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川東北地區(qū)長興組酸性氣藏中硫化氫來源及成因

2015-05-15 03:34李開開蔡春芳賀訓(xùn)云
石油與天然氣地質(zhì) 2015年2期
關(guān)鍵詞:關(guān)組飛仙普光

李開開,蔡春芳,姜 磊,賀訓(xùn)云,黃 政

(1.中國地質(zhì)大學(xué) 能源學(xué)院,北京 100083; 2.中國科學(xué)院 地質(zhì)與地球物理研究所 油氣資源研究重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,北京 100029; 3.中國石油杭州地質(zhì)研究院 中國石油天然氣集團(tuán)公司碳酸鹽巖儲(chǔ)層重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,浙江 杭州 310023; 4.中國石油 冀東油田分公司,河北 唐山 063000)

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川東北地區(qū)長興組酸性氣藏中硫化氫來源及成因

李開開1,蔡春芳2,姜 磊2,賀訓(xùn)云3,黃 政4

(1.中國地質(zhì)大學(xué) 能源學(xué)院,北京 100083; 2.中國科學(xué)院 地質(zhì)與地球物理研究所 油氣資源研究重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,北京 100029; 3.中國石油杭州地質(zhì)研究院 中國石油天然氣集團(tuán)公司碳酸鹽巖儲(chǔ)層重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,浙江 杭州 310023; 4.中國石油 冀東油田分公司,河北 唐山 063000)

晶格硫酸鹽;差異壓實(shí);硫酸鹽熱化學(xué)還原反應(yīng);硫化氫;酸性氣藏;長興組;川東北地區(qū)

目前,川東北地區(qū)飛仙關(guān)組(T1f)氣藏中高濃度H2S已被普遍認(rèn)為是硫酸鹽熱化學(xué)還原作用(TSR)成因[1-7],該套地層中發(fā)育的硬石膏層或結(jié)核的溶解為TSR反應(yīng)的發(fā)生提供了充足的硫酸鹽來源[8-9]。同時(shí),研究區(qū)部分井區(qū)(如普光1,普光2及毛壩井區(qū)等,圖1)長興組(P3ch)天然氣藏中同樣檢測出了高濃度的H2S(>10%);與飛仙關(guān)組相似,如此高含量的H2S應(yīng)為TSR成因[10-11]。然而問題在于,這些井區(qū)長興期的沉積環(huán)境為開闊臺(tái)地以及臺(tái)地邊緣礁灘相,沉積地層中并無類似于飛仙關(guān)組蒸發(fā)臺(tái)地相沉積的膏巖層或硬石膏結(jié)核發(fā)育[12-13],無法為TSR反應(yīng)提供溶解硫酸鹽,因此長興組氣藏中高濃度H2S的來源及成因成疑。

最新的研究提出[14],碳酸鹽礦物中晶格硫酸鹽(CAS)可以為TSR提供反應(yīng)物來源;淋濾膏鹽層的穿層鹵水也有可能提供反應(yīng)硫酸鹽[15],這為我們提供了新的思路。同時(shí)也有研究提出[16-17],研究區(qū)長興組礁灘相儲(chǔ)集層中的油氣以及H2S有可能由飛仙關(guān)組“倒灌”而來。此次研究結(jié)合川東北地區(qū)斷裂發(fā)育以及地層壓力方面資料,分析長興組氣藏中H2S“倒灌”成因的可能性;并借助于同位素以及元素地球化學(xué)方法,揭示該地區(qū)長興組高濃度H2S氣體的來源與成因。

1 研究區(qū)地質(zhì)概況

四川盆地是我國發(fā)現(xiàn)含硫化氫氣藏?cái)?shù)目最多的大型含油氣盆地,而且酸性氣藏分布的層位眾多,包括震旦系燈影組(Z2dy)、二疊系長興組(P3ch)及三疊系飛仙關(guān)組(T1f)、嘉陵江組(T1j)和雷口坡組(T2l)。其中飛仙關(guān)組含H2S氣藏主要分布于川東北地區(qū),目前主要集中于普光、羅家寨、鐵山坡、渡口河和毛壩等多個(gè)高含硫化氫大氣田;長興組酸性氣藏在四川盆地并不普遍,僅局限于川東北地區(qū)為數(shù)不多的井區(qū)內(nèi)(圖1),其中開江-梁平海槽東側(cè)的普光、毛壩井區(qū)尤為明顯,H2S濃度范圍為6.9%~15.7%(表1)。

