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唑來(lái)膦酸在乳腺癌中抗腫瘤作用的研究進(jìn)展

2015-04-16 02:54邱鏡丹王建東
關(guān)鍵詞:比星紫杉醇內(nèi)分泌

邱鏡丹,李 榮,王建東

解放軍總醫(yī)院 普通外科,北京 100853

唑來(lái)膦酸在乳腺癌中抗腫瘤作用的研究進(jìn)展

邱鏡丹,李 榮,王建東

解放軍總醫(yī)院 普通外科,北京 100853

唑來(lái)膦酸(zoledronic acid,ZOL)作為第三代雙磷酸鹽(bisphosphonates,BPs)藥物,是目前治療乳腺癌骨轉(zhuǎn)移的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方案之一,其主要通過(guò)抑制破骨細(xì)胞介導(dǎo)的骨質(zhì)破壞發(fā)揮作用。隨著研究的深入,目前很多臨床前試驗(yàn)證實(shí)唑來(lái)膦酸對(duì)腫瘤細(xì)胞有直接或間接的抑制作用,同時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)ZOL與抗腫瘤藥物聯(lián)合應(yīng)用對(duì)腫瘤細(xì)胞具有一定的協(xié)同抑制作用。此外,多項(xiàng)臨床試驗(yàn)證實(shí),唑來(lái)膦酸具有預(yù)防乳腺癌患者術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā),提高患者預(yù)后的作用。本文就上述研究新進(jìn)展作一綜述。

乳腺癌;唑來(lái)膦酸;骨轉(zhuǎn)移;抗腫瘤藥物

乳腺癌是女性最常見(jiàn)的惡性腫瘤之一,全球范圍內(nèi)每年的新發(fā)病例約140萬(wàn)[1]。隨著早期診斷技術(shù)和綜合治療水平的不斷提高,乳腺癌的預(yù)后有了明顯的改善,但仍有部分患者會(huì)發(fā)生局部復(fù)發(fā)或遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移。發(fā)生遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移的乳腺癌患者,約有80%合并骨轉(zhuǎn)移[2]。雙磷酸鹽(bisphosphonates,Bps)是人工合成的焦磷酸鹽類似物,有強(qiáng)大的抗骨吸收作用,主要用于代謝性骨病的治療當(dāng)中,如骨質(zhì)疏松癥、變形性骨炎、惡性腫瘤所致的高鈣血癥、晚期腫瘤骨轉(zhuǎn)移。1977年第一代雙膦酸鹽藥物—依替膦酸正式上市,成為第一個(gè)應(yīng)用于臨床的雙膦酸鹽類藥物[3]。唑來(lái)膦酸(zoledronic acid,ZOL)是第三代雙膦酸鹽藥物,目前已廣泛應(yīng)用于臨床。唑來(lái)膦酸與同類其他藥物相比,具有療效高、給藥劑量小、用藥途徑方便、安全性較好等優(yōu)勢(shì)[4-5]。唑來(lái)膦酸通過(guò)抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖,阻滯細(xì)胞周期,促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡[6]和抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞的黏附及入侵[7-10]對(duì)腫瘤細(xì)胞起到直接抑制作用;與此同時(shí),其還可以通過(guò)抑制腫瘤血管生成[11-12],抑制腫瘤生長(zhǎng)因子的釋放[13-15],促進(jìn)γδT細(xì)胞的活化和增殖,調(diào)節(jié)免疫反應(yīng)[16-18]和抑制甲羥戊酸途徑[19]對(duì)腫瘤細(xì)胞發(fā)揮間接的抑制作用。隨著研究的深入,目前很多臨床前試驗(yàn)證實(shí)唑來(lái)膦酸對(duì)腫瘤細(xì)胞有直接或間接的抑制作用,同時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)唑來(lái)膦酸與抗腫瘤藥物聯(lián)合應(yīng)用對(duì)腫瘤細(xì)胞具有一定的協(xié)同抑制作用。此外,多項(xiàng)臨床試驗(yàn)證實(shí),唑來(lái)膦酸具有預(yù)防乳腺癌患者術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā),提高患者預(yù)后的作用。本文就上述研究新進(jìn)展作一綜述。

