柳 莉,郭長輝,呂 卉,古麗君,李春杰
(草地農業(yè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)國家重點實驗室,蘭州大學草地農業(yè)科技學院,甘肅蘭州730020)
內生真菌對醉馬草白粉病抗性的影響
柳 莉,郭長輝,呂 卉,古麗君,李春杰*
(草地農業(yè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)國家重點實驗室,蘭州大學草地農業(yè)科技學院,甘肅蘭州730020)
為研究內生真菌對醉馬草白粉病抗性的影響,在溫室條件下,對自然發(fā)生不同程度白粉?。ń】怠⑤p度感病和重度感病植株)的帶內生真菌(E+)和不帶內生真菌(E-)的醉馬草植株的發(fā)病率、病葉率、病情指數(shù)及各項生理生化指標進行測定。結果表明,E+醉馬草的發(fā)病率48%顯著低于E-醉馬草的發(fā)病率97%(P<0.05),E+的病葉率60%顯著低于E-醉馬草病葉率86%(P<0.05),E+醉馬草的病情指數(shù)為50.76,E-醉馬草的病情指數(shù)為82.49;通過各項生理生化指標的測定發(fā)現(xiàn)與健康植株相比,在輕度和重度發(fā)病植株中,內生真菌的存在可以顯著(P<0.05)提高醉馬草葉片的葉綠素含量和脯氨酸含量,E+醉馬草的SOD酶活性和POD酶活性也顯著高于E-醉馬草,同時內生真菌顯著地降低了醉馬草葉片中丙二醛(MDA)的含量。據(jù)此說明內生真菌的存在能夠提高醉馬草抗白粉病的能力。
醉馬草;白粉?。粌壬婢豢共⌒?/p>
醉馬草(Achnatherum inebrians)系禾本科(Poaceae)芨芨草屬(Achnatherum)多年生草本植物,主要分布在我國新疆、甘肅、青海、西藏、內蒙古、寧夏等省區(qū)[1]。禾草內生真菌是一類在宿主植物體內度過全部或大部分生命周期而宿主植物不表現(xiàn)外部癥狀的真菌[2],禾草中的內生真菌一般是指Epichloё屬及其無性Neotyphodium屬的真菌,根據(jù)最新國際真菌命名規(guī)則,現(xiàn)統(tǒng)一稱為Epichloё內生真菌[3]。研究表明[4-9]內生真菌能提高醉馬草的抗蟲、抗病、耐旱、耐鹽堿、耐寒、耐重金屬毒害、耐澇等抗逆性。
白粉病是一種真菌性病害,寄主范圍廣,為害嚴重,已有研究證明白粉菌(Blumeria graminis)可感染羽茅(A.sibiricum)、冰草(Agropyron cristatum)、疏花冰草(A.pauciflorum)、野燕麥(Avena fatua)、燕麥(A.sativa)、日本短柄草(Brachypodium japonicum)、雀麥屬(Bromus)、鴨茅(Dactylis glomerata)、披堿草(Elymus dahuricus)、老芒麥(E.sibiricus)、偃麥草(Elytrigia repens)、黑麥(Secale cereale)、野黑麥(S.sylvestre)、堇色早熟禾(Poa ianthina)、毛葉鵝觀草(Roegneria amurensis)等48種禾本科草類植物[10]。李春杰等[11]2003年首次報道了醉馬草白粉病。
有關Epichloё內生真菌提高禾草抗病性的研究,國外對于羊茅屬[12-13](Festuca)、黑麥草屬[14](Lolium)、雀麥屬[15]有數(shù)篇研究報道。我國Nan和Li[16]對冰草、圓柱披堿草(E.cylindricus)和紫羊茅(F.rubra)內生真菌抗病性進行過報道。馬敏芝和南志標[17]2011年對黑麥草(L.perenne)內生真菌抗銹?。≒uccinia graminis)進行了研究。Tian等[18]對黑麥草內生真菌與幾種病原菌的互作進行了研究。有關內生真菌對醉馬草抗病性的影響,Li等[19]報道了醉馬草內生真菌與病原菌的互作。楊松等[20]研究了內生真菌醉馬草的提取液對細交鏈孢Alternaria alternata)、根腐離蠕孢(Bipolaris sorokiniana)、燕麥鐮孢(Fusarium avenaceum)和綠色木霉(Trichoderma viride)的菌落生長、孢子萌發(fā)率和芽管生長的作用。有關內生真菌和白粉病對醉馬草影響的研究報道較少,國內Li等[5]僅對室外條件下醉馬草的發(fā)病率進行了統(tǒng)計。然而,內生真菌與醉馬草白粉病互作對其生理的影響尚未見報道。本研究主要通過測定被白粉菌感染的帶內生真菌(E+)和不帶內生真菌(E-)醉馬草的發(fā)病率、病葉率、病情指數(shù)及葉綠素含量、SOD活性、POD活性、Pro含量、MDA含量等指標,比較E+和E-醉馬草在白粉病脅迫下的生理生化變化特征,為內生真菌-醉馬草共生體抗病性評定和抗逆種質篩選的研究奠定基礎。
