現(xiàn)在學(xué)習(xí)英語最大的障礙是記單詞,每個(gè)人都有一種或幾種記單詞的方法。但如果知道單詞的構(gòu)成規(guī)律,記單詞可謂事半功倍。英語中單詞是由詞根加前綴或后綴而構(gòu)成,單詞的構(gòu)成分為四大類:Affixation(詞綴)、Compounding(合成)、Conversion(轉(zhuǎn)化)及Acronym(首字母縮寫)本文只介紹根據(jù)詞綴記單詞的規(guī)律。
一.Affixation(詞綴) 詞綴分前綴和后綴
前綴主要有:
1.變?yōu)樾稳菰~的或與詞根意思相反的:a- dis- in- il- ir- im- non- un- de- dis- un- mis- mal- . For example:alike injustice illegal irregular disallow;
2.表數(shù)量:extra- micro- mini- out- over- sub- super- ultra- . For example: extra-strong microcomputer superstar.
3.表反對或相對: anti- counter- pro-. For example: anti-nuclear pro-student.
4.表方位:fore- inter- tele- trans-. For example: forehead inter-personal .
5.表時(shí)間:ex- fore- post- pre- re-.For example: ex-president foretell postwar.
6.表數(shù)字:Bi- multi- (poly) semi- tri- uni- mono-. For example: multi-purpose tricycle uniform.
后綴主要有:
1.名詞后綴:
Noun suffixes:(1)加后綴后變?yōu)橐活惾耍?eer -er -ette -let -ster -ant -ee -ent -or -ese -an –ist. For example: Engineer cigarette booklet assistant dependent actor Chinese Australian socialist.(2) 加后綴后變?yōu)闀r(shí)代與主義:-age -dom -ery -hood -ing -ism –ship. For example: slavery childhood farming friendship.(3)其他后綴:-age -al -ance -ation -tion -sion -ion -ence –ment -ity ness. For example: carriage dismissal attendance protection judgment popularity .
2.形容詞后綴:
Adj suffixes:(1)加后綴變?yōu)樾稳菰~的:-ed -ful -ish -less -like -ly -y (-al -ial -ical -ic -ous) -able -ible -ive -sive –ative.
For example: wooded successful childish priceless dreamlike friendly permissible active;classic優(yōu)秀的,經(jīng)典的classical,古典的comic喜劇的,comical 滑稽的,historic 有歷史意義,historical歷史的economic 經(jīng)濟(jì)的 economical 節(jié)約的electric 電力的、電動的 electrical電學(xué)的
3.副詞詞綴:Adv suffixes:-ly -ward(s) –wise.
For example:calmly downward clockwise 4.動詞詞綴:Verb suffixes:-ate -en -ify -ize –ise. For example: originate strengthen beautify modernize.
二.積累近形異義詞也是非常重要的環(huán)節(jié)
有些詞形式上非常接近,甚至源自同一個(gè)詞,但意義卻謬之千里。比如:favor有兩個(gè)形容詞favorite,favorable前者是“最喜愛的”,后者是“有利的”。類似例子:considerate體諒人的—considerable大量的;industrial工業(yè)的—industrious勤奮的;economic經(jīng)濟(jì)的—economical節(jié)儉的;exhausted精疲力竭的—exhaustive透徹,詳盡的;respectable令人尊敬的—respective各自的;historical歷史的—historic在歷史上有名的、經(jīng)典的;classic 最優(yōu)秀的—classical 古典的;imaginative 想象力豐富的—imaginary 假想的; sensible明智的,實(shí)用的—sensitive敏感的;sensational轟動—sentimental感傷的;stationary靜止的(形容詞)—stationery文具總稱(名詞)。
學(xué)習(xí)中不斷總結(jié)近形異義詞,進(jìn)行比較,可給人以深刻的印象。有特征的事物令人難忘,而平平淡淡,毫無特點(diǎn)詞,看過背過后總是曇花一現(xiàn)。
(作者單位:內(nèi)蒙古包頭市一機(jī)二中)