1 唑來(lái)膦酸抗乳腺癌作用的臨床前研究

多項(xiàng)臨床前試驗(yàn)證實(shí),唑來(lái)膦酸對(duì)于乳腺癌細(xì)胞除了有單獨(dú)的抑瘤作用外,還與多種化療藥物有協(xié)同抑瘤作用。Neville-Webbe等[20]體外實(shí)驗(yàn)分6組進(jìn)行:在乳腺癌MCF-7細(xì)胞中不加任何藥物組、單獨(dú)加入唑來(lái)膦酸組、單獨(dú)加入紫杉醇組、同時(shí)加入唑來(lái)膦酸和紫杉醇組、唑來(lái)膦酸48 h后序貫紫杉醇組、紫杉醇48 h后序貫唑來(lái)膦酸組。結(jié)果顯示:后3組細(xì)胞凋亡的比例分別為3.75%、2.4%和6.1%;此外,無(wú)論唑來(lái)膦酸和紫杉醇按照何種次序添加,兩藥合用引起的細(xì)胞凋亡比例均明顯高于單用其中任何一種藥物的凋亡比例(P<0.05)。上述研究結(jié)果表明,唑來(lái)膦酸與紫杉醇有協(xié)同抗腫瘤作用,協(xié)同作用的強(qiáng)弱與用藥次序有關(guān),紫杉醇序貫唑來(lái)膦酸的用藥次序表現(xiàn)出更強(qiáng)的誘導(dǎo)腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡的作用。由此表明,用細(xì)胞毒藥物刺激腫瘤細(xì)胞后可使腫瘤細(xì)胞對(duì)唑來(lái)膦酸的誘導(dǎo)凋亡作用更敏感。

Ottewell等[21]將乳腺癌MDA-MB-436細(xì)胞系種植于裸鼠皮下,隨機(jī)分為6組,7 d后給6組荷瘤裸鼠分別注射0.9%氯化鈉注射液、多柔比星、唑來(lái)膦酸、多柔比星同時(shí)唑來(lái)膦酸、多柔比星24 h后序貫唑來(lái)膦酸、唑來(lái)膦酸24 h后序貫多柔比星。每組均給藥6周。結(jié)果顯示,單獨(dú)用藥組和唑來(lái)膦酸24 h后序貫多柔比星組與0.9%氯化鈉注射液組比較均未顯示出明顯的抑瘤效果;而多柔比星同時(shí)唑來(lái)膦酸組和多柔比星24 h序貫唑來(lái)膦酸組均能明顯抑制腫瘤生長(zhǎng),其中,多柔比星24 h序貫唑來(lái)膦酸組抑制腫瘤生長(zhǎng)的效果更顯著。這說(shuō)明化療后應(yīng)用唑來(lái)膦酸能發(fā)揮更強(qiáng)的抑制腫瘤生長(zhǎng)的作用。Neville-Webbe等[22]開(kāi)展了另一項(xiàng)研究也證實(shí),多柔比星序貫唑來(lái)膦酸較單用其中任何一種藥物或唑來(lái)膦酸序貫多柔比星有更強(qiáng)的促進(jìn)乳腺癌MCF-7細(xì)胞系凋亡的作用,并且進(jìn)一步研究發(fā)現(xiàn),這種促進(jìn)細(xì)胞凋亡的機(jī)制可能與甲羥戊酸通路有關(guān)。

Ottewell等[23]開(kāi)展了另一項(xiàng)研究,將MDA-MB-231/ BO2細(xì)胞經(jīng)鼠尾靜脈注射至裸鼠體內(nèi),建立一個(gè)乳腺癌骨轉(zhuǎn)移溶骨性破壞的模型,隨機(jī)分為6組,各組荷瘤裸鼠分別注射0.9%氯化鈉注射液、多柔比星、唑來(lái)膦酸、多柔比星同時(shí)唑來(lái)膦酸、多柔比星序貫唑來(lái)膦酸、唑來(lái)膦酸序貫多柔比星,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),序貫用藥組可顯著抑制骨轉(zhuǎn)移腫瘤細(xì)胞增殖、促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞凋亡、降低骨轉(zhuǎn)移瘤的負(fù)荷,但對(duì)于骨外病灶無(wú)明顯作用。由此可推斷,乳腺癌骨轉(zhuǎn)移患者行化療序貫唑來(lái)膦酸治療獲益較大。