1.1 材料
帶內生真菌(Epichloёgansuensis,E+)和不帶內生真菌(E-)的醉馬草種子由蘭州大學草地保護所提供,2014年6月23日將E+和E-醉馬草種子播種于16 cm(上口徑)×12 cm(下口徑)×10 cm(高)的花盆中,在蘭州大學榆中校區(qū)智能溫室進行常規(guī)培養(yǎng),(22±1)℃,4周后進行帶菌[21]檢測,建立E+、E-種群,各20盆,每盆6株,等待白粉病自然發(fā)生,用于醉馬草白粉病試驗。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 白粉病調查及抗病性鑒定 2014年8月25日對E+、E-醉馬草發(fā)病株數(shù)進行統(tǒng)計并計算發(fā)病率。根據(jù)實際情況及禾草白粉病分級標準[22]進行分級:0級為健康植株,1~2級為輕度發(fā)病植株,3~4級為重度發(fā)病植株。此外,對E+、E-植株統(tǒng)計發(fā)病葉數(shù),計算病葉率。以葉片為單位,進行病情指數(shù)計算。
發(fā)病率(病株率)=(發(fā)病植株數(shù)/總植株數(shù))×100%
病葉率=(每株發(fā)病總葉數(shù)/植株總葉數(shù))×100%
病情指數(shù)=100×∑(各級病葉數(shù)×各級代表值)/(調查總葉數(shù)×最高級代表值)
1.2.2 生理生化指標測定 統(tǒng)計完發(fā)病率,根據(jù)病情指數(shù)及分級標準,隨機選取健康植株、輕度發(fā)病植株和重度發(fā)病植株各4盆進行生理指標測定,采用丙酮浸提法[23]測定葉綠素含量,氮藍四唑法和愈創(chuàng)木酚法[23]測定超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)和過氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)活性,磺基水楊酸法和硫代巴比妥酸法[23]測定丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)和脯氨酸含量(Proline,Pro)。
1.3 統(tǒng)計分析
采用一般線性模型中單變量多因素方差分析,比較各因素及因素間的交互作用。對E+/E-相同感病程度下的不同生理指標比較采用單因素方差分析,而E+/E-間比較采用獨立樣本T檢驗。如果方差不齊使用log10轉化實現(xiàn)方差齊性檢測。數(shù)據(jù)分析均采用SPSS 17.0軟件。
2.1 內生真菌和白粉病對醉馬草發(fā)病率及病葉率的影響
統(tǒng)計發(fā)病率發(fā)現(xiàn),E+的發(fā)病率為48%,E-的發(fā)病率為97%(圖1)。另外,E+的病葉率為60%,E-的病葉率是86%(圖2)。無論是植株發(fā)病率還是葉片發(fā)病率E-都極顯著(P<0.01)大于E+。
圖1 E+/E-醉馬草發(fā)病率Fig.1 The incidence of E+/E-A.inebrians
圖2 E+/E-醉馬草病葉率Fig.2 The disease rate of leaf of E+/E-A.inebrians
2.2 E+、E-醉馬草白粉病病情指數(shù)
E+醉馬草白粉病病情指數(shù)為50.76,顯著(P<0.05)小于E-醉馬草(表1)。
2.3 內生真菌和白粉病對醉馬草葉綠素含量的影響
E+、E-醉馬草感病植株與健康植株相比,葉綠素含量均下降。其中,輕度發(fā)病植株和重度發(fā)病植株中E+、E-醉馬草葉綠素含量存在極顯著差異(P<0.01),E+、E-醉馬草輕度發(fā)病植株與健康植株相比,葉綠素含量分別下降了33.19%和42.22%。E+、E-醉馬草重度發(fā)病植株葉綠素含量比輕度發(fā)病植株葉綠素含量分別下降28.72%和41.38%,E+植株的葉綠素含量極顯著(P<0.01)高于E-植株(圖3)。
表1 E+、E-醉馬草白粉病病情指數(shù)Table 1 The disease index of powdery mildew between E+and E-A.inebrians
2.4 內生真菌和白粉病對醉馬草MDA含量的影響
E+、E-醉馬草感病植株與健康植株相比,MDA的含量都有所上升;E+、E-的健康植株中MDA含量無顯著性差異(P>0.05);而輕度發(fā)病植株和重度發(fā)病植株中MDA的含量都存在極顯著差異(P<0.01),且感病越嚴重,MDA含量越高。E+、E-輕度發(fā)病植株的MDA含量與健康植株相比,分別高出21.55%和41.46%。E+、E-重度發(fā)病植株的MDA含量與輕度發(fā)病植株相比,分別高出23.08%和11.60%(圖4)。