研究區(qū)長興-飛仙關(guān)時(shí)期海平面整體上經(jīng)歷了先上升后下降的過程[18]。臺(tái)地邊緣帶區(qū)域在長興組初期以開闊臺(tái)地相沉積為主,巖性為厚層深灰、灰黑色灰?guī)r,中上部則主要發(fā)育臺(tái)地邊緣礁灘相礁灰?guī)r、云巖及砂屑白云巖。飛仙關(guān)組臺(tái)地邊緣帶則由飛(飛仙關(guān)組)一段、飛二段的臺(tái)地邊緣淺灘相過渡為飛三段的局限臺(tái)地相,沉積物由鮞粒、顆?;?guī)r及云巖轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榛屹|(zhì)白云巖、泥-粉晶白云巖為主;飛四段則演變?yōu)檎舭l(fā)臺(tái)地相,蒸發(fā)巖較為發(fā)育。臺(tái)地邊緣東北側(cè)的臺(tái)地區(qū)域在長興組沉積時(shí)期主要為開闊臺(tái)地沉積環(huán)境,飛仙關(guān)組時(shí)期則以局限臺(tái)地及蒸發(fā)臺(tái)地為主,沉積物主要為泥-粉晶云巖、灰?guī)r及膏鹽為主。嘉陵江組與雷口坡組沉積環(huán)境相似,主要為潮間-潮上膏云坪相,巖性為深灰-灰色白云巖與灰?guī)r、泥質(zhì)灰?guī)r和膏鹽層互層。

圖1 川東北地區(qū)長興組酸性氣藏分布Fig.1 Map showing the distribution of the P3ch sour gas reservoirs in northeastern Sichuan Basin

井號(hào)深度/m層位H2S含量/%普光15601.5~5667.5P3ch12.31普光25237.0~5281.6P3ch15.70普光6—P3ch14.71普光8—P3ch6.89普光9—P3ch14.30毛壩34609~4630P3ch11.26天東21—P3ch5.02元壩26545~6700P3ch4.46元壩126692~6780P3ch6.27

2 樣品與實(shí)驗(yàn)方法

研究選取川東北盤龍洞剖面長興組4塊白云巖和1塊灰?guī)r樣品進(jìn)行晶格硫酸鹽含量(CAS)提取和分析。礁灰?guī)rCAS提取流程采用前人報(bào)道的方法[19-20],基本步驟在此不作詳述。對(duì)于白云巖而言,考慮到灰質(zhì)殘余的影響,本次研究首先進(jìn)行如下前處理操作:稱取60 g白云巖樣品,粉碎至200目,分置于多個(gè)樣品燒杯中,并分別加入過量0.5 mol/L的亞沸蒸餾醋酸,室溫下反應(yīng)4 h并不時(shí)攪拌以除去樣品中灰質(zhì)成分[21];靜置,倒掉上部清液;用去離子水反復(fù)清洗反應(yīng)殘余物,烘干稱量,并利用所報(bào)道的晶格硫酸鹽提取流程進(jìn)行剩余操作。

成巖流體的運(yùn)移及混合將導(dǎo)致流體的元素和同位素地球化學(xué)發(fā)生變化[22-23],因此分析TSR成因礦物的礦化流體性質(zhì)和來源有助于H2S成因方面的探討。本次研究選取渡口河、羅家寨、鐵山坡及龍崗等富含H2S井區(qū)巖心樣品,利用牙鉆鉆取晚期縫洞充填碳酸鹽單礦物,進(jìn)行稀土微量元素及C,O,Sr同位素分析。微量元素測試?yán)玫聡鳩innigan-MAT公司生產(chǎn)的扇型磁場電感耦合等離子體質(zhì)譜儀完成;87Sr/86Sr,δ13C和δ18O測試分別利用MAT 262同位素質(zhì)譜計(jì)多接收器和MAT 253同位素質(zhì)譜儀進(jìn)行。所有測試均在中國科學(xué)院地質(zhì)與地球物理研究所進(jìn)行。

