李瑋璟
(暨南大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院胎兒醫(yī)學(xué)科,廣州 510630)
早孕期聯(lián)合篩查標(biāo)記物的臨床價值
李瑋璟
(暨南大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院胎兒醫(yī)學(xué)科,廣州 510630)
隨著醫(yī)學(xué)和超聲技術(shù)的進(jìn)步,早孕期篩查已被國際公認(rèn)為合理有效的染色體異常和早期胎兒結(jié)構(gòu)異常的有效篩查方法。隨著早孕期篩查技術(shù)的逐步完善,越來越多的早孕期篩查標(biāo)記物被發(fā)現(xiàn)和廣泛應(yīng)用。“倒金字塔”[1]的概念被逐漸應(yīng)用于臨床并取得較好的臨床效果。
20世紀(jì)90年代初研究發(fā)現(xiàn),唐氏兒早孕期頸后皮膚透明層(nuchal translucency,NT)較正常胎兒增厚,NT作為篩查唐氏有效標(biāo)記(篩查率71%)被引起重視[2]。進(jìn)一步研究發(fā)現(xiàn)21、18、13三體妊娠NT厚度分別為3 mm、4 mm、5 mm和>6 mm時,篩出率分別是以母親年齡為指征的3倍、18倍、28倍和36倍。45,XO和三倍體篩出率分別是9倍和8倍[3]。同時研究發(fā)現(xiàn)唐氏綜合征妊娠母親血清HCG升高、 PA P P-A降低[4-6]。1995年一項RADIUS研究[7]發(fā)現(xiàn)沒有經(jīng)過NT測量培訓(xùn)的人員和沒有系統(tǒng)嚴(yán)格審核會導(dǎo)致錯誤結(jié)論進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致健康胎兒被無辜引產(chǎn)。因此,慈善機(jī)構(gòu)英國胎兒醫(yī)學(xué)基金會(Fetal Medicine Foundation,F(xiàn)MF)經(jīng)過長時間努力,逐步建立了完善可行的早孕期聯(lián)合篩查(母親血清學(xué)+母親年齡+NT)培訓(xùn)體系以對這種有效的篩查方法提供支持和審核。FMF提供免費早孕期聯(lián)合篩查培訓(xùn)課程,并對通過理論和實踐操作考試人員頒發(fā)證書并開發(fā)早孕期聯(lián)合篩查風(fēng)險計算軟件提供給篩查人員用于計算早孕期21、18、13三體風(fēng)險值。篩查風(fēng)險計算軟件的提供使得計算染色體異常風(fēng)險時可以把不同的影響因素綜合加以分析并得以量化,最大的益處在于高風(fēng)險人群如母親高齡或NT增大等單因素經(jīng)過風(fēng)險篩查軟件的計算仍有可能回歸低風(fēng)險人群進(jìn)而顯著降低侵入性檢查率或經(jīng)過進(jìn)一步檢查而診斷為正常胎兒被保留下來,避免由于這些單因素如NT增大而被主觀判定高風(fēng)險終止妊娠案例的發(fā)生。經(jīng)過培訓(xùn)的人員NT+母親年齡篩查染色體異常篩出率為85%,假陽性5%。因此早孕期11~13+6周聯(lián)合篩查即母親年齡+胎兒NT+母親血清學(xué)(HCG+ PA P P-A),以其相對準(zhǔn)確的篩出率(89%,假陽性率5%)[8,9]而被全世界接受并作為唐氏綜合征篩查標(biāo)準(zhǔn)加以使用,而20世紀(jì)80年代廣泛使用的中孕期母親血清學(xué)篩查方法逐步轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)樵袐D錯失早孕期聯(lián)合篩查后的補充。隨后,鼻骨缺如、三尖瓣反流、臍靜脈導(dǎo)管血流阻力等超聲標(biāo)記物因其對染色體異常篩查特異性也被用于早孕期聯(lián)合篩查以提高三體的篩出率,其對唐氏篩查特異性分別為57.1%、65.1%和66.4%[10-12]。這些標(biāo)記物與聯(lián)合篩查結(jié)合把唐氏綜合征篩出率提高到93.8%,假陽性率4.84%[13]。最近更有研究表明[14,15],NT是篩查21、18、13三體和45,XO最敏感的標(biāo)記物,而NB和TR是三體篩查最特異性的標(biāo)記物但敏感性不高。如果不考慮母親血清學(xué)因素影響,NT+TR是最敏感的三體雙連超聲標(biāo)記物(78.57%)。丹麥全國范圍一項研究[16]表明,應(yīng)用FMF指定的早孕期風(fēng)險篩查軟件Astraia對357 675次妊娠進(jìn)行8~13+6周早孕期聯(lián)合篩查并計算風(fēng)險,發(fā)現(xiàn)NT+ PA P P-A可以篩出更多比較少見的染色體三體異常和染色體嵌合體異常,如9、8三體。這項研究證明早孕期聯(lián)合篩查方法可以提前至妊娠8周,進(jìn)而可以檢出更多即將流產(chǎn)的染色體三體異常胎兒。這對于那些不明原因流產(chǎn)病例病因的檢查無疑是一大進(jìn)步[16,17]。