圖3 E+/E-醉馬草不同發(fā)病植株葉綠素含量Fig.3 The chlorophyll content of different severity plant for E+/E-A.inebrians
圖4 E+/E-醉馬草不同發(fā)病植株MDA含量Fig.4 The MDA content of different severity plant for E+/E-A.inebrians
2.5 內生真菌和白粉病對醉馬草Pro含量的影響
E+、E-醉馬草感病植株與健康植株相比Pro含量上升,E+、E-的健康植株中Pro含量無顯著性差異(P>0.05),輕度發(fā)病植株中,E+醉馬草植株的Pro含量高于E-植株,存在顯著差異(P<0.05);重度發(fā)病植株中,E+植株Pro含量高出于E-植株26.42%,存在極顯著差異(P<0.01)(圖5)。
2.6 內生真菌和白粉病對醉馬草SOD酶活性的影響
E+、E-醉馬草感病植株與健康植株相比,SOD活性都有所上升,且輕度發(fā)病植株SOD活性比重度發(fā)病植株SOD值大,E+醉馬草輕度發(fā)病植株SOD活性值高出E-22.63%,存在極顯著差異(P<0.01),E+、E-醉馬草健康植株和重度發(fā)病植株的SOD活性之間無顯著性差異(P>0.05)(圖6)。
圖5 E+/E-不同發(fā)病植株脯氨酸含量Fig.5 The proline content of different severity plant for E+/E-A.inebrians
圖6 E+/E-不同發(fā)病植株SOD酶活性Fig.6 The SOD activity of different severity plant for E+/E-A.inebrians
2.7 內生真菌和白粉病對醉馬草POD酶活性的影響
E+、E-醉馬草感病植株與健康植株相比,POD活性都有所上升,且輕度發(fā)病植株POD活性比重度發(fā)病植株POD值大,E+、E-醉馬草輕度發(fā)病植株與重度發(fā)病植株的POD活性相比分別升高33.15%和26.53%,都存在顯著差異(P<0.05),E+、E-醉馬草健康植株的POD活性之間無顯著性差異(P>0.05)(圖7)。
本研究首次揭示了溫室條件下內生真菌對感染白粉菌醉馬草的發(fā)病率、病葉率、病情指數(shù)及其生理指標的影響。結果表明,E+醉馬草的發(fā)病率、病葉率和病情指數(shù)顯著低于E-醉馬草。Li等[5]對室外條件下醉馬草白粉病的發(fā)病率進行了統(tǒng)計,結果表明,2004年土壤相對含水量為30%和50%時,E+、E-醉馬草白粉病發(fā)病率無顯著差異,而2005年當土壤相對含水量為50%時,E+醉馬草的發(fā)病率顯著低于E-醉馬草(P<0.05),這有可能是因為室外條件下溫度及其他環(huán)境條件不同導致發(fā)病率有差異。本研究為白粉病的發(fā)生,在溫室條件下每兩天澆一次水,土壤相對含水量較高,說明高濕環(huán)境有利于白粉病的發(fā)生,這與李春杰的研究結果一致。前人有關帶內生真菌禾草抗病性的研究也較多,West等[12]研究表明田間條件下E+高羊茅(F.arundinacea)的抗冠銹病能力高于E-高羊茅。新西蘭的學者研究發(fā)現(xiàn),高羊茅的內生真菌對高羊茅幼苗抗冠銹?。≒.coronata)和稈銹病(P.graminis)有一定的作用[13]。Wheatley等[14]研究表明,E-黑麥草比E+黑麥草易感染由核腔菌(Pyrenophora lolii)引起的葉斑?。≒.semeniperda)。Vignale[15]在研究雀麥(B.japonicus)內生真菌黑穗?。║stilago bullata)時也得出帶內生真菌的雀麥黑穗病發(fā)病率比不帶內生真菌的低39%。謝鳳行等[24]在研究內生真菌對草坪草病原菌的抑制作用中得出從野生牧草羽茅及栽培種高羊茅中分離出的內生真菌對草坪草病原菌有抑制作用。古燕翔等[25]對E+高羊茅和E-高羊茅接種新月彎孢霉(Curvularia lunate)病原菌后比較葉斑病的發(fā)病情況,結果表明E+高羊茅葉斑病發(fā)病率顯著(P<0.05)低于E-高羊茅。