3 分析結(jié)果

3.1 晶格硫酸鹽含量

分析結(jié)果顯示(表2),長興組粉-細(xì)晶白云巖樣品CAS含量范圍為(90~263)×10-6(樣品數(shù)n=4),平均為193×10-6;生物灰?guī)rCAS含量為1 035×10-6,略低于前人針對(duì)浙江長興煤山剖面同時(shí)期灰?guī)r所測得的含量數(shù)據(jù)(高達(dá)2 304 ×10-6[24-25]),數(shù)據(jù)差異可能反映研究區(qū)復(fù)雜成巖作用的改造[26]。而灰?guī)r和白云巖晶格硫酸鹽含量具有明顯差異,顯然灰?guī)r向白云巖轉(zhuǎn)化過程中CAS含量發(fā)生了重大變化。那么白云巖化作用所釋放的硫酸鹽將可能為成巖后期TSR的發(fā)生提供反應(yīng)物。同時(shí),碳酸鹽巖的溶解也有潛力成為反應(yīng)硫酸鹽的重要來源。

表2 川東北地區(qū)盤龍洞剖面長興組灰?guī)r和白云巖晶格硫酸鹽含量

3.2 礦物稀土微量元素組成特征

縫洞充填方解石微量元素組成結(jié)果顯示,長興組組方解石礦物Sr含量介于(198~7 767)×10-6,平均為2 341×10-6(樣品數(shù)n=6,表3),半數(shù)樣品(n=3)Sr含量相較于碳酸鹽巖圍巖[(889~994)×10-6[26-27]]明顯偏高。飛仙關(guān)組縫洞充填方解石同樣具有高Sr含量特征[(835~22 632)×10-6,平均7 512×10-6[28]],但普遍相對(duì)于長興組方解石較高。除此之外,兩套儲(chǔ)層中TSR方解石均具有較高的Ba含量(高達(dá)10 578×10-6,表3),且Sr,Ba,Eu之間具有正相關(guān)關(guān)系(圖2),顯示兩者成巖流體具有親緣關(guān)系。

長興組與飛仙關(guān)組自生方解石稀土配分曲線形態(tài)非常相似,均為右斜式,且均表現(xiàn)出明顯的正銪異常(δEu值介于1.06~58.80,大于1.05,圖3),表明飛仙關(guān)組和長興組方解石沉淀流體性質(zhì)具有相似性。然而二者特征略有差別,飛仙關(guān)組內(nèi)樣品多數(shù)具有正銪異常特征(圖3b),而在長興組內(nèi)近半樣品并不具有該特征(圖3a)。

3.3 礦物δ13C,δ18O及87Sr/86Sr特征

長興組晚成巖期方解石礦物樣品δ13C值介于-14.1‰~3.0‰ (PDB)(樣品數(shù)n=7,表3),多數(shù)(n=5)相對(duì)碳酸鹽巖全巖和晚二疊世長興時(shí)期海水碳同位素值[-1.0‰~4.9‰ (PDB)[29-31]]偏負(fù),嚴(yán)重虧損的碳同位素特征顯然并非受控于沉積期海水,而應(yīng)為有機(jī)質(zhì)氧化作用所產(chǎn)生的有機(jī)碳并入的結(jié)果[11,22]。同時(shí)這些樣品還具有略偏負(fù)的氧同位素特征[-5.4‰~-9.0‰ (PDB)]。與長興組相似,部分飛仙關(guān)組晚成巖期方解石礦物樣品同樣具有低δ13C值特征[低至-18.9‰ (PDB),表3]。我們的前期研究顯示[28],該類型方解石還具有較高的流體包裹體溫度,范圍為113~205.1 ℃,多數(shù)介于140~200 ℃。高溫、低δ13C值特征方解石與所報(bào)道的典型TSR成因方解石相似[11,23],指示其為TSR作用的產(chǎn)物。

圖2 川東北地區(qū)TSR方解石樣品Sr,Ba,Eu相關(guān)關(guān)系Fig.2 Cross plots showing relationships of Sr,Ba and Eu for TSR calcite samples in northeastern Sichuan Basin a,b,c. P3ch樣品特征;d,e,f. T1f樣品特征

圖3 川東北地區(qū)TSR方解石稀土元素配分曲線Fig.3 Rare earth element pattern curves of(a)the TSR-calcite samples from the P3ch reservoirs,and(b)the TSR-calcite samples from the T1f reservoirs in northeastern Sichuan Basina.長興組;b.飛仙關(guān)組

