·綜述·
慢性完全閉塞性病變血運(yùn)重建后臨床獲益的影響因素
劉鑫王齊兵
(復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬中山醫(yī)院心內(nèi)科, 上海200032)
Factors Influencing on Clinical Benefit after Chronic Total Occlusion RevascularizationLIUXinWANGQibing
DepartmentofCardiology,ZhongshanHospital,FudanUniversity,Shanghai200032,China
慢性完全閉塞(chronic total occlusion,CTO)是指冠狀動脈在粥樣硬化的基礎(chǔ)上由于血栓形成、機(jī)化導(dǎo)致其管腔完全閉塞,且閉塞的病程超過3個月。CTO冠狀動脈造影靶血管前向血流消失,心肌梗死溶栓治療臨床試驗(yàn)(TIMI)分級為0級或1級,0級為絕對性CTO,1級為功能性CTO[1]。國外有文獻(xiàn)[2]報道,CTO在冠心病患者中的發(fā)生率約為18.4%;64%CTO的患者選擇藥物治療,26%選擇冠狀動脈旁路移植術(shù)(CABG),10%選擇冠狀動脈介入術(shù)(PCI)。研究[3-6]證實(shí),CTO病變開通后可以帶來多項(xiàng)臨床獲益,包括患者左心室功能、生命質(zhì)量(SAQ量表)、心絞痛等改善,生存率提高,但心肌活性、缺血程度、側(cè)枝循環(huán)等因素可影響CTO血運(yùn)重建的獲益率。選擇獲益率較高的患者群進(jìn)行CTO血運(yùn)重建治療可降低醫(yī)療費(fèi)用、減少并發(fā)癥,進(jìn)而提高獲益率。
1影響CTO血運(yùn)重建治療獲益率的因素
1.1心肌活性多項(xiàng)研究[5,7-10]表明,CTO病變開通后左室射血分?jǐn)?shù)(LVEF)提高,并且提高程度隨著心肌活性的下降而下降,CTO病變血管支配區(qū)域無陳舊性心肌梗死但存在左心室功能減退的患者LVEF提高更明顯。研究[10]表明,CTO血運(yùn)重建后LVEF的改善與MRI強(qiáng)化透壁梗死范圍(transmural extent of infarction,TEI)的基線值相關(guān);TEI<25%時,CTO-PCI后病變局部室壁厚度(segmental wall thickeness,SWT)增加、心肌節(jié)段收縮功能明顯改善;TEI >75%時,PCI后SWT、心肌節(jié)段收縮功能改善不明顯;TEI 為25%~75%時,收縮功能改善率較小。而另有研究[5, 11]綜合應(yīng)用MRI中的多項(xiàng)指標(biāo)如TEI、SWT、多巴酚丁胺負(fù)荷MRI等評估心肌活性,并選擇適于進(jìn)行CTO-PCI的患者,發(fā)現(xiàn)術(shù)后左心室功能的改善率提高。MRI多項(xiàng)指標(biāo)聯(lián)合應(yīng)用在TEI 為25%~75%患者的心肌活性評估中顯得尤為重要。但一項(xiàng)小樣本研究[12]表明,即使CTO病變支配區(qū)域缺乏活性心肌,CTO血運(yùn)重建治療仍可帶來臨床獲益,CTO-PCI治療可輕度提高LVEF,減小左心室舒張末期容積??傊募』钚詫τ贑TO血運(yùn)重建治療后的獲益十分重要,存活心肌的數(shù)量與臨床獲益相關(guān)。當(dāng)CTO病變血管支配區(qū)域存活心肌范圍較大時,應(yīng)更加積極地進(jìn)行血運(yùn)重建治療。
