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青海東昆侖托克妥Cu-Au(Mo)礦床含礦斑巖成因:鋯石U-Pb年代學和地球化學約束

2014-12-25 09:56王長明李文良
關(guān)鍵詞:托克含礦昆侖

夏 銳,卿 敏,王長明,李文良

1.中國地質(zhì)大學(北京)地質(zhì)過程與礦產(chǎn)資源國家重點實驗室,北京 100083

2.武警黃金地質(zhì)研究所,河北 廊坊 065000

0 引言

斑巖型礦床大都具有巨大的經(jīng)濟價值,為世界提供了幾乎全部的Mo,同時也是金屬Cu和Au的主要來源[1-9]?;鹕綆r漿弧和大陸碰撞帶是產(chǎn)出巨型斑巖礦床的兩類重要構(gòu)造環(huán)境[10-16],但在中國,陸陸碰撞造山帶也是斑巖型礦床形成的重要大地構(gòu)造環(huán)境[6,17]。

近年來,在青海東昆侖地區(qū)發(fā)現(xiàn)并確認了多處斑巖型礦床(點),自西向東有:烏蘭烏珠爾斑巖型Cu礦[18-20],含礦正長花崗巖體 LA-MC-ICPMS鋯石 U-Pb年齡為(388.9±3.7)Ma[21],但有研究[22]認為它是伴生Au的似斑巖型Cu、W、Sn礦床;鴨子溝斑巖型Cu-Mo礦床,含礦鉀長花崗斑巖的SHRIMP鋯石 U-Pb年齡為(224.0±1.6)Ma,礦石的輝鉬礦 Re-Os等時線年齡為(224.7±3.4)Ma[23-24];卡而卻卡復合礦床[25-26]為斑巖型和矽卡巖型礦(化)體共生于同一個礦區(qū)之中,對礦區(qū)Ⅶ號帶矽卡巖和與礦體緊鄰的似斑狀黑云母二長花崗巖體進行了 LA-ICP-MS鋯石 U-Pb測年,獲得年齡為(410.1±2.6)Ma[27],礦區(qū)內(nèi)與矽卡巖型Fe-Cu-Pb-Zn多金屬礦化具有密切成因聯(lián)系的花崗閃長巖,鋯石SHRIMP U-Pb年齡為(237±2)Ma[28],矽卡巖型礦床輝鉬礦Re-Os同位素定年等時線年齡為(239±11)Ma[29];下得波利銅鉬礦花崗斑巖的鋯石SIMS U-Pb年齡為(244.2±2.1)Ma[30];哈日扎銅鉬礦床含礦花崗閃長斑巖LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年齡為(234.5±4.4)Ma[31];此外有清水河東溝、賽欽南、加當根等[32-33],初步構(gòu)成了斑巖成礦帶的雛形。上述礦床大多分布于昆北帶,昆中帶和昆南帶的斑巖型礦床鮮見報道。

2000 年以前,青海省第一區(qū)域地質(zhì)調(diào)查隊等單位分別對托克妥礦床所在區(qū)域進行了不同比例尺的區(qū)域地質(zhì)調(diào)查和物、化探掃面工作,發(fā)現(xiàn)了多處礦(化)點,并圈定和評價了數(shù)個遠景區(qū)。自2006年開始,青海地球化學勘查公司和西北有色物探隊合作,通過1∶5萬水系沉積物測量,確定了托克妥地區(qū)是主攻礦種為Pb、Cu、Sb、Co 4個元素的成礦遠景區(qū),目前正處于普查階段。由于托克妥Cu-Au(Mo)礦床發(fā)現(xiàn)較晚,工作程度低,缺乏對礦區(qū)巖體的成巖時代、地球化學特征、成因和起源、動力學背景的研究,筆者重點對托克妥Cu-Au(Mo)礦床地質(zhì)特征和含礦巖體的巖石學、地球化學、精細年代學進行了研究,對含礦巖體的成因及動力學背景等進行了初步探討。研究成果為深化大陸碰撞斑巖型礦床的認識和指導本區(qū)同類型礦產(chǎn)找礦工作提供了基礎(chǔ)資料和信息。

1 區(qū)域地質(zhì)背景

托克妥Cu-Au(Mo)礦床位于中國大陸中央造山帶西段—東昆侖造山帶的東昆中構(gòu)造帶[34-35],即伯喀里克—香日德印支期 Au、Pb、Zn(Cu)成礦帶[36](圖1a)。大地構(gòu)造屬古亞洲構(gòu)造域和特提斯—喜馬拉雅構(gòu)造域的結(jié)合部位[30],記錄了早古生代和晚古生代兩期構(gòu)造巖漿事件[37],包括沿東昆中斷裂分布的鎂鐵—超鎂鐵質(zhì)雜巖及相關(guān)變質(zhì)巖系[38-39],且主要的變形特征表現(xiàn)為古韌性剪切帶的再活動及新生斷裂[40]。