礦物87Sr/86Sr分析結(jié)果顯示(表3;圖4),長興組TSR方解石87Sr/86Sr值為0.707 24~0.707 55,部分?jǐn)?shù)值高于同時(shí)期海水值(0.706 8~0.707 3[32]),但與飛仙關(guān)期海水87Sr/86Sr值相近。飛仙關(guān)組TSR方解石具有與同時(shí)期海水相近的87Sr/86Sr特征[33],范圍為0.707 45~0.707 62。顯然,部分長興組TSR成因方解石與飛仙關(guān)組成因方解石具有相似的礦化流體來源。

3.4 氣藏H2S及瀝青δ34S特征

對(duì)比不同層位氣藏H2S和儲(chǔ)層瀝青的硫同位素特征有助于分析H2S的來源。鑒于這方面數(shù)據(jù)已有大量文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道,本次研究通過收集和整理前人數(shù)據(jù)并對(duì)其進(jìn)行分析和探討。長興組氣藏H2S的δ34S值范圍為4.1‰~11.3‰[5,15,34-35],總體接近但略低于飛仙關(guān)組H2S的δ34S值(3.3‰~13.7‰)。長興組儲(chǔ)層瀝青具有高硫含量特征(6.6‰~12.5‰,表4);δ34S值范圍為15.0‰~16.2‰,接近但略低于飛仙關(guān)組儲(chǔ)層瀝青的δ34S值(13.4‰~22.1‰)[5,15,36]。TSR成因H2S的并入可能是兩套儲(chǔ)層中瀝青均具有高含硫特征的主要成因[15,37],并導(dǎo)致瀝青硫同位素值相近。

4 討論

4.1 長興組酸性氣藏中H2S“倒灌”成因的可能性

關(guān)于長興組氣藏中高濃度H2S的來源,部分學(xué)者認(rèn)為液態(tài)烴類初次運(yùn)移首先進(jìn)入飛仙關(guān)組儲(chǔ)層,埋藏增溫階段伴隨著液態(tài)烴裂解及體積膨脹,烴類和非烴類氣體(包括H2S)將“倒灌”進(jìn)入下覆長興組儲(chǔ)層[16-17],從而形成現(xiàn)今長興組內(nèi)的酸性氣藏。然而本研究認(rèn)為,該模式可能存在運(yùn)移動(dòng)力驅(qū)動(dòng)以及輸導(dǎo)體系方面的問題。

1) 地層古壓力狀況

假設(shè)上述論斷成立,那么油氣“倒灌”時(shí)間應(yīng)發(fā)生于飛仙關(guān)組的超壓階段,即燕山中-晚期液態(tài)烴熱裂解(H2S大量產(chǎn)生)及構(gòu)造擠壓增壓階段,這是由于只有在飛仙關(guān)組相對(duì)長興組有過剩壓力的情況下酸性天然氣的“倒灌”才能持續(xù)不斷的發(fā)生。那么這種壓力狀況是否客觀存在呢?前人基于普光井區(qū)流體包裹體古壓力恢復(fù)方法對(duì)長興組-飛仙關(guān)組古壓力進(jìn)行了模擬[38],結(jié)果顯示,飛仙關(guān)組超壓啟動(dòng)及發(fā)育時(shí)間明顯滯后于長興組。盡管該模擬方法還存在一些不確定性,如精確流體包裹體成分的獲取、包裹體氣液比的采集以及軟件本身的缺陷等,然而模擬結(jié)果還是呈現(xiàn)出兩套地層流體壓力隨時(shí)間演化歷程總體相近的特征。顯然,在同一地質(zhì)歷史時(shí)期內(nèi),地層壓力狀況并不支持酸性天然氣“倒灌”。另外,若僅飛仙關(guān)組發(fā)生了TSR,它所產(chǎn)生的流體體積和巖石體積變化將引起極大的壓力響應(yīng)[39],這也與兩套地層相似的古壓力變化趨勢不符。

表3 川東北地區(qū)長興組和飛仙關(guān)組成巖礦物微量元素含量與C,O,Sr同位素比值

圖4 川東北地區(qū)長興組和飛仙關(guān)組TSR方解石與各時(shí)期海水87Sr/86Sr值對(duì)比Fig.4 87Sr/86Sr ratios of TSR-calcites of the P3ch and T1f reservoirs in comparison with P3ch and T1f seawater in northeastern Sichuan Basin

