任宗娜綜述,馮玉梅審校
(天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)腫瘤醫(yī)院腫瘤研究所,國家腫瘤臨床醫(yī)學(xué)研究中心,天津市“腫瘤防治”重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,天津 300060)
基質(zhì)細(xì)胞和腫瘤細(xì)胞間的相互作用與腫瘤的浸潤轉(zhuǎn)移
任宗娜綜述,馮玉梅審校
(天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)腫瘤醫(yī)院腫瘤研究所,國家腫瘤臨床醫(yī)學(xué)研究中心,天津市“腫瘤防治”重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,天津 300060)
腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移;基質(zhì)細(xì)胞;腫瘤微環(huán)境;細(xì)胞間相互作用
腫瘤的浸潤和轉(zhuǎn)移是惡性腫瘤最主要的生物學(xué)特征,也是引起癌癥患者死亡的首要因素[1]。盡管目前對腫瘤的化療、放療、生物治療及非手術(shù)綜合治療已取得了很大的進(jìn)步,但仍未能阻止腫瘤的浸潤和轉(zhuǎn)移的過程。腫瘤的侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移是腫瘤細(xì)胞、宿主和腫瘤微環(huán)境之間一系列復(fù)雜、多步驟、多因素相互作用的連續(xù)過程。這一過程涉及腫瘤細(xì)胞自身轉(zhuǎn)移能力的獲得,細(xì)胞間黏附能力的降低,癌細(xì)胞對細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)(ECM)和基底膜(BM)的降解與破壞,細(xì)胞骨架重構(gòu)引起細(xì)胞運(yùn)動(dòng)與遷移,細(xì)胞因子誘導(dǎo)的癌細(xì)胞器官特異性靶向歸巢,腫瘤血管和淋巴管生成,癌細(xì)胞逃逸凋亡和免疫殺傷等諸多因素。腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移與癌細(xì)胞賴以生存的腫瘤微環(huán)境密切相關(guān)。基質(zhì)細(xì)胞是腫瘤微環(huán)境的重要組成部分,包括網(wǎng)狀細(xì)胞、成纖維細(xì)胞、血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞、脂肪細(xì)胞、間充質(zhì)細(xì)胞、巨噬細(xì)胞、淋巴細(xì)胞等炎癥細(xì)胞[2]。近來關(guān)于不同基質(zhì)細(xì)胞與腫瘤細(xì)胞間相互作用的研究,使人們認(rèn)識到基質(zhì)細(xì)胞與腫瘤細(xì)胞通過分泌可溶性因子或者激活旁分泌信號通路,引起腫瘤細(xì)胞浸潤轉(zhuǎn)移。本文旨在回顧近年來不同基質(zhì)細(xì)胞與腫瘤細(xì)胞間的相互作用及其機(jī)制對腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移的影響,為基于基質(zhì)細(xì)胞與腫瘤細(xì)胞間相互作用的靶向治療提供理論依據(jù)。
成纖維細(xì)胞是腫瘤微環(huán)境中數(shù)量最多的基質(zhì)細(xì)胞[3]。腫瘤細(xì)胞可通過分泌細(xì)胞因子促進(jìn)成纖維細(xì)胞活化?;罨某衫w維細(xì)胞可以分泌多種細(xì)胞因子如TGFβ、PDGF和HGF等直接作用于腫瘤細(xì)胞,從而促進(jìn)腫瘤的發(fā)生、增殖、侵襲以及血管生成。Stanisavljevic等[4]發(fā)現(xiàn)SNAIL表達(dá)的癌相關(guān)成纖維細(xì)胞促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞的轉(zhuǎn)移。TIMP表達(dá)缺陷的成纖維細(xì)胞促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞的運(yùn)動(dòng)和癌干細(xì)胞標(biāo)志物的表達(dá)[5]。前列腺腫瘤細(xì)胞表達(dá)的IL-6可通過誘導(dǎo)成纖維細(xì)胞活化,MMP-2和MMP-9表達(dá)上調(diào)誘導(dǎo)腫瘤細(xì)胞發(fā)生EMT[6]。Wu等[7]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)口腔鱗狀細(xì)胞癌中CAF與腫瘤不良預(yù)后密切相關(guān),CAF中Galectin-1與α-SMA表達(dá)呈正相關(guān),抑制Gal-1表達(dá)后,α-SMA表達(dá)下調(diào),ECM蛋白減少,而且可能是通過減少M(fèi)CP-1/CCL2而導(dǎo)致CAF誘導(dǎo)的腫瘤細(xì)胞遷移和侵襲能力顯著降低,在CAF培養(yǎng)上清中加入MCP-1中和抗體后,MCP-1與CCR2相互作用減少,OSCC細(xì)胞運(yùn)動(dòng)能力降低。CAF和人類的多種腫瘤的臨床轉(zhuǎn)移預(yù)后密切相關(guān)。Zhang等[8]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)CAF可通過促進(jìn)血管和淋巴管的生成及腫瘤細(xì)胞的侵襲能力而促進(jìn)卵巢癌的轉(zhuǎn)移。Cui等[9]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)CD10+CAF促進(jìn)結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)移。Ikenaga等[10]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)CD10+的胰腺間質(zhì)星狀細(xì)胞(類似于CAF)通過分泌增多的MMP3促進(jìn)胰腺癌的生長和侵襲。Henriksson等[11]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞通過分泌蛋白誘導(dǎo)成纖維細(xì)胞活化,高表達(dá)FGF-1,CAF可通過FGF/FGFR信號通路促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移,采用FGFR抑制劑或FGF中和抗體可抑制結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞的侵襲能力。Lee等[12]發(fā)現(xiàn)腫瘤細(xì)胞分泌的IL-6通過磷酸化STAT3誘導(dǎo)Twist表達(dá)的正常成纖維細(xì)胞向癌相關(guān)成纖維細(xì)胞轉(zhuǎn)化。
