)烈發(fā)育的剪切條帶指示上部向N 的剪切變形(D2);(b)具有向N 極性的細(xì)褶紋軸面劈理,軸面褶劈理(S2)將早期面理(S1)褶皺(D2);(c)北帶石炭紀(jì)弱變質(zhì)伊犁弧火山碎屑巖面理化,指示上部向南的剪切(E3);(d)北帶石炭紀(jì)火山巖中石英周緣的壓力影指示上部向南的剪切(E3);(e)副片麻巖中σ 狀展布的石英脈指示E4 右行剪切變形;(f)副片麻巖中剪切變形的石英指示E4 右行剪切變形Fig.5 Field photographs and micrograph of the deformation related different stages in Southwest Chinese Tianshan highpressure and ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic belt (a,c,e photos of the outcrop scale;b,d,f photos of the thin section scale)(a)asymmetric quartz clast and extensive deformed shear band in micaschist showing top-to-the-NW shear sense;(b)northward shear sense crenulation cleavage,early foliation (S1 )was folded by crenulation cleavage (S2 );(c) foliated Carboniferous weak metamorphosed YILI arc-realated cataclasite in North unit,showing top-to-the-S shear sense (E3 ); (d ) pressure shadow in Carboniferous volcanics from North unit showing top-to-the-S shear sense (E3);(e)sigmoidal quartz vein in paragneiss indicate dextral deformation (E4);(f)extensive sheared quartz clasts in paragneiss indicate dextral deformation (E4)

E4構(gòu)造事件主要發(fā)育在中部單元南北兩側(cè),E1事件產(chǎn)生的面理在構(gòu)造單元邊緣疊加了走向ENE-WSW 或E-W 向近直立面理,并形成近水平礦物拉伸線理(圖2、圖3b,g)。這些線理主要由石英及綠泥石所組成,指示較淺層次上的變形條件。無論是野外露頭還是薄片分析,右行剪切特征清晰而穩(wěn)定(D4,圖5e,f)。事實(shí)上這期右行走滑變形構(gòu)造在整個(gè)西南天山均有十分穩(wěn)定的展布(圖1)。需要指出的是,前人在對(duì)天山整體研究過程中,大多認(rèn)為這期韌性變形為左行走滑性質(zhì)(?eng?r et al.,1993;Gao et al.,1998;Bazhenov et al.,1999,2003)。然而Yin and Nie(1996)和Wang et al.(2008a,2010a)在科克蘇河及巴音布魯克北部進(jìn)行的構(gòu)造分析表明,該斷裂帶具有右行走滑的剪切特征,這與我們的野外觀測(cè)結(jié)果相一致。事實(shí)上沿著整個(gè)那拉提斷裂,從研究區(qū)向東穿過科克蘇河區(qū)域至巴音布魯克北部,都是非常一致的右行剪切。

4 多期變形時(shí)間及其區(qū)域背景

4.1 超高壓-高壓變質(zhì)帶主變形期(E1)時(shí)間及構(gòu)造背景

圖6 西南天山高壓-超高壓變質(zhì)帶構(gòu)造地質(zhì)圖及四期構(gòu)造事件運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)圖解(據(jù)Lin et al.,2009 修改)Fig.6 Map showing kinematics of the different tectonic events D1,D2,D3 D4 in Southwest Chinese Tianshan high-pressure and ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic belt (modified after Lin et al.,2009)Arrows point to sense of shear in the upper part