1.2心肌缺血程度心肌缺血程度與心肌活性緊密相關(guān)。一般存在心絞痛等臨床癥狀及運(yùn)動試驗(yàn)陽性常提示心肌缺血,同時提示缺血局部存在活性心肌,這是因?yàn)樾募〈婊钍切募∪毖那疤幔瑹o臨床癥狀可能意味著心肌已完全壞死,而心肌梗死后的瘢痕組織不會引起心絞痛等癥狀。不合并其他冠狀動脈狹窄的單支冠狀動脈CTO者,可由臨床癥狀及運(yùn)動試驗(yàn)來推斷心肌缺血程度。但若患者存在其他冠狀動脈病變時,則不能確定臨床癥狀是由哪支病變血管引起的,不能僅根據(jù)臨床癥狀的輕重來判斷心肌活性及心肌缺血程度,行經(jīng)冠狀動脈介入治療(PCI)前需行核素灌注掃描、負(fù)荷超聲心動圖、心臟MRI等檢查,以進(jìn)一步明確CTO病變血管支配區(qū)域的心肌缺血程度。目前常用靜息和負(fù)荷時的心肌灌注程度來評估心肌缺血程度,無灌注缺陷提示不存在心肌缺血,可逆性灌注缺陷提示存在心肌缺血,而不可逆的灌注缺損常提示存在瘢痕組織[13]。值得注意的是,如急性心肌梗死后再灌注治療較晚,導(dǎo)致心肌完全壞死,核素灌注顯像等檢查可能正常,但增強(qiáng)心臟MRI檢查不能發(fā)現(xiàn)存活心肌[5]時,此時行CTO血運(yùn)重建治療的臨床獲益可能不大。一項(xiàng)研究[14]對成功實(shí)施前降支PCI的CTO患者按照術(shù)前核素顯像的結(jié)果進(jìn)行分層分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)不論是可逆性灌注缺陷還是不可逆性灌注缺陷,術(shù)后1年均有明顯臨床獲益,其中可逆性灌注缺陷組的獲益更大,而術(shù)前無灌注缺陷的患者未發(fā)現(xiàn)臨床獲益。另一項(xiàng)研究[15]納入301例行CTO-PCI的患者,分別于術(shù)前和術(shù)后(12±3)個月行靜息/負(fù)荷心肌灌注顯像,評估心肌缺血程度,將缺血心肌百分比下降5%定義為有意義的臨床獲益,發(fā)現(xiàn)缺血心肌百分比超過12.5%的患者術(shù)后缺血心肌百分比下降較明顯,而缺血心肌百分比小于6.5%的患者術(shù)后缺血心肌百分比則可能增加。另一項(xiàng)冠狀動脈核素顯像研究[16]也提示,中重度的心肌缺血(缺血心肌百分比>10%)能從CTO血運(yùn)重建治療(CTO-PCI或CABG)中獲益,患者生存率提高。因此,冠狀動脈CTO患者行CTO-PCI前檢查心肌缺血程度是必要的,心肌缺血百分比>10%可作為是否有臨床獲益可能的切點(diǎn)。
1.3臨床癥狀研究[2]表明,約50%的CTO患者有急性冠狀動脈綜合征的臨床表現(xiàn),其中呼吸困難比胸痛更常見、更特異;13%的患者無癥狀或僅有輕微臨床癥狀(加拿大心血管學(xué)會勞力型心絞痛分級0或1級);>50%的患者左心室功能正常,17%的患者有嚴(yán)重的左心室功能減退。研究[17]發(fā)現(xiàn),有臨床癥狀的CTO患者中CTO-PCI成功組的心絞痛發(fā)作頻率、活動耐力、生命質(zhì)量比CTO-PCI失敗組改善明顯;而在無臨床癥狀的CTO患者中,CTO-PCI成功與否和心絞痛發(fā)作頻率、活動耐力、生命質(zhì)量無明顯相關(guān)性。但該項(xiàng)研究中治療失敗組的抗心絞痛藥物應(yīng)用量低于治療成功組,這可能影響試驗(yàn)結(jié)果的準(zhǔn)確性。對于無臨床癥狀或臨床癥狀輕微的冠狀動脈CTO患者的臨床獲益尚需進(jìn)一步的研究。對于無明顯臨床癥狀的CTO患者,心肌梗死、心源性死亡、靶血管再次血運(yùn)重建等指標(biāo)或許能更客觀地評價CTO-PCI的臨床獲益。因此,對于臨床癥狀較明顯的CTO患者,應(yīng)更積極地進(jìn)行CTO血運(yùn)重建治療;而對于無臨床癥狀的CTO患者,是否行PCI治療應(yīng)參考心肌活性、心肌缺血程度等指標(biāo)。
1.4側(cè)枝循環(huán)側(cè)枝循環(huán)的形成是機(jī)體對CTO病變的代償性改變。在存在明顯血流動力學(xué)改變的動脈粥樣硬化病變患者中,約有35%可以形成良好的側(cè)枝循環(huán)[18-19]。側(cè)枝循環(huán)的形成與多種因素有關(guān),如C1q/TNF相關(guān)蛋白、血清趨化因子、炎性反應(yīng)等都可能影響側(cè)枝循環(huán)的形成[20]。但是,側(cè)枝循環(huán)的形成不能為CTO病變血管支配區(qū)域心肌提供足夠的血供,易出現(xiàn)心肌缺血[21-22]。有研究[7]表明,良好的側(cè)枝循環(huán)與相應(yīng)區(qū)域的心肌活性無相關(guān)性,而良好的微循環(huán)對于心肌活性的作用可能更大;但由于微血管的管徑較小,冠狀動脈造影常不能顯示。