血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞一方面為腫瘤細(xì)胞的生長、侵襲與轉(zhuǎn)移提供營養(yǎng),另一方面通過旁分泌作用影響腫瘤的轉(zhuǎn)移。Lu等[13]發(fā)現(xiàn)血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞通過活化Notch信號通路,促進(jìn)結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞干細(xì)胞表型。Ding等[14]發(fā)現(xiàn)血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞與腫瘤細(xì)胞通過DLL4/Notch/PTEN信號通路抑制肺癌細(xì)胞的增殖。Galan-Moya等[15]發(fā)現(xiàn)內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞通過旁分泌作用激活mTOR信號通路,誘導(dǎo)惡性膠質(zhì)瘤干細(xì)胞樣細(xì)胞擴(kuò)增。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤中發(fā)現(xiàn)某些血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞來源于腫瘤細(xì)胞,且人膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤的小鼠移植瘤中發(fā)現(xiàn)某些內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞具有典型的人類染色體[16-17],而非鼠類染色體,提示在腫瘤形成過程中干細(xì)胞樣腫瘤細(xì)胞具有腫瘤血管生成細(xì)胞的作用,可直接參與腫瘤微循環(huán)血管網(wǎng)的形成。在腫瘤發(fā)生發(fā)展過程中,長期的腫瘤微環(huán)境的刺激使腫瘤局部的血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞與正常血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞相比,出現(xiàn)了形態(tài)及功能上的改變[18]。
腫瘤細(xì)胞通過分泌多種生長因子包括VEGF、IL-8、EGF、PDGF以及MCP-1、SDF-1等,招募間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞。一旦間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞進(jìn)入腫瘤,通過與腫瘤細(xì)胞間的相互作用,進(jìn)一步影響腫瘤細(xì)胞的生物學(xué)行為。腫瘤細(xì)胞分泌的OPN可促進(jìn)間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞分泌CCL5,并使其轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)镃AF[19],MSCs與腫瘤細(xì)胞MDA-MB-231共同接種小鼠,顯著促進(jìn)腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移,其轉(zhuǎn)移機(jī)制可能為MSCs分泌CCL5作用于腫瘤表面的CCR5從而促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞的轉(zhuǎn)移[20]。Peng等[21]發(fā)現(xiàn)結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞與骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞直接共培養(yǎng),Notch信號通路激活,其下游TGF-β/Smad信號通路誘導(dǎo)骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞分化為腫瘤相關(guān)的成纖維細(xì)胞。Borsi等[22]發(fā)現(xiàn)多發(fā)性骨髓瘤細(xì)胞和骨髓間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞相互作用促進(jìn)腫瘤的生長、血管生成和骨疾病。Nakagaki等[23]發(fā)現(xiàn)在小鼠模型中,間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞(MSC)作為癌細(xì)胞或者血管局部微環(huán)境通過旁分泌作用決定結(jié)腸癌細(xì)胞的命運(yùn)。部分研究小組認(rèn)為,間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞在肉瘤、白血病發(fā)揮抑瘤作用,也可以抑制乳腺癌的肺轉(zhuǎn)移[24]。