關(guān)于中國(guó)西南天山的超高壓-高壓變形一直是個(gè)比較有爭(zhēng)議的問題。高俊等對(duì)研究區(qū)榴輝巖和藍(lán)片巖中的不同礦物進(jìn)行了同位素40Ar/39Ar 定年研究,分別得出青鋁閃石(344±1Ma)、多硅白云母(381 ±1Ma、364 ±1Ma、331 ±2Ma)和藍(lán)閃石(401 ±1Ma、370 ±1Ma)的坪年齡,并指出高壓變質(zhì)作用發(fā)生的時(shí)間是在泥盆紀(jì)(高俊等,2000;Gao and Klemd,2003)。同時(shí)他們通過榴輝巖的礦物-全巖Sm-Nd 等時(shí)線得出343 ±44Ma 和346 ±3Ma 的年齡;他們認(rèn)為,Sm-Nd 等時(shí)線年齡和40Ar/39Ar 年齡分別反映了峰期高壓變質(zhì)年齡和剝蝕出露年齡。然而,Zhang et al.(2002)通過變質(zhì)鋯石SHRIMP分析,認(rèn)為高壓變質(zhì)峰期發(fā)生在310 ±5Ma 甚至更晚的時(shí)間。王寶瑜等(1994)通過角閃石40Ar/39Ar 定年得出約230Ma 的坪年齡,認(rèn)為高壓/低溫變質(zhì)巖石在二疊紀(jì)時(shí)候剝蝕出露。從高壓-超高壓榴輝巖中分離出來自形的鋯石,具有完好的巖漿鋯石核部,通過SHRIMP 定年得出310~413Ma 的年齡,而含有金紅石包體的鋯石幔部得出的年齡在234 ±7Ma 和226±4.6Ma 之間,從而認(rèn)為在榴輝巖和藍(lán)片巖中的藍(lán)閃石和多硅白云母給出的400Ma 和344Ma 的40Ar/39Ar 坪年齡可能是由過剩氬引起的(Zhang et al.,2007)。通過綜合分析超高壓變質(zhì)時(shí)代及其退變過程的精確年齡及詳細(xì)的巖石學(xué)相平衡模擬計(jì)算,張立飛等(2013)認(rèn)為西南天山超高壓榴輝巖在俯沖通道中經(jīng)歷了緩慢的、長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的升溫抬升(熱弛豫)過程,這個(gè)過程直到233~226Ma 方才結(jié)束。我們的構(gòu)造分析表明,E1事件對(duì)應(yīng)于西南天山的高壓-超高壓變質(zhì)作用,至少是對(duì)應(yīng)著經(jīng)歷了峰期變質(zhì)過程早期的構(gòu)造折返。我們傾向于認(rèn)為榴輝巖和圍巖所記錄的巖石變形為同變質(zhì)變形(主要是退變質(zhì))。當(dāng)然由于退變質(zhì)程度不同,記錄的折返過程的變形也不同,榴輝巖記錄了較深層次的變形,而圍巖(云母片巖)則記錄了較淺層次的變形。U-Pb 二次離子探針測(cè)定榴輝巖中鋯石和代表榴輝巖峰期變質(zhì)的金紅石以及榴輝巖中石榴石多點(diǎn)分析結(jié)合全巖Lu-Hf 年代學(xué)所給出320Ma 左右的年齡結(jié)果(Su et al.,2010;Li et al.,2011;Klemd et al.,2011;李秋立等,2013;Yang et al.,2013)。這期事件的區(qū)域解釋我們傾向于認(rèn)為其更類似于阿曼地區(qū)的高壓蛇綠巖同俯沖的構(gòu)造折返(Goffé et al.,1992)。其構(gòu)造背景可以解釋為中天山微陸塊和哈薩克斯坦-伊犁北天山板塊相互作用形成的高壓-超高壓變質(zhì)巖石向北或北西的逆沖折返。從構(gòu)造分析的角度,這就決定了高壓-超高壓變質(zhì)帶主期構(gòu)造事件代表了中天山洋具有向南的俯沖極性。這個(gè)結(jié)論與其他很多研究學(xué)者的結(jié)論相一致(Shu et al.,1999;Charvet et al.,2007;Wang et al.,2008a,2011)。

4.2 高壓-超高壓變質(zhì)帶后期改造過程相關(guān)的變形年代及構(gòu)造背景的討論

E2變形事件主要發(fā)育于南帶和中帶之間,同時(shí)在中帶南緣也有很明顯的表現(xiàn)(圖6)。淺層次向北的剪切變形及其展布空間,我們將其解釋為南帶向中帶逆沖推覆(圖5a,b、圖6)。由于缺乏同位素年代學(xué)研究,這期構(gòu)造事件的絕對(duì)年齡還有待于進(jìn)一步深入。由于E1和E2事件具有相似的運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)特征,都是向N(W)的剪切和褶皺,E2可以解釋為在較淺層次的條件下疊加在E1上的變形。因此,E2的時(shí)間可以約束在320Ma 之后。最為接近的年代學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)就是中帶榴輝巖全巖Rb/Sr 等時(shí)線年齡和白云母40Ar/39Ar 定年所給出的313~302Ma,Klemd et al.(2005)將其解釋為綠片巖相退變質(zhì)作用過程中榴輝巖的冷卻和重結(jié)晶的主要時(shí)間;我們以此來約束代表淺表構(gòu)造的E2事件的時(shí)間。