研究[22]對CTO患者行血流儲備分?jǐn)?shù)(fractional flow reserve,FFR)檢查,結(jié)果表明,病變相應(yīng)區(qū)域不論是否存在廣泛的側(cè)枝循環(huán)、CTO病變位置如何、無創(chuàng)檢查結(jié)果是否陽性,大多存在明顯的血流動力學(xué)改變及心肌缺血,良好的側(cè)枝循環(huán)不能為心肌提供足夠的血供。良好的側(cè)枝循環(huán)還可能增加心血管不良事件的風(fēng)險,比如發(fā)生急性心肌梗死時,常出現(xiàn)更大面積的梗死和更高水平的心肌酶升高,從而更易導(dǎo)致心源性休克[23]。因此,不能依據(jù)是否存在良好的側(cè)枝循環(huán)來決定是否行CTO血運(yùn)重建治療,但較好的側(cè)枝血管為PCI中逆向?qū)б摻z技術(shù)提供了可能,提高了CTO-PCI的成功率。
1.5CTO病變位置研究[2]表明,約47%的CTO位于右冠狀動脈,20%位于前降支,16%位于左旋支,有17%的患者CTO病變出現(xiàn)在多支冠狀動脈;多數(shù)CTO病變位于冠狀動脈的近端或中段。有兩項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)CTO病變位置與患者預(yù)后有關(guān)。一項(xiàng)研究[24]納入2 608例行CTO-PCI治療的患者,隨訪5年,發(fā)現(xiàn)只有前降支CTO病變患者中CTO-PCI成功組生存率比失敗組高,而右冠狀動脈及左旋支CTO病變患者中兩組生存率差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。另一項(xiàng)研究[25]納入1 734例患者,發(fā)現(xiàn)前降支和左旋支CTO病變患者中CTO-PCI成功組生存率均高于失敗組,而右冠狀動脈CTO病變患者中兩組生存率差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。產(chǎn)生上述差異的可能原因有:(1)前降支CTO病變可以引起心臟自主神經(jīng)紊亂,而自主神經(jīng)紊亂如副交感神經(jīng)活性增強(qiáng)可增加室性心律失常的發(fā)生率,而開通前降支CTO血管后可以改善心臟自主神經(jīng)功能并減少室速、室顫等嚴(yán)重心律失常的發(fā)生,進(jìn)而提高患者生存率[26];(2)前降支血管支配心肌范圍較廣,對心臟功能的影響更大。
1.6心肌梗死在ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)患者中,約10%合并非梗死血管的CTO病變,此類患者常存在多支冠狀動脈病變。非梗死血管的CTO病變常與STEMI患者的不良預(yù)后相關(guān);且伴非梗死血管CTO病變者常伴更多的合并癥、心血管危險因素,心肌酶及心肌壞死程度也高于不合并CTO病變的患者。在TAPAS和HORIZONS-AMI試驗(yàn)的子研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),合并非梗死血管CTO病變的STEMI患者ST段回落程度、心肌灌注顯像、治療后梗死相關(guān)血管的TIMI血流分級均明顯差于不合并CTO病變的患者[27-29]。在非ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者中也有類似的報道[30]。雖然已有研究[31-34]證明,完全性血運(yùn)重建治療較不完全性血運(yùn)重建能更好地提高患者的生存率、改善其臨床癥狀,但是,CTO-PCI治療的難度較大、手術(shù)時間較長,在急性心肌梗死患者中直接PCI對非梗死相關(guān)血管CTO病變行血運(yùn)重建治療能否帶來臨床獲益,以及對該類患者是選擇PCI治療還是CABG治療,目前尚無定論。