在腫瘤侵襲前緣,還存在大量的巨噬細(xì)胞(TAM),是腫瘤組織中浸潤的炎癥細(xì)胞中數(shù)量最多的細(xì)胞群。這些細(xì)胞會分泌大量的水解酶包括MMP2、MMP9、組織蛋白酶等,促進(jìn)基質(zhì)降解,幫助腫瘤細(xì)胞侵入周圍組織進(jìn)入血管/淋巴管。TAM還可以通過與腫瘤細(xì)胞直接、間接相互作用,促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞的侵襲。Menck等[25]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)巨噬細(xì)胞高表達(dá)Wnt5a,激活腫瘤細(xì)胞中的β-Catenin/Wnt信號通路,促進(jìn)乳腺癌細(xì)胞侵襲。Rao等[26]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)腫瘤相關(guān)巨噬細(xì)胞和CD44+腫瘤細(xì)胞相互作用,通過骨橋蛋白/CD44促進(jìn)結(jié)腸癌的發(fā)生發(fā)展。Su等[27]發(fā)現(xiàn)間質(zhì)樣的腫瘤細(xì)胞和巨噬細(xì)胞之間的正反饋?zhàn)饔铆h(huán)GM-CSF/CCL18促進(jìn)乳腺癌的轉(zhuǎn)移。Chen等[28]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)活化的腫瘤相關(guān)巨噬細(xì)胞促進(jìn)腫瘤浸潤和轉(zhuǎn)移,而且與腫瘤的不良預(yù)后有關(guān)。腫瘤細(xì)胞可以活化腫瘤微環(huán)境中非惡性的巨噬細(xì)胞,進(jìn)一步促進(jìn)腫瘤的發(fā)生和轉(zhuǎn)移。
腫瘤組織周圍存在一定的脂肪組織,隨著對脂肪細(xì)胞病理學(xué)研究的深入,腫瘤微環(huán)境中的脂肪細(xì)胞對腫瘤惡化具有重要作用。D’Esposito等[29]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)脂肪細(xì)胞3T3-L1細(xì)胞的條件培養(yǎng)基能夠促進(jìn)乳腺癌MCF-7細(xì)胞的生長,特別是全分化的3T3-L1細(xì)胞的條件培養(yǎng)基能夠通過抑制MCF-7細(xì)胞凋亡作用而強(qiáng)烈地刺激乳腺癌MCF-7細(xì)胞的增殖作用。Nieman等[30]研究表明,來源于人的大網(wǎng)膜脂肪細(xì)胞可以在體外誘導(dǎo)乳腺癌、結(jié)腸癌及卵巢癌細(xì)胞的生長及浸潤,且在體內(nèi)也可以促進(jìn)卵巢癌細(xì)胞增殖。Fujisaki等[31]發(fā)現(xiàn)腫瘤細(xì)胞調(diào)節(jié)的脂肪細(xì)胞通過分泌IL-6和MCP-1促進(jìn)腫瘤細(xì)胞的遷移。Onuma等[32]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)前列腺癌周圍的脂肪細(xì)胞分泌的因子可以刺激前列腺癌細(xì)胞增殖,特別是對非雄性激素依賴性前列腺癌細(xì)胞DU145和PC-3,JNK信號傳導(dǎo)通路的持續(xù)激活在這個(gè)過程中起到了關(guān)鍵的作用。
淋巴細(xì)胞是在機(jī)體體液免疫中發(fā)揮關(guān)鍵作用的免疫細(xì)胞,其在腫瘤微環(huán)境中發(fā)揮功能的研究相對較少。Baessler等[33]發(fā)現(xiàn)白血病細(xì)胞表面腫瘤壞死因子與糖皮質(zhì)激素誘導(dǎo)的腫瘤壞死因子受體結(jié)合,可以修復(fù)NK細(xì)胞對腫瘤細(xì)胞的殺傷作用。肥大細(xì)胞(mast cells,MC)是一種人體中廣泛分布的免疫細(xì)胞,通過釋放多種生長因子如FGF-2、VEGF、TGF-β等促進(jìn)腫瘤血管生成,影響腫瘤的侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移[34]。其他如膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞、平滑肌細(xì)胞、內(nèi)皮祖細(xì)胞都可以通過不同的途徑影響腫瘤細(xì)胞的轉(zhuǎn)移。
綜上所述,腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移是一個(gè)相當(dāng)復(fù)雜的生物學(xué)過程。這一過程包括了一系列的腫瘤細(xì)胞與腫瘤細(xì)胞、腫瘤細(xì)胞與宿主細(xì)胞、腫瘤細(xì)胞與細(xì)胞外基質(zhì)(extracellular matrix,ECM)間的相互作用,尤其是多種細(xì)胞因子的參與調(diào)節(jié),才使某些腫瘤細(xì)胞能夠發(fā)生成功的轉(zhuǎn)移或/和迅速地生長。腫瘤微環(huán)境中的基質(zhì)細(xì)胞通過與腫瘤細(xì)胞的“交流”(cross-talk),它們分泌或表達(dá)的細(xì)胞因子或受體為它們構(gòu)建了聯(lián)系的橋梁。細(xì)胞間的相互作用不僅導(dǎo)致自身生理學(xué)功能的改變,分泌多種細(xì)胞因子、蛋白酶及粘附分子等,而且也促進(jìn)了腫瘤的侵襲轉(zhuǎn)移。因此對腫瘤微環(huán)境中不同基質(zhì)細(xì)胞與腫瘤細(xì)胞間的相互作用深入研究將有助于我們更加全面的認(rèn)識腫瘤浸潤和轉(zhuǎn)移的分子機(jī)制,從而為發(fā)現(xiàn)治療腫瘤的新靶點(diǎn)、發(fā)現(xiàn)腫瘤早期轉(zhuǎn)移及預(yù)后預(yù)測分子提供線索。
[1]Ruiz P,Günthert U.The cellular basis of metastasis[J].World J Urol,1996,14(3):141
[2]Liotta L A,Kohn E C.The microenvironment of the tumour-host interface[J].Nature,2001,411(6835):375
[3]Egeblad M,Littlepage L E,Werb Z.The fibroblastic coconspirator in cancer progression[J].Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol,2005,70:383
[4]Stanisavljevic J,Loubat-Casanovas J,Herrera M,et al.Snail1-expressing fibroblasts in the tumor microenvironment display mechanical properties that support metastasis[J].Cancer Res,2015,75(2):284
