文/五花肉

將一千首歌曲裝進(jìn)口袋（續(xù)）
——從奢侈品到生活必需品

1000 Songs in Your Pocket(Continue) —Fom Luxuries to Necessities

文/五花肉

二十世紀(jì)六七十年代，隨著卡式磁帶和立體聲錄放設(shè)備的普及，音樂從奢侈品變成了千家萬戶的生活必需品。

In the 1960s or 1970s , with the popularity of stereo cassette recorders, music has become daily necessities instead of precious luxuries.

與時(shí)鐘賽跑Race with Clock

手搖圓筒留聲機(jī)問世近半個(gè)世紀(jì)后，得益于廣播和無線電報(bào)技術(shù)的進(jìn)步，電氣傳聲器和功率放大器等設(shè)備的發(fā)明終于為人類開啟了電聲錄音時(shí)代1注：1馬克斯菲爾德和哈里斯于1926年發(fā)布《高品質(zhì)錄音和復(fù)制音樂與人聲的方法之研究》論文，導(dǎo)致錄音技術(shù)在一夜之間發(fā)生大變革。。雖然不斷提升的錄音頻率上限尚不足以實(shí)現(xiàn)高保真效果，但參與錄音的樂隊(duì)卻從此能在更為寬松的環(huán)境下自如演奏，交響曲和大型管弦樂曲的錄音因此大量涌現(xiàn)。

In the following 50 years after the invention of gramophone ,thanks to the development of broadcast, the invention of electric microphone and power amplifier launched a new era of electroacoustical recording.Though the rising maximum audio frequency was far from high-fidelity(hi-fi) effect, the orchestra on site could perform more easily so that the records of symphonic music and orchestral music were mass-produced at that time.

電聲錄音使唱片留聲機(jī)的發(fā)展有了質(zhì)的飛躍，催生了更規(guī)范的錄音操作程序，甚至還引發(fā)圍繞錄音系統(tǒng)的專利戰(zhàn)?？上У氖牵捎诋?dāng)時(shí)主流的12英寸78轉(zhuǎn)唱片錄音時(shí)間不足5分鐘，人們只得對(duì)音樂進(jìn)行傷筋動(dòng)骨的刪改和壓縮，以致當(dāng)時(shí)唱片音樂的速度，比今天演出時(shí)的速度要快出許多。

Electroacoustical recording technology greatly boosted the gramophone development; launched the standardized recording process; and even triggered the patent war.Unfortunately, the major 12-inch-diameter and 78-turn-per minute standard record could record not more than 5 minutes so people had to reduce the music performance and the rhythm of music in records at that time was much faster than the current.

輕旋慢轉(zhuǎn)舞翩躚Dance Tippingly to the

Rhythm

美國的唱片復(fù)制機(jī)

開盤機(jī)REVOX

與時(shí)鐘賽跑的緊張局面，直到20世紀(jì)40年代末，才隨著慢轉(zhuǎn)密紋唱片（LP）的問世和普及得到改變。借助乙烯基塑料代替蟲膠，人們克服了聲音儲(chǔ)存時(shí)間太短的技術(shù)局限，每分鐘33.3轉(zhuǎn)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)唱片大幅提升了聲音的動(dòng)態(tài)范圍和保真度，單面錄音時(shí)長也達(dá)到20多分鐘。

The status of race with clock was ended in the late 1940s after the Long Play (LP)records became popular.People substituted vinyl plastic records for shellac ones and greatly extended the time-span.The 33.3-turn-per minute standard LP records remarkably improved the dynamic range and fidelity; and singleside time-span was extended to more than 20 minutes.雖然人們?nèi)耘f無法對(duì)原始錄音進(jìn)行任何修改和編輯，演奏家們甚至還要忍受因錄音時(shí)間、音質(zhì)和保真度大幅提升所帶來的壓力和困擾，但慢轉(zhuǎn)唱片的普及卻使人類音樂音響儲(chǔ)藏庫中的藏品得到了極大豐富。

Although people were unable to edit the record content and artists had to adapt the pressure of longer time-span and higher fidelity, the popularity of LP records greatly enriched the musical collection.

飛入尋常百姓家Fly into Ordinary Homes

也許普爾森從未想見，在鋼絲錄音機(jī)發(fā)明60余年后，袖珍磁帶盒竟能使磁帶錄音機(jī)成為家庭里的尋常用品，并在全世界掀起了波瀾壯闊的小型化浪潮——從既大且貴的早期卷軸錄音機(jī)，到厚重如教科書的TC－D5，再到隨身攜帶的Walkman，這款新式聲音存儲(chǔ)媒介在短短40年間，便因其廉價(jià)和反復(fù)使用的特性而紅遍全球。

舒爾在上世紀(jì)30年代推出的高性能麥克風(fēng)

