張秀安363000福建醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬漳州市醫(yī)院
維持性血液透析患者合并急性腦出血12例的臨床分析
張秀安
363000福建醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬漳州市醫(yī)院
目的:探討維持性血液透析患者合并急性腦出血的臨床表現(xiàn)及預(yù)后,并查找危險(xiǎn)因素。方法:收治維持性血液透析合并急性腦出血患者12例,回顧性分析其臨床表現(xiàn)及預(yù)后。結(jié)果:12例患者均為各種原因引起的慢性腎功能不全,需長(zhǎng)期維持血液透析的患者。臨床表現(xiàn):11例急性起病,1例亞急性起病。發(fā)現(xiàn)時(shí)平均血壓176/110mmHg,10例表現(xiàn)為頭痛,8例突發(fā)一側(cè)肢體偏癱,2例突發(fā)昏迷,1例精神癥狀,1例突發(fā)癲癇。頭顱CT出血部位:6例基底節(jié),2例丘腦,2例腦橋,1例腦室內(nèi),1例腦葉;9例合并明顯的皮層下動(dòng)脈硬化性腦病表現(xiàn)。臨床預(yù)后:3個(gè)月后隨訪,MRS評(píng)分:1分1例,2分1例,3分4例,6分6例。結(jié)論:維持性血液透析患者合并急性腦出血起病時(shí)血壓高,多合并皮層下動(dòng)脈硬化性腦病,臨床表現(xiàn)多樣,預(yù)后差。
血液透析;腦出血;預(yù)后
維持性血液透析患者臨床可出現(xiàn)各種神經(jīng)精神并發(fā)癥,如透析性腦病、急性腦梗死、急性腦出血、腦靜脈竇血栓、尿毒癥性腦病等。2010年1月-2015 年10月收治維持性血液透析合并急性腦出血患者12例,回顧性分析其臨床表現(xiàn)及預(yù)后,并探討其相關(guān)的危險(xiǎn)因素,現(xiàn)報(bào)告如下。
12例患者均為各種原因的慢性腎功能不全,需長(zhǎng)期維持血液透析,且均經(jīng)急診頭顱CT證實(shí)并合急性腦出血,其中男8例,女4例,年齡56~78歲,平均68歲。12例均有高血壓病史,發(fā)現(xiàn)時(shí)平均血壓176/110 mmHg(150~224/88~130 mmHg),8例有糖尿病史。
11例急性起病,1例亞急性起病(表現(xiàn)為進(jìn)行性加重精神癥狀)。10例表現(xiàn)為突發(fā)頭痛,8例出現(xiàn)突發(fā)一側(cè)肢體偏癱,2例出現(xiàn)突發(fā)昏迷,1例表現(xiàn)為精神癥狀,1例突發(fā)癲癇。頭顱CT出血部位:6例均出現(xiàn)基底節(jié),2例出現(xiàn)丘腦,2例腦橋,1例腦室內(nèi),1例腦葉;9例合并明顯皮層下動(dòng)脈硬化性腦病。臨床預(yù)后:3個(gè)月后隨訪,其中6例死亡,2例因腦橋出血死因,4例因出院后出血后合并癥死亡,MRS評(píng)分:1 分1例,2分1例,3分4例,6分6例。
急性腦出血是神經(jīng)科常見(jiàn)的急診,常見(jiàn)原因有高血壓、腦動(dòng)脈硬化、血管畸形、淀粉樣變等,國(guó)內(nèi)外已有較多的報(bào)道,而對(duì)于長(zhǎng)期維持性血液透析患者合并急性腦出血的報(bào)道國(guó)內(nèi)相對(duì)較少,我們報(bào)道了12例患者的臨床表現(xiàn)及預(yù)后,同時(shí)探討相關(guān)危險(xiǎn)因素。
長(zhǎng)期維持性血液透析患者合并急性腦出血的原因常為多種[1]:①長(zhǎng)期高血壓或糖尿病等動(dòng)脈硬化危險(xiǎn)因素導(dǎo)致血管硬化;②尿毒癥體內(nèi)毒素對(duì)腦微血管的毒性作用;③透析時(shí)肝素抗凝藥的影響;④透析時(shí)血流動(dòng)力學(xué)的不穩(wěn)定可能導(dǎo)致一過(guò)性的血壓升高等。在這組病例中,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)合并高血壓的比例高,出血時(shí)患者的血壓明顯升高,最高達(dá)224/ 130mmHg,這可能是導(dǎo)致腦出血的一個(gè)重要的危險(xiǎn)因素。同時(shí)我們也發(fā)現(xiàn)在這組患者中,頭顱CT合并皮層下動(dòng)脈硬化性腦病的血壓明顯高,這說(shuō)明這部分患者出血前已有明顯的小動(dòng)脈硬化,故臨床上對(duì)有皮層下動(dòng)脈硬化性腦病的維持性血液透析患者更應(yīng)注意血壓的管理及透析過(guò)程肝素的量及維持血流動(dòng)力學(xué)的穩(wěn)定,以防腦出血的發(fā)生。
我們的病例的預(yù)后明顯較一般腦出血差,3個(gè)月后有一半的患者死亡,其中只有2個(gè)是出血直接導(dǎo)致死亡,而另4個(gè)是并發(fā)癥導(dǎo)致死亡,這與文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道差不多[2,3],可能的原因:①說(shuō)明我們的患者由長(zhǎng)期腎功能不全及血液透析后導(dǎo)致全身各器官功能明顯減退,特別是腦功能減退,神經(jīng)功能不易恢復(fù),易出現(xiàn)各種并發(fā)癥,特別是感染。②患者腎功能不全,當(dāng)出現(xiàn)并發(fā)癥時(shí),應(yīng)限制很多治療性藥物的應(yīng)用。