[5]Shimoda M,Principe S,Jackson H W,et al.Loss of the Timp gene family is sufficient for the acquisition of the CAF-like cell state[J]. Nat Cell Biol,2014,16(9):889
[6]Paland N,Kamer I,Kogan-Sakin I,et al.Differential influence of normal and cancer-associated fibroblasts on the growth of human epithelial cells in an in vitro cocultivation model of prostate cancer [J].Mol Cancer Res,2009,7(8):1212
[7]Wu M H,Hong H C,Hong T M,et al.Targeting galectin-1 in carcinoma-associated fibroblasts inhibits oral squamous cell carcinoma metastasis by downregulating MCP-1/CCL2 expression [J].Clin Cancer Res,2011,17(6):1306
[8]Zhang Y,Tang H,Cai J,et al.Ovarian cancer-associated fibroblasts contribute to epithelial ovarian carcinoma metastasis by promoting angiogenesis,lymphangiogenesis and tumor cell invasion[J].Cancer Lett,2011,303(1):47
[9]Cui L,Ohuchida K,Mizumoto K,et al.Prospectively isolated cancer-associated CD10(+)fibroblasts have stronger interactions with CD133(+)colon cancer cells than with CD133(-)cancer cells [J].PLoS One,2010,5(8):e12121
[10]Ikenaga N,Ohuchida K,Mizumoto K,et al.CD10+pancreatic stellate cells enhance the progression of pancreatic cancer[J]. Gastroenterology,2010,139(3):1041
[11]Henriksson M L,Edin S,Dahlin A M,et al.Colorectal cancer cells activate adjacent fibroblasts resulting in FGF1/FGFR3 signaling and increased invasion[J].Am J Pathol,2011,178(3):1387
[12]Lee K W,Yeo S Y,Sung C O,et al.Twist1 is a key regulator of cancer-associated fibroblasts[J].Cancer Res,2015,75(1):73
[13]Lu J,Ye X,F(xiàn)an F,et al.Endothelial cells promote the colorectal cancer stem cell phenotype through a soluble form of Jagged-1[J]. Cancer Cell,2013,23(2):171
[14]Ding X Y,Ding J,Wu K,et al.Cross-talk between endothelial cells and tumor via delta-like ligand 4/Notch/PTEN signaling inhibits lung cancer growth[J].Oncogene,2012,31(23):2899
[15]Galan-Moya E M,Le Guelte A,Lima Fernandes E,et al.Secreted factors from brain endothelial cells maintain glioblastoma stem-like cell expansion through the mTOR pathway[J].EMBO Rep,2011,12 (5):470
[16]Ricci-Vitiani L,Pallini R,Biffoni M,et al.Tumour vascularization via endothelial differentiation of glioblastoma stem-like cells[J]. Nature,2010,468(7325):824
[17]Wang R,Chadalavada K,Wilshire J,et al.Glioblastoma stem-like cells give rise to tumour endothelium[J].Nature,2010,468(7325): 829
[18]Radke I,Gotte M,Kersting C,et al.Expression and prognostic impact of the protein tyrosine phosphatases PRL-1,PRL-2,and PRL-3 in breast cancer[J].Br J Cancer,2006,95(3):347
[19]Mi Z,Bhattacharya S D,Kim V,et al.Osteopontin promotes CCL5-mesenchymal stromal cell mediated breast cancer metastasis[J]. Carcinogenesis,2011,32(4):477
[20]Karnoub A E,Dash A B,Vo A P,et al.Mesenchymal stem cells within tumour stroma promote breast cancer metastasis[J].Nature,2007,449(7162):557