關(guān)于E3事件也缺乏直接的定年數(shù)據(jù),我們野外觀察到,E4構(gòu)造事件明顯改造了E3的空間展布(圖6),據(jù)此可以得出E3發(fā)生在晚石炭世或早二疊世。在北帶,卷入了E3變形的面理化高壓麻粒巖鋯石SHRIMP 定年給出了298Ma 的年齡(李強(qiáng)和張立飛,2004);未變形的S 型花崗巖給出了296.9 ±2.4Ma 的年齡(Xu et al.,2013)。這樣我們可以將E3時(shí)間約束在一個(gè)較窄的范圍內(nèi)。在研究區(qū),E3是最具有爭(zhēng)議的一期構(gòu)造事件,這期變形的構(gòu)造意義存在兩種可能性:1)與垂向縮短相關(guān)的向南重力滑脫過程中的剪切變形,相似的構(gòu)造變形在科克蘇河被這樣解釋(Wang et al.,2010a);2)石炭紀(jì)拼合后的塔里木板塊、中天山微陸塊和哈薩克斯-伊犁-北天山板塊與準(zhǔn)噶爾塊體的匯聚過程中在仰沖板塊產(chǎn)生的上部向S 或SE 的反沖構(gòu)造(Lin et al.,2009)。從區(qū)域構(gòu)造的角度,我們更傾向于后一種觀點(diǎn);事實(shí)上具有垂向縮短的重力滑脫通常發(fā)育在較淺的范圍并以褶皺和脆性斷層表現(xiàn)出來,雖然E3的韌性剪切變形發(fā)生的深度并不大,但其表現(xiàn)形式并不支持這種看法。

作為最晚的一期構(gòu)造事件,E4所涉及的構(gòu)造變形疊加在前期所有構(gòu)造之上(圖5e,f、圖6)。在科克蘇河,具有右行剪切變形特征的花崗質(zhì)糜棱巖中黑云母40Ar/39Ar 定年給出了263 ±1Ma 的年齡(De Jong et al.,2009);這是最為接近這期構(gòu)造事件的時(shí)間。事實(shí)上,在研究區(qū)東部,巴音布魯克以北面理化花崗巖中黑云母和鉀長(zhǎng)石定年分別給出285Ma和270Ma 結(jié)果也與這期右行走滑事件接近(周鼎武等,2004)。因此,早二疊世相當(dāng)長(zhǎng)的一個(gè)階段為右行走滑構(gòu)造發(fā)育的時(shí)期。這些早二疊世年齡與烏魯木齊南部區(qū)域的右行剪切帶中糜棱巖獲得的黑云母40Ar/39Ar 坪年齡數(shù)據(jù)一致(Laurent-Charvet et al.,2003)。

5 多期變形事件的地球動(dòng)力學(xué)背景的探討

中部單元所記錄的(超)高壓條件下E1事件,代表了研究區(qū)一系列向NW 或N 的逆沖推覆構(gòu)造(圖6)。事實(shí)上,在那拉提斷裂帶南部,從巴音布魯克北部經(jīng)烏瓦門、米什溝到庫(kù)米什東部,這期構(gòu)造事件廣泛發(fā)育在中天山微陸塊北緣(圖7)。南北向的礦物拉伸線理和沿此方向上部向北的剪切變形清晰而穩(wěn)定(Wang et al.,2010b)。結(jié)合近年來對(duì)天山大量的野外地質(zhì)考察,我們認(rèn)為其動(dòng)力學(xué)機(jī)制可以解釋為中天山洋向南俯沖至中天山微陸塊之下的過程中,卷入俯沖的巖石(包括高壓-超高壓變質(zhì)巖、島弧火山巖和增生雜巖),經(jīng)構(gòu)造混雜向北反沖于哈薩克斯坦-伊犁-北天山板塊之上。在研究區(qū)(超)高壓變質(zhì)巖石及其圍巖所記錄的折返過程類似于前人所描述沿俯沖隧道仰沖折返作用(Goffé et al.,1992;Ernst,2005;Guillot et al.,2009)。