2 唑來(lái)膦酸抗乳腺癌作用的臨床研究

奧地利乳腺癌和結(jié)直腸癌研究小組-12(Austrian Breast and Colorectal Cancer Study Group-12,ABCSG-12)試驗(yàn):ABCSG-12開(kāi)展了比較內(nèi)分泌聯(lián)合與不聯(lián)合唑來(lái)膦酸治療絕經(jīng)前雌激素反應(yīng)性早期乳腺癌患者療效的Ⅲ期臨床試驗(yàn)[24]。該研究共納入1 803例早期絕經(jīng)期雌激素反應(yīng)性乳腺癌患者,隨機(jī)分為實(shí)驗(yàn)組:戈舍瑞林(3.6 mg/28 d)加用他莫西芬(20 mg/d)或阿那曲唑(1 mg/d)聯(lián)合唑來(lái)膦酸(4 mg/6個(gè)月),連用3年;對(duì)照組:戈舍瑞林(3.6 mg/28 d)加用他莫西芬(20 mg/d)或阿那曲唑(1 mg/d)不聯(lián)合唑來(lái)膦酸。主要的研究終點(diǎn)為無(wú)病生存(disease free survival- no recurrence or death,DFS),次要研究終點(diǎn)為無(wú)復(fù)發(fā)生存(recurrence free survival,RFS)和總生存(overall survival,OS)。該研究中位隨訪時(shí)間為47.8個(gè)月,期間有137例復(fù)發(fā)或死亡,內(nèi)分泌治療組患者的DFS為90.8%,內(nèi)分泌治療聯(lián)合唑來(lái)膦酸組的DFS為94.0%,加用唑來(lái)膦酸可將患者的DFS提高3.2%,疾病進(jìn)展風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低了36%(OR:0.64;95% CI:0.46 ~ 0.91;P=0.01);但是,加用唑來(lái)膦酸對(duì)于死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)無(wú)明顯改善(OR:0.60;95% CI:0.32 ~ 1.11;P=0.11)。由此認(rèn)為,對(duì)于絕經(jīng)前雌激素反應(yīng)性早期乳腺癌患者輔助內(nèi)分泌治療聯(lián)合唑來(lái)膦酸可以提高DFS[25]。繼續(xù)追蹤該試驗(yàn),中位隨訪時(shí)間62個(gè)月時(shí),有186例復(fù)發(fā)或死亡,內(nèi)分泌治療組患者復(fù)發(fā)或死亡110例,DFS為87.8%,內(nèi)分泌治療聯(lián)合唑來(lái)膦酸組復(fù)發(fā)或死亡76例,DFS為91.5%,由此可見(jiàn),加用唑來(lái)膦酸可將患者的DFS提高3.7%,疾病進(jìn)展風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低32%(OR:0.68,95% CI:0.51 ~ 0.91;P=0.009);但是,該臨床試驗(yàn)中,僅行內(nèi)分泌治療組的患者死亡43例,內(nèi)分泌治療聯(lián)合唑來(lái)膦酸組的患者死亡30例,二者差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,說(shuō)明加用唑來(lái)膦酸未明顯降低患者的死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(OR:0.67,95% CI:0.41 ~ 1.07;P=0.09)[24]。后續(xù)的試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,對(duì)于絕經(jīng)前雌激素反應(yīng)性早期乳腺癌患者,在接受內(nèi)分泌治療的同時(shí)聯(lián)合唑來(lái)膦酸治療,即使在唑來(lái)膦酸治療結(jié)束后2年仍能獲益。

