李麗
【摘要】本文以自己的一堂課第一次上課過程和經(jīng)過反思后的上課過程為例,探究了在轉(zhuǎn)換或遞進(jìn)教學(xué)內(nèi)容時(shí),如何進(jìn)行流暢的連接??偨Y(jié)出了三點(diǎn)銜接流暢的策略,即導(dǎo)入提問要符合學(xué)生認(rèn)知,問題要由易到難,環(huán)環(huán)相扣,重難點(diǎn)問題,準(zhǔn)備鋪墊性的問題,以符合學(xué)生的認(rèn)知規(guī)律。
【關(guān)鍵詞】問題銜接 轉(zhuǎn)換和遞進(jìn) 引導(dǎo)和鋪墊
目前,很多老師在閱讀教學(xué)實(shí)踐中往往會(huì)采用“三階段”閱讀教學(xué)模式,即在閱讀課時(shí)一般要設(shè)計(jì)讀前、讀中和讀后三個(gè)環(huán)節(jié),并且在三個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)中都能設(shè)計(jì)出很好的遵循循序漸進(jìn)、由淺入深原則的問題,但是在轉(zhuǎn)換或遞進(jìn)教學(xué)內(nèi)容時(shí),我們很多英語教師不能流暢的連接。如果銜接不好,提問就會(huì)顯得很生硬,給人以突兀的感覺,而且學(xué)生會(huì)跟不上老師的思路。所以在設(shè)計(jì)問題過程中如何使得問題與問題之間自然銜接,做到環(huán)環(huán)緊扣,將是我們在研究英語閱讀的有效教學(xué)中的又一個(gè)要關(guān)注的問題。
下面我把自己在教學(xué)過程中碰到的問題以及之后改進(jìn)的教學(xué)為例,談?wù)勎覍﹂喿x課中設(shè)問自然銜接的想法和探究。
一、第一次上課過程
人教新版模塊2第4單元的主題為Wildlife protection。Reading的題目為How Daisy Learned to Help Wildlife。文中Daisy去了三個(gè)地方,對不受保護(hù)和受到保護(hù)的動(dòng)物進(jìn)行比較,以及了解到動(dòng)物身上能獲得寶貴的知識(shí),從而暗示野生動(dòng)植物保護(hù)的重要性。
1.讀前環(huán)節(jié)
在上pre-reading的時(shí)候,導(dǎo)入時(shí)我用的是:
Last class in the warming up,we learned that panda,milu deer and south China tiger are endangered wildlife in China.
然后直接用pre-reading里的3個(gè)問題:
(1) What other endangered animals do you know of?
(2) Why are they in danger of disappearing?
(3)Look at the pictures and the title of the reading passage and predict the content.Then read it quickly to see if you were right.
2.略讀環(huán)節(jié)
接下來,我讓學(xué)生快速閱讀,回答下面的問題:
(1) Find out the main idea of the passage:
A :It is about some protection of wildlife.
B:It is about a journey of a flying chair.
C:It is about Daisys wonderful experience with some animals.
(2) What three places did Daisy go? What three animals did she meet?
回答完第二個(gè)問題之后,我就讓學(xué)生根據(jù)這個(gè)問題把課文分成3段。
3.細(xì)讀環(huán)節(jié)
根據(jù)所分段落,讓學(xué)生一段一段的細(xì)讀下去,并回答問題:Part1( para.1)
Q1:Why has the antelope in Tibet become an endangered animals?
Q2:what is the result?
Q3:What is the main idea of this part?
Part2 ( para.2 ):
Q1:Why are elephant numbers increasing in Zimbabwe?
Q2:How does the government of Zimbabwe help protect wild animals?
Q3.What is the main idea of this part??
Part3 (para.3-4):
Q1:Why is it important to protect the rainforest?
Q2:What does Daisy plan to do?
Q3.What is the main idea of this part?
4.讀后環(huán)節(jié)
Fill in the blanks to retell the passage.
5.討論和寫作環(huán)節(jié)
What must be done if wildlife protection is to succeed?
Please discuss in group of four,and one of the four write down your ideas.You can use the structure of the writing:
As we all know,everyone has the responsibility in protecting wildlife.What must be done if wildlife protection is to succeed?
First of all,___________________________________.
Secondly,____________________________________.
At last,______________________________________.
Lets help wildlife and I am sure wildlife will survive with our help.
二、自我反思
在上課過程中,我總覺得有些地方有點(diǎn)生搬硬套,不是很流暢,課后我再對自己上課的教案進(jìn)行了反思,自己覺得以下幾個(gè)地方銜接不是很自然。
1.Pre-reading 的目的是激活學(xué)生已有的相關(guān)知識(shí),增加或更新學(xué)生的相關(guān)背景知識(shí),為閱讀教學(xué)做好鋪墊。雖然該單元的閱讀課文前面有Pre-reading的內(nèi)容,但是因?yàn)閷W(xué)生的基礎(chǔ)不是很好,讓學(xué)生說除熊貓、麋鹿和東北虎以外的瀕臨滅絕的動(dòng)物,學(xué)生不是很能用英語表達(dá)。我強(qiáng)行地按照課文所設(shè)計(jì)的題目進(jìn)行導(dǎo)入,學(xué)生無話可說,從而缺乏可操作性,不能取得良好的教學(xué)效果,所以在這個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)里我需要設(shè)計(jì)一些讓學(xué)生有表達(dá)欲望和可能的問題。
2.從pre-reading到略讀,雖然做到了對課文的預(yù)測,但pre-reading里的問題與課文內(nèi)容關(guān)系不大,不能起到很好的引導(dǎo)作用,感覺這里的銜接跳躍性比較大;
3.在略讀環(huán)節(jié)中,問題先難后易,第一個(gè)問題學(xué)生不太能一下子就回答出來;
4.在細(xì)讀中,雖然對課文comprehending的問題進(jìn)行了整編,上課之前自己覺得自己設(shè)計(jì)的挺好的,但在回答問題時(shí)學(xué)生總是不能回答,特別是每段的中心思想,基本上都是我自己把答案公布的;
5.在讀后環(huán)節(jié)中,我也沒有很好的進(jìn)行引導(dǎo),而是直接做填空題。
6.在進(jìn)入討論和寫作環(huán)節(jié)時(shí),沒有進(jìn)行鋪墊,也是直接進(jìn)行強(qiáng)行進(jìn)入討論,總覺得很生硬,感覺不是很舒服。
三、改進(jìn)后上課過程
1.讀前環(huán)節(jié)。雖然學(xué)生由于知識(shí)面狹小的原因,不能說出更多的瀕臨滅絕的動(dòng)物,但他們對熊貓和東北虎非常感興趣,所以后來我導(dǎo)入環(huán)節(jié)是這樣來設(shè)計(jì)的:
(1)Yesterday we learned :What animals are endangered?