在研究區(qū),E2構(gòu)造事件指示了南部單元向北逆沖到中部單元之上的構(gòu)造變形(圖2)。變形向北迅速減弱,也證實(shí)了這一點(diǎn)。對(duì)于這一事件構(gòu)造背景的理解,我們認(rèn)為其代表了中天山微陸塊北緣淺海相沉積地層單元及火山弧向N 逆沖于(超)高壓變質(zhì)巖石之上。這期事件在南天山縫合帶以北中天山微陸塊大范圍內(nèi)廣泛發(fā)育,區(qū)域上從獨(dú)庫(kù)公路到烏庫(kù)公路的庫(kù)米什地區(qū)均有強(qiáng)烈地表現(xiàn)。我們對(duì)塔里木板塊北緣發(fā)育的巖漿巖定年,給出的結(jié)晶年齡為404.8 ±2.0Ma和388.1 ± 2.2Ma;英安巖和流紋巖年齡為403.5Ma 和403.9Ma(圖5)。地球化學(xué)研究結(jié)果指示其為準(zhǔn)鋁質(zhì)、高鉀鈣堿性巖漿巖,具有島弧巖漿巖的特征(Lin et al.,2013)。這個(gè)結(jié)果同西部獨(dú)庫(kù)公路地區(qū)發(fā)育的395Ma 弧巖漿巖極為相似(朱志新等,2008)。結(jié)合上述塔里木北緣發(fā)育增生雜巖的剪切變形運(yùn)動(dòng)特征,我們認(rèn)為其動(dòng)力學(xué)機(jī)制是代表南天山洋在早古生代晚期向南俯沖于塔里木板塊之下,并在碰撞過程中南天山縫合帶的蛇綠混雜巖及淺表沉積巖向北仰沖于中天山微陸塊之上,南北向的匯聚造就了這期變形在中天山微陸塊上的廣泛發(fā)育(圖5)。晚石炭世陸相沉積地層區(qū)域不整合地覆蓋在構(gòu)造巖片之上,指示了造山結(jié)束的時(shí)間。這與南天山廣泛分布的造山后花崗巖年代學(xué)研究結(jié)果一致(圖1,Konopelko et al.,2007;Seltman et al.,2011;Han et al.,2011;Gao et al.,2011)。

在研究區(qū)的北部和中部單元代表E3事件向SE 或S 剪切變形十分發(fā)育。這期變形事件向南變?nèi)醪B加在中部單元E1期高壓-超高壓構(gòu)造帶之上(圖6)。雖然Wang et al.(2008a)在相鄰的科克蘇河北段觀察到相似的構(gòu)造變形并根據(jù)較為陡立的面理將其解釋為造山晚期的垂向縮短變形。但由于這期構(gòu)造事件在伊犁-哈薩克斯坦板塊上較為發(fā)育,特別是伊犁盆地南北的山脈中表現(xiàn)尤為突出,而其東延部分的北天山和博格達(dá)山卻并不明顯(圖6);因此從區(qū)域發(fā)育的普遍性和代表性上我們更傾向于準(zhǔn)噶爾洋閉合過程中向南俯沖時(shí),上盤的仰沖板塊弧后的位置上存在的反沖響應(yīng)(Lin et al.,2009)。

E4所代表的走滑構(gòu)造事件,不僅在研究區(qū)或西南天山,而且在整個(gè)天山均有表現(xiàn)(圖5)。事實(shí)上如果我們從更寬泛的時(shí)間尺度(早二疊世-晚三疊世)和更廣的空間范圍,這期右行走滑變形構(gòu)造在整個(gè)中亞造山帶均有十分穩(wěn)定的展布,代表著中亞各個(gè)陸塊拼合后的陸內(nèi)調(diào)整,同時(shí)伴隨著大量的流體和成礦作用(Laurent-Charvet et al.,2003;Qin et al.,2003;Wang et al.,2008b;Lin et al.,2009;劉飛等,2013)。

圖7 天山造山帶四期構(gòu)造事件的展布及運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)圖解及南天山相關(guān)的年代學(xué)結(jié)果據(jù)(Lin etal.,2013修改 )Fig.7 Simplified geological map showing kinematics of the different tectonic events D1, D2, D3, D4 in South ChineseTianshan with the available radiometric ages of igneous rocks and metamorphic basement along the northern margin of theTarimblock (modified afterLin etal.,2013)

圖8 南天山構(gòu)造演化圖解(據(jù)Lin et al.,2013 修改)Fig.8 A tentative geodynamic model for the Paleozoic South Tianshan orogenic belt (modified after Lin et al.,2013)