Z-FAST、ZO-FAST、E-ZO-FAST分別為全球3個(gè)不同地區(qū)開(kāi)展的開(kāi)放性隨機(jī)多中心乳腺癌患者輔助治療項(xiàng)目,該項(xiàng)目觀察唑來(lái)膦酸對(duì)預(yù)防絕經(jīng)后激素受體陽(yáng)性乳腺癌患者服用芳香化酶抑制劑導(dǎo)致骨丟失和骨相關(guān)事件發(fā)生的作用[26]。在試驗(yàn)過(guò)程中,研究者意外發(fā)現(xiàn)唑來(lái)膦酸對(duì)于改善乳腺癌患者的DFS和OS也有一定的作用。這3個(gè)方案是設(shè)計(jì)相似的隨機(jī)雙盲Ⅲ期臨床研究,評(píng)估Ⅰ~Ⅲa期絕經(jīng)后且激素受體陽(yáng)性的術(shù)后行內(nèi)分泌治療的乳腺癌患者不同時(shí)間接受唑來(lái)膦酸治療的效果。入組標(biāo)準(zhǔn):ER+/PR+,絕經(jīng)后,因卵巢切除、化療或LHRH治療導(dǎo)致閉經(jīng)的乳腺癌患者,T score≥-2。Z-FAST在北美進(jìn)行,ZO-FAST在除美國(guó)和加拿大以外的30個(gè)國(guó)家進(jìn)行,E-ZO-FAST在歐洲、阿根廷、南非、韓國(guó)、黎巴嫩和阿拉伯聯(lián)合國(guó)進(jìn)行。所有入組患者隨機(jī)分為兩組:早期用藥組(在接受來(lái)曲唑治療的同時(shí)就給予4 mg/6個(gè)月的唑來(lái)膦酸治療),延遲用藥組(接受唑來(lái)膦酸治療,直至出現(xiàn)骨密度T score<-2或發(fā)生骨相關(guān)事件后再給予4 mg/6個(gè)月唑來(lái)膦酸治療)。隨訪至12個(gè)月時(shí)3項(xiàng)臨床試驗(yàn)均表明,絕經(jīng)后激素受體陽(yáng)性乳腺癌患者接受來(lái)曲唑同時(shí)輔助唑來(lái)膦酸治療能夠有效防止骨丟失,保護(hù)骨密度[26]。隨訪至36個(gè)月時(shí)ZO-FAST試驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,與延遲用藥組相比,早期給藥組除了能有效防止骨丟失,預(yù)防骨相關(guān)事件的發(fā)生外,在抑制腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)和轉(zhuǎn)移方面也發(fā)揮作用。DFS相對(duì)危險(xiǎn)度降低41%(OR:0.588;95% CI:0.361 ~ 0.959;P=0.033 14)[27]。Z-FAST試驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,兩組患者的DFS基本接近,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義[28]。

唑來(lái)膦酸聯(lián)合新輔助化療降低復(fù)發(fā)(neo-adjuvant zoledronic acid to reduce recurrence,AZURE)試驗(yàn):AZURE是一項(xiàng)評(píng)價(jià)輔助治療[輔助化療/新輔助化療和(或)內(nèi)分泌治療]聯(lián)合或不聯(lián)合唑來(lái)膦酸對(duì)于存在復(fù)發(fā)或轉(zhuǎn)移風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的Ⅱ/Ⅲ期乳腺癌患者生存率和復(fù)發(fā)率影響的前瞻性隨機(jī)對(duì)照臨床試驗(yàn)[29]。該試驗(yàn)將入組的3 360例患者隨機(jī)分為聯(lián)合用藥組和非聯(lián)合用藥組,聯(lián)合用藥組中位隨訪59.3個(gè)月的結(jié)果與非聯(lián)合用藥組中位隨訪58.6個(gè)月的結(jié)果比較,發(fā)現(xiàn)兩組患者的DFS和OS差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.79、0.07)。該研究將3 360例中行新輔助化療的205例隨機(jī)分為新輔助化療聯(lián)合唑來(lái)膦酸組和新輔助化療組,以病理估計(jì)的殘余腫瘤的最大直徑(RITS)和病理完全緩解率(pCR)作為評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo);分析結(jié)果表明,聯(lián)合用藥組的RITS明顯小于對(duì)照組(15.5 mm vs 27.4 mm,P=0.006),但是病理完全緩解率兩組差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(12% vs 7%,P=0.146)。盡管上述亞組分析中唑來(lái)膦酸顯示出明顯的抗腫瘤活性,但是在后續(xù)的隨訪中發(fā)現(xiàn),與對(duì)照組相比,聯(lián)合用藥組在改善DFS方面并沒(méi)有明顯的優(yōu)勢(shì)[30]。該研究中基于月經(jīng)狀態(tài)的亞組分析發(fā)現(xiàn),對(duì)于入組時(shí)絕經(jīng)5年以上的患者,輔助治療聯(lián)合唑來(lái)膦酸治療可將DFS事件的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降低24%,在絕經(jīng)5年以上和60歲以上的人群中,死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)可降低29%[31]。這表明,唑來(lái)膦酸發(fā)揮抗腫瘤作用的強(qiáng)弱與雌激素水平密切相關(guān),低雌激素水平更有利于唑來(lái)膦酸發(fā)揮協(xié)同的抗腫瘤作用。