井號(hào)深度/m層位類別S含量/%δ34S‰?yún)⒖嘉墨I(xiàn)普光65339.0P3ch儲(chǔ)層瀝青6.6216.18[15]毛壩34358.0P3ch儲(chǔ)層瀝青11.3515.02[15]毛壩34379.0P3ch儲(chǔ)層瀝青12.5314.82[15]黃龍83628.0P3chH2S—11.31[35]普光55141.0~5243.8P3chH2S—11.17[36]毛壩34609.0~4630.0P3chH2S—4.11[15]

2) 輸導(dǎo)體系發(fā)育狀況

結(jié)合研究區(qū)埋藏-熱歷史曲線來看[18],限于TSR反應(yīng)發(fā)生的起始溫度(120~140 ℃[22,40]),高濃度H2S的產(chǎn)生時(shí)間應(yīng)在中侏羅世之后,埋深在近5 000 m以下。此時(shí)長興組-飛仙關(guān)組儲(chǔ)層的孔滲條件遭到壓實(shí)及膠結(jié)作用的強(qiáng)烈破壞,孔隙度僅為2%~5%[41-42],長興組儲(chǔ)層則因不發(fā)育有機(jī)酸溶蝕作用(無烴類充注的假設(shè)前提)可能會(huì)更低。因此,很難想象在該時(shí)期僅僅依靠儲(chǔ)層低孔滲輸導(dǎo)性能實(shí)現(xiàn)數(shù)百米的油氣“倒灌”。斷裂的發(fā)育將有可能提供有利的輸導(dǎo)體系,然而研究顯示[43],燕山期的構(gòu)造活動(dòng)主要在淺層沿膏鹽層滑脫面發(fā)育疊瓦式?jīng)_斷構(gòu)造,并未與印支期發(fā)育的正斷層溝通。顯然,印支期斷裂發(fā)育后并未受燕山期構(gòu)造運(yùn)動(dòng)活化,而是處于封閉狀態(tài)。同時(shí)對(duì)于封閉的斷層僅需極少量液態(tài)就可以使其壓力平衡,難以維系流體大規(guī)模持續(xù)流動(dòng)[44]。因此,飛仙關(guān)組氣藏中H2S大量產(chǎn)生時(shí)并未有良好的斷裂系統(tǒng)溝通上下兩套儲(chǔ)層,“倒灌”難以實(shí)現(xiàn)。

4.2 長興組TSR作用及其所需硫酸鹽的來源

1) 碳酸鹽巖晶格硫酸鹽

(2-x)CaCO3+Mg2++

(1)

2) 其他層位富硫酸鹽鹵水

鉆井資料顯示,石炭系黃龍組、三疊系飛仙關(guān)組和嘉陵江組中均發(fā)育硬石膏層或結(jié)核,因此理論上這些地層鹵水具有為長興組輸送硫酸鹽的潛力。然而,本次研究認(rèn)為黃龍組和嘉陵江組鹵水來源可能性不大,證據(jù)如下:①晚石炭世(黃龍組沉積期)海水87Sr/86Sr范圍為0.708 2~0.708 4[56],遠(yuǎn)高于長興組儲(chǔ)層縫洞充填方解石礦物(0.707 2~0.707 8);②嘉陵江組硬石膏層δ34S值(26.0‰~35.5‰)及所賦存的H2S的δ34S值(平均為24‰[35])均遠(yuǎn)高于長興組H2S的δ34S值(4.1‰~11.3‰,)。

同時(shí),長興組和飛仙關(guān)組具有相似的地層水化學(xué)以及成巖歷史[57-58],預(yù)示長興組TSR反應(yīng)硫酸鹽可能來源于飛仙關(guān)組鹵水。由于鹵水的倒灌與混合必然導(dǎo)致長興組成巖流體性質(zhì)發(fā)生改變,因此本研究從成巖礦物地球化學(xué)特征角度著手提供以下證據(jù):

表5 川東北地區(qū)普光井區(qū)P3ch碳酸鹽(CAS)巖晶格硫酸鹽量的計(jì)算及結(jié)果對(duì)比

① 部分長興組TSR方解石樣品87Sr/86Sr高于同時(shí)期海水值,但處于飛仙關(guān)期海水87Sr/86Sr范圍內(nèi)(圖4),預(yù)示長興組TSR方解石的形成與飛仙關(guān)組鹵水關(guān)系密切。