四期構(gòu)造事件在西南天山高壓-超高壓變質(zhì)帶的厘定使我們能夠從構(gòu)造地質(zhì)學(xué)角度更深地理解中亞造山帶南緣碰撞造山帶構(gòu)造演化歷史。但是構(gòu)造時(shí)間上的約束同樣是構(gòu)建構(gòu)造演化過程的關(guān)鍵因素。事實(shí)上,關(guān)于中天山洋閉合時(shí)間存在較大的爭(zhēng)議:依據(jù)放射蟲和鋯石U-Pb 定年的研究結(jié)果,Zhang et al.(2007)和Xiao et al.(2012)認(rèn)為西南天山所代表的中亞造山帶最終拼合時(shí)間在晚二疊世-三疊世。而Gao and Klemd(2003)則依據(jù)野外觀察和年代學(xué)分析認(rèn)為碰撞拼合時(shí)間在泥盆紀(jì)-早石炭世。由于西南天山大部分榴輝巖是典型的低溫榴輝巖,且礦物具有明顯的成分環(huán)帶,傳統(tǒng)的同位素測(cè)年體系Sm-Nd、Rb-Sr、Ar-Ar 很難滿足要求(Lin and Enami,2006)。鋯石U-Pb 體系封閉溫度很高,其U-Pb年齡大多情況下代表鋯石形成時(shí)代,而并不對(duì)應(yīng)變質(zhì)期次(參見Li et al.,2011 及其討論)。榴輝巖中可以應(yīng)用于UPb 體系定年的主要礦物只有金紅石。然而薄片下觀察到西天山榴輝巖中金紅石部分退變質(zhì)為榍石,很難通過常規(guī)礦物分選方法得到純的金紅石樣品用于定年分析,因此微區(qū)原位測(cè)試成為成為一個(gè)很好地解決辦法。我們對(duì)西天山榴輝巖中金紅石U-Pb 年齡進(jìn)行了測(cè)定并得到318 ±7Ma 年齡(李秋立等,2013)。金紅石U-Pb 年齡的解釋涉及人們對(duì)金紅石U-Pb 體系封閉溫度的認(rèn)識(shí),根據(jù)實(shí)際地質(zhì)情況的多體系定年數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)比獲得的金紅石U-Pb 體系封閉溫度約為430~500℃,依據(jù)實(shí)驗(yàn)測(cè)定擴(kuò)散系數(shù)計(jì)算所得封閉溫度為大于600℃,我們的工作不能對(duì)此給出有力的判據(jù),但是由于我們所測(cè)定榴輝巖的峰期變質(zhì)溫度較低,而金紅石U-Pb 年齡解釋為形成年齡更為合理。因此~320Ma 指示了西天山榴輝巖的變質(zhì)時(shí)代。

6 結(jié)論

西南天山高壓-超高壓變質(zhì)帶的構(gòu)造幾何學(xué)格架地建立和對(duì)巖石所記錄的多期變形的識(shí)別不僅彌補(bǔ)了研究區(qū)的工作空白,而且依此提出了不同于前人在西南天山認(rèn)為高壓-超高壓變質(zhì)帶產(chǎn)生于塔里木板塊向北俯沖于伊犁板塊之下的觀點(diǎn)。我們認(rèn)為西南天山高壓-超高壓變質(zhì)帶巖石變形的運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)指示了哈薩克斯坦-伊犁-北天山板塊向南俯沖到中天山微陸塊之下。漸次的向南俯沖造就了中亞造山帶南緣-天山古生代造山帶向南俯沖碰撞的一系列過程(圖8)。