過去30年生育年齡提高和輔助生育技術(shù)廣泛應(yīng)用直接導(dǎo)致染色體異常、高風(fēng)險多胎妊娠數(shù)量增加。與單胎妊娠相比,多胎妊娠產(chǎn)前診斷相對困難。首先,中孕期母親血清學(xué)篩查方法不適用于多胎妊娠[18];其次,侵入性產(chǎn)前診斷結(jié)果有時不確定或者導(dǎo)致流產(chǎn)風(fēng)險增高;第三,雙胎之一生長發(fā)育異常導(dǎo)致后續(xù)管理和治療困難增加,比如減胎。眾所周知,雙胎妊娠16周后減胎風(fēng)險明顯高于16周前[19]。因此,早孕期聯(lián)合篩查成為最適用的多胎妊娠產(chǎn)前染色體異常甚至是結(jié)構(gòu)異常的主要方法,同時應(yīng)用FMF提供的風(fēng)險計算軟件可分別計算每個胎兒風(fēng)險值,如果風(fēng)險高于1/50,則應(yīng)進(jìn)行絨毛穿刺確定核型,否則可以等待至16周后進(jìn)行羊水穿刺明確核型[20]。隨著對復(fù)雜雙胎妊娠研究[21-23]深入,單絨雙胎NT差異>0.6 mm、頭臀徑長度差別>10 mm以及DV PIV差別成為預(yù)測雙胎輸血綜合征和選擇性宮內(nèi)生長受限的敏感有效的超聲軟指標(biāo)。
NT增大與胎兒心臟畸形密切相關(guān)理論早在1999年就被研究證實[24]。隨著早孕期掃描培訓(xùn)規(guī)范化和審核標(biāo)準(zhǔn)嚴(yán)格化和程序化,經(jīng)過培訓(xùn)的人員對早孕期心臟掃描成功率逐步提高,早孕期心臟畸形篩出率也逐步提高[25],如果以NT、DV和TR為胎兒心臟畸形標(biāo)記物,當(dāng)NT超過3.5 mm或DV a波倒置或TR時,心臟畸形檢出率分別是42.9%、39.2%和28.6%。約64.3%心臟畸形病例存在三項標(biāo)記物中任意一項以上,提示3項標(biāo)記物篩查先天性心臟病有很高的敏感性和特異性[25、26]。除NT、TR、DV等心臟畸形標(biāo)記物外,早孕期觀察胎兒鼻后三角(retronasal triangle,RNT)可以篩查胎兒腭裂[27],RNT篩查胎兒腭裂敏感性為87.5%,特異性99.9%。早孕期胎兒顱內(nèi)透明層(intracranial translucency,IT)篩查可以提高開放性脊柱裂篩出率[28]。一項包含16 164例胎兒數(shù)據(jù)研究表明,早孕期以IT為標(biāo)記物篩查開放性脊柱裂檢出率為100%[29]。其他以NT增大等超聲標(biāo)記物對早孕期胎兒結(jié)構(gòu)畸形篩查研究也在不斷揭示早孕期聯(lián)合篩查的重要性。如NT值大于95百分點時,先天性腦積水、肺發(fā)育不良、小腸狹窄或閉鎖、軟骨發(fā)育不良以及膈疝發(fā)生率增加3倍以上[30]。系列研究表明,以NT為主的早孕期超聲標(biāo)記物篩查不僅是染色體異常篩查重要和主要手段,也是胎兒結(jié)構(gòu)異常篩查重要標(biāo)記物,同時早孕期診斷胎兒結(jié)構(gòu)異常有助于發(fā)現(xiàn)染色體結(jié)構(gòu)異常[31]。一項對過去10年發(fā)表的與早孕期胎兒畸形篩查相關(guān)的1203篇文章回顧性綜合分析研究總結(jié)[32]發(fā)現(xiàn)78 002次早孕期篩查,957例胎兒畸形早孕期診斷472例,診斷率51%。檢出率最高為頸部異常92%,肢體、面部和泌尿生殖道畸形檢出率最低(34%),心臟畸形檢出率為53%。多發(fā)畸形檢出率(60%)特異性高于單發(fā)畸形檢出率(40%),陰道和腹部超聲聯(lián)合檢查優(yōu)于單純經(jīng)腹或經(jīng)陰道檢查,高危人群檢出率明顯高于正常人群。
綜上所述,NT等早孕期聯(lián)合篩查標(biāo)記物是染色體異常、胎兒結(jié)構(gòu)異常、基因綜合征以及流產(chǎn)和胎死宮內(nèi)高風(fēng)險的主要標(biāo)記物。發(fā)現(xiàn)這些標(biāo)記物后,孕婦應(yīng)被轉(zhuǎn)送至胎兒醫(yī)學(xué)??撇?yīng)用風(fēng)險評估軟件進(jìn)行詳細(xì)風(fēng)險評估和咨詢,進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步關(guān)于核型和微陣列aCGH檢測,進(jìn)行詳細(xì)的針對胎兒心臟和與標(biāo)記物相關(guān)的結(jié)構(gòu)異常的早孕期和中孕期篩查。對于后續(xù)檢查未發(fā)現(xiàn)異常的標(biāo)記物陽性的胎兒預(yù)后是非常樂觀的[33]。但是盡管隨著早孕期標(biāo)記物逐漸被認(rèn)識和超聲機(jī)器分辨率提高,超過50%的胎兒畸形可以在14周前診斷。但早孕期篩查胎兒結(jié)構(gòu)假陽性率較高(3%~4%)[34],尤其對于心臟畸形胎兒,應(yīng)在15周后進(jìn)行復(fù)查。同時應(yīng)告知孕婦胎兒結(jié)構(gòu)異??赡芾^續(xù)加重但也可能隨著妊娠而出現(xiàn)改善。因此,無論高危還是低危孕婦,都應(yīng)進(jìn)行規(guī)范的早孕期聯(lián)合篩查和詳細(xì)的胎兒結(jié)構(gòu)掃查,尤其對于肥胖婦女,中孕期或多胎妊娠時難以清楚觀察胎兒,而早孕期經(jīng)腹和經(jīng)陰道聯(lián)合檢查是觀察此類孕婦胎兒結(jié)構(gòu)的最佳時期和方法。
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R714.53
A
2015-04-12)
編輯:孫琦
10.13470/j.cnki.cjpd.2015.02.002