② 與飛仙關(guān)組相似,長興組TSR方解石具有典型的正Eu異常以及富Sr、Ba特征(圖3;表3),且Sr,Ba,Eu三者呈正相關(guān)關(guān)系(圖2)。由于TSR方解石均一溫度(<205.1 ℃)并不比研究區(qū)P3ch所經(jīng)歷的最高溫度高,因此含鈣礦物中上述元素的富集并非來源于熱液流體對(duì)斜長石的淋濾。本次研究認(rèn)為,在TSR作用階段的強(qiáng)還原環(huán)境下(高濃度H2S),富Sr,Ba和 Eu的硬石膏以及天青石礦物的溶解將向孔隙流體中釋放二價(jià)金屬離子[59-60],并最終替代Ca2+進(jìn)入方解石晶格中(Eu2+與Sr2+具有相同的電價(jià)、相似的離子半徑和地球化學(xué)特征[61]),導(dǎo)致TSR方解石中Sr,Ba和Eu呈現(xiàn)出的正相關(guān)關(guān)系。

因此,飛仙關(guān)組富硫酸鹽鹵水穿層流動(dòng)進(jìn)入到下覆長興組儲(chǔ)層孔隙中,并與烴類在合適的溫度條件下發(fā)生TSR反應(yīng),產(chǎn)生的H2S具有與飛仙關(guān)組H2S相近的δ34S值;H2S的并入導(dǎo)致長興組儲(chǔ)層瀝青具有與飛仙關(guān)組相似的硫同位素組成特征。

4.3 長興組中TSR反應(yīng)硫酸鹽的供應(yīng)模式

考慮到長興組酸性氣藏中H2S的高濃度(表1),由飛仙關(guān)組提供的TSR反應(yīng)所需硫酸鹽必須是足量的,同時(shí)必須具備有利的流體運(yùn)移動(dòng)力與輸導(dǎo)體系。而深埋藏階段巖石孔隙往往僅封存少量的地層鹵水[62-63],且該時(shí)期地層壓力狀況、斷裂的活動(dòng)以及孔滲特征均不利于流體的大規(guī)模運(yùn)移,因此,鹵水的穿層流動(dòng)不太可能發(fā)生于深埋藏階段。本研究提出,飛仙關(guān)組沉積-準(zhǔn)同生時(shí)期,蒸發(fā)臺(tái)地或潟湖區(qū)咸化鹵水發(fā)生回流進(jìn)入鄰區(qū)以及下伏長興組臺(tái)緣礁灘相帶,與本地地層水混合;早-中期埋藏階段,飛仙關(guān)組臺(tái)緣帶顆粒巖與臺(tái)內(nèi)含膏巖層的巖性差異[64]將引發(fā)差異壓實(shí)作用,后者發(fā)生較大形變并排出大量富含硫酸鹽的孔隙水,高部位臺(tái)緣孔滲帶成為鹵水混合區(qū)與排泄區(qū)(圖5)。

圖5 川東北地區(qū)長興組和飛仙關(guān)組蒸發(fā)性鹵水穿層流動(dòng)模式Fig.5 Maps showing cross-formational flow model of evaporative brines from the T1f Fm in northeastern Sichuan Basina.沉積-準(zhǔn)同生期;b.埋藏期

需強(qiáng)調(diào)的是,受限于實(shí)際資料以及目前的研究程度,我們還不能提供來自飛仙關(guān)組硫酸鹽確切的量化數(shù)據(jù),難以確定僅穿層鹵水是否足以生成現(xiàn)今高濃度的H2S。從目前的分析數(shù)據(jù)來看,長興組TSR成因方解石87Sr/86Sr既具有T1f鹵水特征,又有本地地層水的特征(圖4),顯示后者來源應(yīng)有一定貢獻(xiàn)。相關(guān)證據(jù)還體現(xiàn)在:①長興組TSR方解石Sr,Ba含量相對(duì)T1f組略偏低(表3);②Eu異常特征在一些方解石中并未出現(xiàn)(圖3);③Sr,Ba、Eu三者之間的相關(guān)系數(shù)較T1f偏低。此外,長興組中H2S和固體瀝青硫同位素組成與T1f組相似但總體略偏低,指示了本地地層中白云巖化過程中釋放的晶格硫酸鹽的貢獻(xiàn),這需要晶格硫酸鹽硫同位素?cái)?shù)據(jù)的支持,進(jìn)一步的研究尚需要開展。