早古生代的中天山洋位于哈薩克斯坦-伊犁-北天山板塊和塔里木板塊之間,從晚奧陶世開始,中天山洋開始向南俯沖,并在塔里木板塊北緣形成巖漿弧(圖8a;Hopson et al.,1989;Laurent-Charvet et al.,2002;徐學(xué)義等,2006;楊天南等,2006)。在志留紀(jì)早期,持續(xù)俯沖作用在中天山塔里木板塊北緣形成弧后盆地,并將中天山微陸塊從塔里木板塊北部分離出來,形成弧后洋盆,在西南天山發(fā)育的蛇綠混雜巖就是這個(gè)弧后洋盆閉合后的殘余部分(圖8b;Xiao et al.,2008,2012;Wang et al.,2011);蛇綠混雜巖中的輝長(zhǎng)巖和基性熔巖的地球化學(xué)屬性為普通洋中脊玄武巖(NMORB)特性(馬瑞士等,1993;龍靈利等,2006;Charvet et al.,2007;Wang et al.,2009,2011),這也同樣指示了洋殼的地質(zhì)背景。庫(kù)勒湖和黑英山蛇綠巖中輝長(zhǎng)巖鋯石SHRIMP 分別給出南天山洋的時(shí)間為425 ±8Ma 和392 ±5Ma(龍靈利等,2006;Wang et al.,2011)。在塔里木板塊北緣,尤其是庫(kù)爾勒-柳樹溝地區(qū),發(fā)育的鈣堿性巖漿巖,指示了從晚志留世到早石炭世,西南天山洋向南俯沖至塔里木板塊之下(圖8c),南天山蛇綠混雜巖向北逆沖至中天山微陸塊之上,指示了往南俯沖的俯沖極性(Wang et al.,2009,2011;Lin et al.,2013)。早-晚泥盆世之間區(qū)域上的不整合也反映了南天山洋的閉合時(shí)間(Chen et al.,1999;Zhou et al.,2001)。最近,混雜巖中具有上部向北的剪切指向的糜棱巖化泥質(zhì)巖中的白云母40Ar/39Ar定年得出年齡為368~356Ma,這表明弧后盆地在中晚泥盆世開始閉合,最終在早石炭世完全閉合(Wang et al.,2011)。中天山微陸塊北緣高壓/超高壓榴輝巖的峰期變質(zhì)年齡以及后來這些高壓變質(zhì)巖石的折返,表明在晚石炭世(320Ma 左右)中天山洋向中天山微陸塊之下持續(xù)俯沖(Su et al.,2010;Li et al.,2011),廣泛沉積的陸源沉積及造山后巖漿作用記錄了中天山洋最終閉合時(shí)間在晚石炭世(圖8d;Konopelko et al.,2007;朱志新等,2008;Dong et al.,2011;Gao et al.,2011;Han et al.,2011;Seltman et al.,2011)。在哈薩克斯坦-伊犁-北天山板塊的北部,準(zhǔn)噶爾洋向南俯沖在板塊的北緣形成北天山巖漿弧和增生楔(Allen et al.,1993;Wang et al.,2008a)。在研究區(qū)北帶觀察到的石炭紀(jì)伊犁巖漿弧部分,我們將其歸結(jié)為準(zhǔn)噶爾洋向南俯沖的結(jié)果(Windley et al.,1990;Allen et al.,1993;Wang et al.,2006)。這個(gè)過程中在北天山增生雜巖和巖漿弧中產(chǎn)生一系列向N 的剪切變形,盡管這次變形主要影響了哈薩克斯坦-伊犁-北天山板塊的北緣。我們認(rèn)為準(zhǔn)噶爾洋向S 的俯沖過程中仰沖板塊上發(fā)育了反向逆沖作用,使研究區(qū)北帶石炭紀(jì)火山碎屑巖和之前的基底都卷入了變形(圖8e)。二疊紀(jì)走滑事件在中亞造山帶的構(gòu)造演化中起著重要的作用(?eng?r et al.,1993;?eng?r and Natal’in,1996;Wang et al.,2008b)。在天山山脈,右行走滑表現(xiàn)為一系列E-W 或NESW 走向的韌性走滑剪切變形,長(zhǎng)約幾百千米(圖8f;Laurent-Charvet et al.,2002;Charvet et al.,2007)。哈薩克斯坦-伊犁-北天山板塊北部邊界和南部邊界在這期走滑事件表現(xiàn)明顯。盡管這些走滑斷裂與二疊世之前的縫合帶相鄰近,但是二者又有區(qū)別。在整個(gè)中亞造山帶,這些走滑構(gòu)造事件被解釋為伊犁-北天山板塊相對(duì)塔里木板塊逆時(shí)針旋轉(zhuǎn)楔入(Wang et al.,2007)。但無論如何,這期走滑事件代表著中亞造山帶中各個(gè)陸塊在古生代拼合后的陸內(nèi)調(diào)整。

致謝 作者非常感謝李錦軼研究員和高俊研究員所提出十分詳細(xì)的評(píng)審意見和建議使這篇文章得以完善。

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