光合作用為植物提供約95%的干物質,而葉綠素是植物進行光合作用的主要色素[26]。當植物受到病原菌的侵入時葉綠體會解體,當發(fā)病嚴重時葉綠素的合成也會受阻,會出現(xiàn)葉片褪綠、黃化、出現(xiàn)黃色斑點等一系列癥狀,葉綠素作為植物光合作用的主要色素,含量的高低能夠反映植物的抗病性強弱[27]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),隨著醉馬草植株感病的嚴重,無論是E+還是E-的葉片葉綠素含量都顯著下降(P<0.05),并且E-感病植株的葉綠素含量比E+感病植株的葉綠素含量下降更快,曹學仁等[28]在小麥白粉病的研究中也得出葉綠素含量隨感病程度下降的結論;本研究表明內生真菌的存在對醉馬草感病后葉綠素含量的下降起到了一定的抑制作用,同時表明,內生真菌與醉馬草共生對白粉病有一定的抗性,馬敏芝和南志標[17]的研究證明內生真菌能提高黑麥草抗銹病的能力。
MDA是膜質過氧化作用的終產(chǎn)物,它的含量高低是過氧化程度的一個重要標志[29],并且細胞膜的穩(wěn)定性可以判斷植物的抗逆性強弱[30]。本研究表明,E+、E-醉馬草植株在受白粉菌侵染后MDA含量都上升,并且隨感病程度的加重,E+醉馬草MDA含量的增加比率低于E-植株,這表明宿主在感病初期,E+植株比E-植株細胞受到的傷害低。所以,在白粉菌侵染時,MDA的含量可以作為評價醉馬草抗病性高低的一個指標。研究[31-32]表明,植物受到脅迫時,Pro的積累通過保護膜系統(tǒng)、維持細胞內酶的結構和減少細胞蛋白質的降解從而減少植物受害。本研究表明,與健康植株相比,感病植株的Pro含量上升,并且輕度感病植物的Pro含量大于重度感病植株,E+植株的Pro含量高于E-植株,Zhang等[33]在醉馬草抗蟲研究也得到相似的結論。
圖7 E+/E-不同發(fā)病植株POD酶活性Fig.7 The POD activity of different severity plant for E+/E-A.inebrians
研究表明,植物在正常狀態(tài)下體內由于存在活性氧清除酶系統(tǒng)(SOD、POD和CAT等),從而使得活性氧處于平衡狀態(tài)[34],當植物受到脅迫后,體內的活性氧含量會升高,從而導致植物蛋白和膜質的非特異性氧化[17]。本研究中,感病植株與健康植株相比較,SOD活性和POD活性顯著升高(P<0.05),并且E+植株的SOD活性和POD活性顯著(P<0.05)高于E-植株,韓榮等[35]在對干旱脅迫下內生真菌感染羽茅的研究也得出一致的結論,說明在生物脅迫或非生物脅迫下,內生真菌可通過誘導植物產(chǎn)生清除氧自由基的保護酶,減少細胞受害,從而提高植物的抗逆性。
綜上所述,本研究表明,內生真菌與醉馬草共生可以提高宿主植物抗白粉病的能力,為進一步研究其抗病機理和抗病禾草品種選育奠定基礎。
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Effects of the Epichloёgansuensis endophyte on the disease resistance of drunken horse grass to powdery mildew
LIU Li,GUO Chang-Hui,LV Hui,GU Li-Jun,LI Chun-Jie*
State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems,College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730020,China
Previous studies have shown that endophytes can increase the resistance of drunken horse grass(Achnatherum inebrians)to many stresses,such as insects,diseases,waterlogging,drought,salt,and heavy metals.The aim of this study was to compare the resistance of endophyte-infected(E+)and endophyte-free(E-)drunken horse grass to powdery mildew(Blumeria graminis).Forty pots of drunken horse grass(20 E+plants and 20 E-plants)were grown in a greenhouse.After 2 months,the natural infection rates,the percentage of diseased