俞江濤 吳紅英
英語動詞的語態(tài)分為兩種:主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。主動語態(tài)強調主語是謂語動作的執(zhí)行者,二者為主動關系。被動語態(tài)強調主語是謂語動作的承受者,二者為被動關系。如:
I have done the job. (主動關系)
The job has been done. (被動關系)
為了在面對被動語態(tài)時不”被動”,讓我們從以下三大方面來掌握被動語態(tài)。
[被動語態(tài)的構成]
被動語態(tài)由助動詞be加及物動詞的過去分詞構成。被動語態(tài)可以用于各種時態(tài),高考主要考查以下八種:一般現(xiàn)在時的被動語態(tài)(am/is/are+過去分詞);一般過去時的被動語態(tài)(was/were+過去分詞);一般將來時的被動語態(tài)(will/shall be+過去分詞);過去將來時的被動語態(tài)(would/should+be+過去分詞);現(xiàn)在進行時的被動語態(tài)(am/is/are+being+過去分詞);過去進行時的被動語態(tài)(was/were+being+過去分詞);完成時的被動語態(tài)(have/has/had+been+過去分詞);帶情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)(情態(tài)動詞be+過去分詞)。
被動語態(tài)除常用be+過去分詞外,還可用get+過去分詞。這種結構多用在口語中,高考常考。例如:Hundreds of people get killed every year by traffic.
[被動語態(tài)的意義]
1. 不知道或無必要指出行為、動作的執(zhí)行者時(無須加介詞by),如:Football is played all over the world。
2. 突出和強調行為或動作的承受者時,如:History is made by the people。
3. 有時主語較長,宜后置,如:Its said that they have won the game。
[使用被動語態(tài)的注意事項]
1. 短語動詞的被動語態(tài)要注意不可丟失其附加的介詞、副詞或短語。如:look at, laugh at, send for, call on, carry out, take care of等。例如:
The data is often referred to.
My sister is taken care of by Grandma.
2. 不及物動詞沒有被動語態(tài)。如:appear, belong, remain, happen, occur, escape, break out等。例如:
(錯誤)The Anti-Japanese War was broken out in 1937.
(正確)The Anti-Japanese War broke out in 1937.
(錯誤)At last, my dream was come true.
(正確)At last, my dream come true.
3. 連系動詞用主動形式表達被動含義。
①表示感官的連系動詞,如:smell, taste, sound, feel, look, seem等,這類動詞只能用主動形式表達被動的含義。如:
Mr Li looks quite young.
His health seems to be better.
②表示持續(xù)狀態(tài)的動詞,如stay, remain等,也不用于被動語態(tài),它們的被動意義也要用主動的形式來表達。如:
Much work remains to be done.
The window stayed open all the night.
③prove,turn out作連系動詞,表示“結果,證明”。例如:
This meeting proved/turned out to be a success.
4. 說明商品,產品或工具自身所具有的性能或內在屬性的動詞,如sell(well/badly),wash(well/badly),write(well/badly),cut(well/badly)等,這類動詞不用于被動語態(tài)(不表達此意時,則另當別論)。如:
The book sells well. 這本書賣得很好。
This knife cuts well. 這把刀切起來很鋒利。
5. need, want, require以及be worth...之后的動詞ing形式不用被動語態(tài),要用主動的形式表達被動的含義。如:
This book is well worth reading.
The flower needs watering.
6. 動詞不定式的被動語態(tài)要注意的問題。
①動詞不定式與被修飾的名詞構成動賓關系,又和句子的主語構成主謂關系;在“主語+be+形容詞(如hard, easy, difficult, good, impossible, important等)+不定式”句型中,當主語是不定式的邏輯賓語時,不定式用主動形式表達被動意義。如:
I have an important meeting to attend.
The math problem is hard to work out.
②There be 句型中,通常用不定式的主動形式表達被動的意義。如:
There is lots of difficulty to face in the future.
③有些動詞不定式的被動意義用主動形式表達是固定用法,如:to blame(應受譴責);to let(出租)等。
7. 一詞多義的動詞在用作某一特定的詞義時是不及物的,不能用于被動語態(tài),反之則可以用于被動語態(tài),應視具體情況而定。如decline做及物動詞時,意為“拒絕;謝絕”,作不及物動詞時,意為“衰退;減弱;(物價等)下跌”,如:
The invation of the TV was declined by the famous singer.
The prices are declining
8. 有些動詞形式上是被動的,但含義上是主動的。如:
He was dressed in red at that time.
The girl was lost in the forest.
The boy was seated in the chair.
9. 在使役動詞make以及感官動詞see, hear...等動詞被動形式后面出現(xiàn)的作主語補足語的不定式須加不定式符號to。如:
The teacher made Jim answer it again. (主動)
Jim was made to answer it again. (被動語態(tài),加to)
10. 注意系表結構和被動語態(tài)的區(qū)別。系表結構表明主語的的狀態(tài)或特征,不帶by短語,而被動語態(tài)是表明主語的一個被動動作,可以帶by短語。如:
The job was well done. (系表結構)
The job was well done by a skilled worker. (被動語態(tài))
練習
1. In response to the audiences demand, the play ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?in the theatre twice a week. (put)
應觀眾要求,這部戲會在這個劇院每周上演兩次。
2. The fruit in his fruit shop looks fresh and usually ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? than that in other fruit shops. (sell)
他水果店里的水果看起來很新鮮,通常比其他水果店的水果賣得更好。
3. Mike is a new student from America. At the beginging he found many classmates around him ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? . (get)
Mike是一名來自美國的學生。起初,他發(fā)現(xiàn)他身邊的許多同班同學很難相處。
4. The important report is supposed
the manager. (send)
這個重要的報告被認為已經送給經理了。
5. This kind of glasses manufactured by experienced craftsmen ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?. (wear)
這種眼鏡由富有經驗的匠人制造,戴著很舒服。
6. The doctor ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? my English teacher for three years. (marry)
這位醫(yī)生與我的英語老師已經結婚3年了。
參考答案
1. will/would be put on
2. sells better
3. were hard/difficult to get on/along with
4. to have been sent to
5. wears comfortably
6. has been married to