Valdemar Poulsen might not imagine the popularity of mini-sized record tapes in the following 60 years after the invention of wire recorder.The miniaturization was thriving in the world from reel tape recorder and bulky TC-D5 recorder to SONY Walkman.Thanks to the mini size; lower cost and reusability, Walkman became popular in the globe in the following 40 years.雖然磁帶的壽命遠(yuǎn)不及留聲機(jī)唱片，但磁帶錄音所具有的編輯修改技術(shù)卻極大影響了錄音技術(shù)和演奏實(shí)踐，由此衍生出的多軌錄制方式更催生了立體聲和多聲道錄音技術(shù)，而盒式錄音帶專利許可的無償提供，則助其實(shí)現(xiàn)了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化，贏得了巨大的商業(yè)成功。

Although the audio tapes are less durable than traditional records, audio tapes enable people to edit the record content, which greatly influenced recording technology and musical performance; and triggered the development of multi-track recording technology ; stereo and multichannel record.Free patent boosted standardization and huge business success of audio From recording cylinder to records and tapes, in the following 100 years after the invention of gramophone, although the recording technology was thriving, the problems of vulnerability and low fidelity in music media remained unsolved.

“高保真”盛宴Hi-Fi Feast

從錄音圓筒到唱片再到磁帶，留聲機(jī)誕生后的近一百年間，盡管在技術(shù)上推陳出新，但人們卻始終面臨著記錄介質(zhì)耗損及聲音還原度不盡人意的問題。

索尼的世界第一臺(tái)CD播放機(jī)CDP-101

這些困擾最終由飛利浦公司解決，它制定了通過數(shù)字編碼把音樂變成二進(jìn)制數(shù)碼存儲(chǔ)于光盤，再轉(zhuǎn)換為模擬信號(hào)還原成音樂的技術(shù)方案。一款大小為12cm、錄音時(shí)長能夠完整播放《第九交響曲》的小音碟（CD）誕生了。隨后飛利浦與索尼公司的合作又使“CD－DA”成為國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。The problems were eventually solved by Philips Corp's solution, which transferred music into digital code; stored the code on a disc; and recovered the digital code to analog music content.A compact disc with 12cm- diameter can store the whole "the Ninth Symphony" by Ludwig van Beethoven.Then the CD specification developed by Philips and SONY became the international standard.

可以說CD光盤的出現(xiàn)，在音樂產(chǎn)業(yè)引導(dǎo)了一場(chǎng)技術(shù)革命，其出眾的音質(zhì)及耐損性，標(biāo)志著數(shù)碼音樂時(shí)代的開啟。隨后，伴隨著音質(zhì)的飛躍、容量的增大及體積的縮小，MD、VCD等數(shù)字載體也持續(xù)更新，最終DVD成為這場(chǎng)“高保真”盛宴的最后一位客人。

The invention of CD launched a technical revolution in musical industry.Thanks to the endurance and high fidelity, CD launched a new era of digital music.With the rise in fidelity; increasing in volume and miniaturization in size, such media as Mini Disc(MD) and Video CD(VCD) were invented and DVD was the peak of this hi-fi feast.

將一千首歌裝進(jìn)口袋1000 Songs in Your Pocket

目前最常見的數(shù)字音視頻標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是ISO/IEC 11172，該標(biāo)準(zhǔn)將音視頻格式分為MPEG－1、MPEG－2和MPEG－4三種規(guī)格。常見的MP3格式指的是MPEG－1中的第3層音頻壓縮模式，該模式可以將一張CD唱片的音頻文件壓縮成原先大小的十分之一甚至更小。

The popular audio and video standard is ISO/IEC 11172, which divides audio and video signal into three layout, MPEG-1;MPEG-2 and MPEG-4.The MP3 is the third layer of MPEG-1, which can compress a CD into its 10％ volume and even smaller.

各類大容量的MP3格式音樂播放器應(yīng)運(yùn)而生，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)了“將一千首歌曲裝進(jìn)口袋”的夢(mèng)想。MP3格式的音樂也帶動(dòng)了網(wǎng)絡(luò)數(shù)字音樂產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展，使得整個(gè)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)成為了包羅萬象的“音樂資料庫”。

Various MP3 players have been marketed and the dream"1000 Songs in Your Pocket" has come true.MP3 music also boosted internet digital music industry, which makes internet a universal music library.

從笨重碩大的黑膠唱片到無所不在的網(wǎng)絡(luò)數(shù)字音樂，從單聲道到高保真，音樂載體技術(shù)發(fā)展的一百多年間，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不斷推動(dòng)每一項(xiàng)新技術(shù)從實(shí)驗(yàn)室走向市場(chǎng)，進(jìn)入尋常百姓家。

From bulky LP record to internet digital music; from mono to multiple channel, in more than 100 years of music media development, standards have made every new technology out of the lab and fly into ordinary homes.

（支持單位：上海市質(zhì)量和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化研究院）