leaves,and the disease indexes of powdery mildew in both E+and E-plants were estimated and recorded.At the same time,the E+and E-drunken horse grass plants were scored as healthy,slightly diseased,or severely diseased based on a disease index.Then,four replicates of E+and E-plants were randomly selected to measure several physiological indexes;chlorophyll content,activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD)and peroxidase(POD),and the contents of malondialdehyde(MDA)and proline(Pro).Chlorophyll content was measured by acetone extraction,SOD and POD activities were evaluated using nitroblue tetrazoli-um and guaiacol assays,respectively,and MDA and Pro contents were determined using the sulfosalicylic acid and glucosinolate barbituric acid methods,respectively.The disease infection rate,the percentage of diseased leaves,and disease indexes of E-plants were 97%,86%,and 82.49,respectively,significantly higher(P<0.05)than their respective values in E+plants(48%,60%,and 50.76).The chlorophyll and proline contents and SOD and POD activities were higher in E+plants than in E-plants,regardless of whether the plants were slightly or severely infected.The MDA content was significantly(P<0.05)lower in E+plants than in E-plants.These results provide evidence that endophyte infection can increase the resistance of drunken horse grass to powdery mildew disease.
Achnatherum inebrians;powdery mildew;Epichloё;disease resistance
10.11686/cyxb2014471 http://cyxb.lzu.edu.cn
柳莉,郭長輝,呂卉,古麗君,李春杰.內生真菌對醉馬草白粉病抗性的影響.草業(yè)學報,2015,24(11):65-71.
LIU Li,GUO Chang-Hui,LV Hui,GU Li-Jun,LI Chun-Jie.Effects of the Epichloёgansuensis endophyte on the disease resistance of drunken horse grass to powdery mildew.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2015,24(11):65-71.
2014-11-13;改回日期:2015-01-14
國家973計劃課題(2014CB138702),國家自然科學基金項目(31372366),教育部創(chuàng)新團隊發(fā)展計劃項目(IRT13019)和中央高校基本科研業(yè)務費專項基金(861615)資助。
柳莉(1987-),女,甘肅白銀人,在讀碩士。E-mail:lliu13@lzu.edu.cn
*通訊作者Corresponding author.E-mail:chunjie@lzu.edu.cn