[21]Peng Y,Li Z,Yang P,et al.Direct contacts with colon cancer cells regulate the differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells into tumor associated fibroblasts[J].Biochem Biophys Res Commun,2014,451(1):68
[22]Borsi E,Perrone G,Terragna C,et al.HIF-1α inhibition blocks the cross talk between multiple myeloma plasma cells and tumor microenvironment[J].Exp Cell Res,2014,328(2):444
[23]Nakagaki S,Arimura Y,Nagaishi K,et al.Contextual niche signals towards colorectal tumor progression by mesenchymal stem cell in the mouse xenograft model[J].J Gastroenterol,2015,50(9):962
[24]Sun B,Roh K H,Park J R,et al.Therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stromal cells in a mouse breast cancer metastasis model[J].Cytotherapy,2009,11(3):289
[25]Menck K,Klemm F.Induction and transport of Wnt5a during macrophage-induced malignant invasion is mediated by two types of extracellular vesicles[J].Oncotarget,2013,4(11):2057
[26]Rao G,Wang H,Li B,et al.Reciprocal interactions between tumorassociated macrophages and CD44-positive cancer cells via osteopontin/CD44 promote tumorigenicity in colorectal cancer[J]. Clin Cancer Res,2013,19(4):785
[27]Su S,Liu Q,Chen J,et al.A positive feedback loop between mesenchymal-like cancer cells and macrophages is essential to breast cancer metastasis[J].Cancer Cell,2014,25(5):605
[28]Chen J,Yao Y,Gong C,et al.CCL18 from tumor-associated macrophages promotes breast cancer metastasis via PITPNM3[J]. Cancer Cell,2011,19(4):541
[29]D’Esposito V,Passaretti F,Hammarstedt A,et al.Adipocytereleased insulin-like growth factor-1 is regulated by glucose and fatty acids and controls breast cancer cell growth in vitro[J]. Diabetologia,2012,55(10):2811
[30]Nieman K M,Kenny H A,Penicka C V,et al.Adipocytes promote ovarian cancer metastasis and provide energy for rapaid tumor growth[J].Nat Med,2011,17(11):1498
[31]Fujisaki K,F(xiàn)ujimoto H,?Sangai T,et al.Cancer-mediated adipose reversion promotes cancer cell migration via IL-6 and MCP-1[J]. Breast Cancer Res Treat,2015,150(2):255
[32]Onuma M,Bub J D,Rummel T L,et al.Prostate cancer celladipocyteinteraction:leptinmediatesandrogen-independent prostate cancer cell proliferation through c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase[J].J Biol Chem,2003,278(43):42660
[33]Baessler T,Krusch M,Schmiedel B J,et al.Glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor-related protein ligand subverts immunosurveillance of acute myeloid leukemia in humans[J]. Cancer Res,2009,69(3):1037
[34]Ribatti D,Crivellato E,Roccaro A M,et al.Mast cell contribution to angiogenesisrelatedtotumourprogression[J].ClinExpAllergy,2004,34(11):1660
(2015-03-25收稿)
R730.2
A
1006-8147(2015)05-0459-03
任宗娜(1989-),女,碩士在讀,研究方向:生物化學(xué)與分子生物學(xué);E-mail:zongnaren@163.com。
天津醫(yī)科大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)2015年5期