維持性血液透析患者合并急性腦出血起病時(shí)血壓高,多合并皮層下動(dòng)脈硬化性腦病,臨床表現(xiàn)多樣,預(yù)后差。
[1] Watanabe A.Cerebral microbleeds and intracerebral hemorrhages in patients on maintenance hemodialysis[J].J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis,2007,16(1):30-33.
[2] Sakamoto N,Ishikawa E,Aoki K,etal.Clinical outcomes of intracerebral hemorrhage in hemodialysis patients[J].World Neurosurg, 2014,81(3-4):538-542.
[3] Shimoyama T,Kimura K,Shibazaki K,et al. Aintenance hemodialysis independently increases the risk of early death after acute intracerebral hemorrhage[J].Cerebrovasc Dis, 2013,36(1):47-54.
Clinicalanalysisof12 casesofmaintenance hemodialysispatientsw ith acute cerebralhemorrhage
Zhang Xiuan
Zhangzhou City HospitalAffiliated to Fujian MedicalUniversity 363000
Objective:To explore the clinical manifestations and prognosis of maintenance hemodialysis patients with acute cerebral hemorrhage,and find the risk factors.Methods:12 cases of maintenance hemodialysis patients with acute cerebral hemorrhage were selected.The clinicalmanifestation and prognosis were retrospectively analyzed.Results:12 patients were all chronic renal insufficiency patientswith long-term maintenance hemodialysis.The clinicalmanifestationswere that11 caseswere acute onset,1 casewas subacute onset.The average blood pressurewas176/110mmHg,10 cases had headache,8 cases had sudden one side limb paralysis,2 cases had sudden coma,1 case had psychiatric symptoms,1 case had paroxysmalepilepsy.The head CT bleeding siteswere that6 cases ofbasalganglia,and 2 cases of thalamus,2 cases ofpons,1 case of intraventricular,1 case of lobe,9 caseswith significant subcortical arteriosclerosis encephalopathymanifestation.The clinical prognosis:3months follow-up MRS scores were that 1 case of 1 point,1 case of 2 points,4 cases of 3 points,6 cases of 6 points.Conclusion:The maintenance hemodialysis patientswith acute cerebralhemorrhage have high blood pressure at the onset,andmany patients are combined with subcorticalarteriosclerosisencephalopathy,the clinicalmanifestationsare diversity,the prognosis ispoor.
Hemodialysis;Cerebralhemorrhage;Prognosis
10.3969/j.issn.1007-614x.2015.36.17