5 結(jié)論

1) 燕山中-晚期液態(tài)烴熱裂解(H2S大量生成)及構(gòu)造擠壓增壓階段,川東北地區(qū)飛仙關(guān)組與長興組地層壓力以及輸導(dǎo)體系發(fā)育狀況并不支持長興組酸性氣藏中H2S由飛仙關(guān)組“倒灌”而來。

2) 長興組酸性氣藏中高濃度的H2S應(yīng)由該層系發(fā)生的TSR產(chǎn)生。TSR反應(yīng)所需硫酸鹽并非主要來源于黃龍組和嘉陵江組富硫酸鹽鹵水,而是來源于飛仙關(guān)組蒸發(fā)性鹵水以及長興組白云巖化過程中釋放的晶格硫酸鹽。

3) 飛仙關(guān)組鹵水的運(yùn)移主要發(fā)生于沉積期或成巖早期,可能以兩種途徑發(fā)生:蒸發(fā)臺(tái)地或潟湖區(qū)在飛仙關(guān)沉積-準(zhǔn)同生時(shí)期的鹵水回流,以及早-中期埋藏階段的差異壓實(shí)流。

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(編輯 張亞雄)

Origin of H2S in sour gas reservoirs in the Upper Permian Changxing Formation in northeastern Sichuan Basin

Li Kaikai1,Cai Chunfang2,Jiang Lei2,He Xunyun3,Huang Zheng4

(1.EnergyResourceDepartment,ChinaUniversityofGeosciences,Beijing100083,China;2.KeyLabofPetroleumResourcesResearch,InstituteofGeologyandGeophysics,ChineseAcademyofSciences,Beijing100029,China;3.KeyLaboratoryofCarbonateReservoirs,PetroChinaHangzhouResearchInstituteofGeology,CNPC,Hangzhou,Zhejiang310023,China;4.PetroChinaJidongOilfieldCompany,Tangshan,Hebei063000,China)

High H2S concentrations found in gas reservoirs within the Upper Permian Changxing Fm(P3ch)and Lower Triassic Feixianguan Fm(T1f)are generally thought to be formed via a process known as thermochemical sulfate reduction(TSR).However,unlike the T1fFm,rare gypsum/anhydrite beds or anhydrite nodular were found in the P3chFm.This cast doubts over the accepted model for the souring process of the P3chreservoirs.This study provides an analysis of palaegeopressure and carrier system within this system using carbonate-associated sulfate(CAS),isotopes,trace and rare earth element data.Results shows that,the H2S of high concentrations within the P3chreservoirs were not derived from downward migration of sour gas from the T1fFm,but were generated in situ through TSR;reactive sulfates were mainly derived from cross-formational brines migration from the T1fFm,but with insignificant contributions from the Late Permian P3chseawater and sulfate-rich brines within the Lower Triassic Jialingjiang Fm and Middle Carboniferous Honglong Fm formations,and the down-migration of T1fbrines may have resulted in the P3chTSR calcites having positive Eu anomaly,high Sr contents(up to 7 767 ppm)and Ba contents(up to 1 279 ppm)close to the T1fTSR calcite,and87Sr/86Sr ratios(0.707 24~0.707 55)more radiogenic than those of the late Permian seawater;the cross-formational brine flow mainly occurred during sedimentary stage or the early stages of diagenesis,and seepage reflux during contemporaneous-penecontemporaneous stage and differential compaction flux during early-mid burial stage might serve as the main migration mechanisms;④CAS released during dolomization was another possible sulfate source,which brought the δ34S values of H2S and bitumen a little lower than those of the T1fFm.

CAS,differential compaction,TSR,H2S,sour gas reservoir,Changxing Formation,northeastern Sichuan Basin

2014-03-31;

2014-12-20。

李開開(1983—),男,講師,碳酸鹽巖儲(chǔ)層與流體-巖石相互作用。E-mail:93445190@qq.com。

國家杰出青年科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(41125009);國家自然科學(xué)基金青年科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(41202108)。

0253-9985(2015)02-0183-10

10.11743/ogg20150202

TE122.1

A

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