1.7冠狀動脈多支病變CTO常出現(xiàn)在有多支冠狀動脈病變的患者中,而CTO-PCI的臨床獲益可能與患者病變血管數(shù)量及病變程度相關(guān)。有研究[9, 35-36]表明,只有1處CTO病變的單支血管病變患者的病死率低,而病死率與CTO-PCI的成功與否無關(guān);CTO合并冠狀動脈多支病變的患者中,CTO-PCI成功組的生存率明顯高于失敗組。也有研究[37]表明,對于CTO合并冠狀動脈多支病變的患者,完全血運(yùn)重建治療可以提高生存率;僅1支CTO病變血管且未開通的患者的病死率沒有增加;而1支非CTO病變血管未治療的患者或2支血管(不論其是否為CTO病變)未治療的患者,其病死率均增加。研究[38-39]表明,在行左主干病變PCI治療的患者中,合并右冠狀動脈CTO病變者的長期預(yù)后明顯差于右冠狀動脈正?;蛴夜跔顒用}非CTO病變的患者;并且,在合并左主干非CTO病變的患者中,右冠狀動脈CTO-PCI成功組的病死率低于失敗組或未治療組。這些研究提示,CTO合并存在其他需要血運(yùn)重建治療的冠脈血管時,CTO病變血管的血運(yùn)重建可進(jìn)一步提高臨床獲益。因此,當(dāng)合并有多支血管病變時,尤其對于合并有左主干病變的右冠狀動脈CTO病變,可優(yōu)先處理CTO病變,后期再處理非CTO病變,以進(jìn)一步提高臨床獲益,降低PCI手術(shù)風(fēng)險,這也是臨床上常用的PCI治療策略。
2CTO病變治療方案的選擇
目前,CTO病變患者中,約64%選擇藥物治療,26%選擇CABG,10%選擇PCI治療。雖然目前多項(xiàng)臨床研究證實(shí)CTO病變開通后可以帶來左心室功能、生命質(zhì)量(SAQ量表)、心絞痛改善及生存率提高等多項(xiàng)臨床獲益,但由于這些研究為回顧性研究,并且大多未提供患者詳細(xì)的藥物治療情況,且進(jìn)行藥物治療者未采用最佳治療方案和藥物劑量,所以,CTO病變的血運(yùn)重建治療相對于最佳藥物治療的獲益尚存在爭議。而CABG、CTO-PCI技術(shù)要求較高,費(fèi)用高,且存在一定風(fēng)險。因此,對于CTO病變,目前多數(shù)患者選擇藥物治療。
CABG和PCI均可以改善CTO患者的臨床預(yù)后,但研究[40-41]顯示,CABG比CTO-PCI的成功率略高,尤其是在心臟外科與介入治療狹窄冠狀動脈研究評分(SYNTAX評分)、日本CTO病變多中心注冊研究評分(J-CTO評分)為中重度病變的患者中。另有研究[4,35,42]表明,CABG術(shù)后的靶血管再次血運(yùn)重建治療(target vessel revascularization,TVR)不良事件發(fā)生率低于CTO-PCI術(shù)后。因此多項(xiàng)臨床指南對于復(fù)雜血管病變、多支血管病變、左主干冠狀動脈病變等仍優(yōu)先推薦CABG治療[43]。但是,近年來隨著CTO專用導(dǎo)管、導(dǎo)絲的出現(xiàn),逆向?qū)б摻z技術(shù)的應(yīng)用以及術(shù)者技術(shù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)的提升,CTO-PCI的成功率也明顯提高。
3小結(jié)
多項(xiàng)因素可影響CTO病變經(jīng)血運(yùn)重建治療的獲益率,這些因素包括心肌活性、心肌缺血程度、臨床癥狀、側(cè)枝循環(huán)、病變位置、是否合并冠狀動脈多支病變、是否合并心肌梗死等。對于CTO病變,是選擇最佳藥物治療還是血運(yùn)重建治療,目前仍無定論。在選擇CTO治療方案時需綜合評估上述影響因素,并選擇血運(yùn)重建獲益率較高的患者行CTO血運(yùn)重建治療。當(dāng)決定行血運(yùn)重建治療時,需進(jìn)一步根據(jù)病變復(fù)雜程度、SYNTAX評分、J-CTO評分、患者全身情況等決定選擇CABG還是CTO-PCI。
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中圖分類號R541.4
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼A
通訊作者王齊兵,E-mail:wang.qibing@zs-hospital.sh.cn