(2)Why is panda disappearing? Why is South China tiger very few?
這2個(gè)問題是對warming up 的回顧,同時(shí)也是對protect wildlife的引入。
(3)Do we need to protect wildlife?
(4)How do you learn to protect wildlife?
The students may answer:TV,Internet,Newspaper,books…
這個(gè)問題是對閱讀文本的引入。
(5)Daisy longs to help endangered species of wildlife as you do,do you know how Daisy learned to help wildlife?
Daisy learned to help wildlife in her dream of visiting three places and three animals.
這樣就自然而然的進(jìn)入了閱讀環(huán)節(jié)。
2.略讀環(huán)節(jié)。接下來,我讓學(xué)生快速閱讀,回答下面的問題:
(1) What three places did Daisy go? What three animals did she meet?
(2) Find out the main idea of the passage:
A :It is about some protection of wildlife.
B:It is about a journey of a flying carpet.
C:It is about Daisys wonderful experience with some animals.
這樣把2個(gè)問題的順序換了之后,學(xué)生找出正確的答案要比以前的順利的多。回答完這2個(gè)問題之后,再讓學(xué)生對文本分段,為后面的細(xì)讀環(huán)節(jié)做鋪墊。
(3)So how many parts can the passage be divided?
3.細(xì)讀環(huán)節(jié)。根據(jù)所分段落,讓學(xué)生一段一段的細(xì)讀下去,并回答問題
Part1( para.1)
Q1:Why has the antelope in Tibet become an endangered animals?
Q2:what is the result?
這次在回答第3個(gè)問題之前,我先會(huì)總結(jié)一下本段。From this part,we know that the antelope is not under protection,and they are dying out,so we need wildlife protection.用了總結(jié)提示后,能使學(xué)生得出本段的main idea指明了方向。
Q3:What is the main idea of this part? ( Why we need wildlife protection )
Part2 ( para.2 ):
Q1:Why are elephant numbers increasing in Zimbabwe?
Q2:How does the government of Zimbabwe help protect wild animals?
同樣的在回答第3個(gè)問題之前,我再次給出一些提示。The elephant is under protection,and its number is increasing.Compared with the bad example of the antelope,the example of the elephant is a ________ example of wildlife protection.so
Q3.What is the main idea of this part?( A good example of wildlife protection.)
這樣一改動(dòng)后,能使學(xué)生知道作者寫這兩段的目的就是為了對比受保護(hù)和不受保護(hù)的結(jié)果,讓學(xué)生強(qiáng)烈的要進(jìn)行wildlife protection。
Part3 (para.3-4):
Q1:What did Daisy learn from the monkey?
Q2:What does Daisy plan to do?
Q3:Why is it important to protect the rainforest?
增加了第1個(gè)問題,并且把后面2個(gè)問題的順序換了一下,第1個(gè)問題為第2個(gè)問題做鋪墊,第1、2問題為第3個(gè)問題做鋪墊。
So if we protect wildlife,we can learn more wonderful things from wildlife.用這句話為這一段的main idea做暗示。
Q4.What is the main idea of this part?( What we can get from wildlife protection.)
4.讀后環(huán)節(jié)
(1)Today we learn the passage:How Daisy learned to help wildlife.Lets review this passage by filling in the blanks.這樣的引導(dǎo)詞比直接進(jìn)入填空要好得多了。
在進(jìn)入討論時(shí),我也相應(yīng)的加入了一些引導(dǎo)的話語:
From this passage we know that we can learn a lot from wildlife,but without wildlife protection,wildlife will be dying out,so wildlife protection must succeed.
加入引導(dǎo)語后,進(jìn)入討論的環(huán)節(jié)就變的是順勢而為了。
5.討論和寫作環(huán)節(jié)
What must be done if wildlife protection is to succeed?
Please discuss in group of four,and one of the four write down your ideas.You can use the structure of the writing:
As we all know,everyone has the responsibility in protecting wildlife.What must be done if wildlife protection is to succeed?
First of all,_____________________________________.
Secondly,_______________________________________.
At last,_______________________________________.
Lets help wildlife and I am sure wildlife will survive with our help.
四、結(jié)論
上一節(jié)課很容易,但要上好一節(jié)課卻不是那么容易,這個(gè)好字中就包含了怎樣順暢自然的上完一堂課。問題的設(shè)計(jì)要符合學(xué)生實(shí)際,問題與問題之間的過度,不是刻意為之,而是輕松自然的進(jìn)入,讓學(xué)生感受到的不是突兀提問,而是一個(gè)問題下面就該問下面的那個(gè)問題了,在不知不覺中就上完了一堂英語課。這樣的課堂將是我們英語課一直該追求的課堂。