3 結(jié)語(yǔ)

多項(xiàng)臨床前試驗(yàn)及臨床試驗(yàn)均已證實(shí),唑來(lái)膦酸除了具有強(qiáng)大的抗骨質(zhì)吸收作用外,還能通過(guò)多種機(jī)制發(fā)揮直接或間接的抗腫瘤作用,并且能與其他標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的抗腫瘤治療方式(化療或內(nèi)分泌治療等)序貫或聯(lián)合,起到協(xié)同抗腫瘤作用。目前正在進(jìn)行的NSABP B-34[32]、SWOG 0307[33]和GAIN[34]臨床試驗(yàn)也會(huì)在不久的將來(lái)提供更多的臨床依據(jù)來(lái)證實(shí)唑來(lái)膦酸在早期乳腺癌的抗腫瘤治療中的有效作用。也有多項(xiàng)臨床試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,對(duì)于不同雌激素水平的乳腺癌患者,聯(lián)合應(yīng)用唑來(lái)膦酸抗腫瘤治療的療效有差異,但具體機(jī)制尚需進(jìn)一步研究。此外,唑來(lái)膦酸抗腫瘤作用的分子靶點(diǎn)與信號(hào)通路方面的研究,以及作為抗腫瘤治療用藥的最適人群、用藥方案、用藥時(shí)間等的選擇和制訂問(wèn)題是今后我們研究的目標(biāo)和方向。

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11 Chen H, Wang CS, Li M, et al. A novel angiogenesis model for screening anti-angiogenic compounds: the chorioallantoic membrane/ feather bud assay[J]. Int J Oncol, 2010, 37(1):71-79.

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13 Santini D, Vincenzi B, Avvisati G, et al. Pamidronate induces modifications of circulating angiogenetic factors in cancer patients[J]. Clin Cancer Res, 2002, 8(5): 1080-1084.

14 Tenta R, Sourla A, Lembessis P, et al. Bone microenvironmentrelated growth factors, zoledronic acid and dexamethasone differentially modulate PTHrP expression in PC-3 prostate cancer cells[J]. Horm Metab Res, 2005, 37(10):593-601.

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Advances in antitumor effects of zoledronic acid in breast cancer

QIU Jingdan, LI Rong, WANG Jiandong
Department of General Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China

WANG Jiandong. Email: vicky1968@163.com; LI Rong. Email: lirong@medmail.com.cn

Zoledronic acid (ZOL) is the third generation of bisphosphonates (BPs) that has been used as the standard treatment of osseous metastasis in breast cancer and it plays a role in treating breast cancer by inhibiting bone destruction mediated by osteoclast. Recently, many research findings indicate that ZOL can inhibit tumor cells directly or indirectly, furthermore, we also find that the antitumor effect of ZOL is enhanced when combined with chemotherapy. Many clinical trials data indicate that ZOL also plays a role in both preventing relapse and reducing the probability of skeletal and visceral metastases after surgery. The present review assesses the available preclinical and clinical evidence of the antitumor effect of ZOL in treating breast cancer.

breast cancer; zoledronic acid; bone metastasis; antitumor drug

R 655.8

A

2095-5227(2015)06-0634-04

10.3969/j.issn.2095-5227.2015.06.031

時(shí)間:2015-3-10 9:36

http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.3275.R.20150310.0936.002.html

2014-12-23

北京市自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(7142151)

Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Beijing (7142151)

邱鏡丹,女,在讀博士,醫(yī)師。研究方向:乳腺腫瘤的基礎(chǔ)與臨床。Email: qiujingdan301@126.com

王建東,博士,主任醫(yī)師,副教授,碩士生導(dǎo)師。Email: vicky1968@163.com;李榮,博士,主任醫(yī)師,教授,博士生導(dǎo)師。Email: lirong@medmail.com.cn

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