2 礦床地質(zhì)特征

礦區(qū)出露地層主要如下。古元古代:金水口巖群有片麻巖、斜長角閃巖、混合巖和大理巖;長城紀小廟組為黑云變粒巖-云母石英片巖-礫鐵石英變質(zhì)建造。中、新元古代萬寶群:上部白云巖、白云質(zhì)灰?guī)r夾少量砂巖;中部灰綠色蝕變玄武巖夾少量砂巖、石灰?guī)r;下部砂巖夾千枚巖。下中侏羅統(tǒng):礫巖、砂礫巖、砂巖、硬砂巖夾炭質(zhì)頁巖和薄煤層,及灰?guī)r、凝灰質(zhì)砂巖。

礦區(qū)構(gòu)造較為發(fā)育,主要分布一系列近東西向相互平行或近于平行的斷裂帶,宏觀上控制了晚印支期潛火山巖、火山巖及金礦(化)體的空間展布,旁側(cè)多為北西西—北西向次級羽狀裂隙、斷裂,是區(qū)內(nèi)金礦(化)體的主要賦存部位。

礦區(qū)巖漿巖主要為印支期肉紅色花崗巖、灰白色花崗閃長巖和華力西期中細?;◢弾r、花崗閃長巖及少量燕山期花崗斑巖等(圖1b)。印支期是該區(qū)Au的主要成礦期。

從礦體中心向外,依次為硅化帶、鉀化帶、青磐巖化帶和次生氧化富集帶。礦化主要產(chǎn)于二長花崗斑巖、花崗閃長斑巖及其與圍巖接觸部位的鉀硅化帶中,硅化和鉀長石化的疊加部位往往是工業(yè)銅礦體的產(chǎn)出部位。

圖1 青海托克妥Cu-Au(Mo)礦床礦區(qū)地質(zhì)簡圖Fig.1 Simplified and geological map in the Tuoketuo porphyry Cu-Au(Mo)deposit

圖2 青海托克妥Cu-Au(Mo)礦床礦石及礦相學照片F(xiàn)ig.2 Ores and mineragraphy photos in the Tuoketuo porphyry Cu-Au(Mo)deposit

礦石類型有角礫巖型(圖2a)和細脈浸染狀(圖2b)兩大類。礦石礦物組合簡單,主要有黃鐵礦和黃銅礦,其次是閃鋅礦、褐鐵礦和銅藍等;脈石礦物主要有石英,其次為斜長石、鉀長石、黑云母、綠泥石和方解石等。在顯微鏡下可以觀察到黃鐵礦中有閃鋅礦固溶體,閃鋅礦中有黃銅礦固溶體(圖2c),黃鐵礦石英脈沿裂隙充填,黃鐵礦被黃銅礦交代呈骸晶結(jié)構(gòu)(圖2d),閃鋅礦被黃銅礦沿邊交代呈骸晶結(jié)構(gòu)(圖2e),可見壓溶作用,導致早期的石英顆粒發(fā)育溶液以及形成黃鐵礦壓力影(圖2f)。

3 樣品及測試方法

3.1 樣品描述

本次研究的樣品為與成礦關(guān)系最為密切的靠近礦體的二長花崗斑巖和與二長花崗斑巖呈過渡接觸的花崗閃長斑巖(圖3,地理坐標為35°55′31.96″N,97°38′23.45″E)。

圖3 青海托克妥Cu-Au(Mo)礦床巖石及巖相學照片F(xiàn)ig.3 Rocks and petrogragraphy photos in the Tuoketuo porphyry Cu-Au(Mo)deposit

二長花崗斑巖:呈灰紅色—肉紅色,似斑狀不等粒結(jié)構(gòu)(圖3a),塊狀構(gòu)造。其主要礦物為鉀長石,石英,斜長石:鉀長石呈肉紅色,體積分數(shù)為30%,多為具卡斯巴雙晶的正長石(圖3c),格子雙晶發(fā)育,有的鉀長石晶體可見到斜長石包體,表面呈泥土狀;斜長石呈灰白色,體積分數(shù)為35%,鏡下可見聚片雙晶并發(fā)育強烈的絹云母化;石英呈渾圓狀顆粒,體積分數(shù)為35%。有少量的綠簾石化和方解石化(圖3e)。

花崗閃長斑巖:具有似斑狀結(jié)構(gòu)(圖3b),主要礦物成分為斜長石(約40%)、石英(約25%)、黑云母(約15%)、角閃石(約10%)、鉀長石(約3%)、綠泥石(約2%)。顯微鏡下可見:斜長石多呈半自形柱狀,可見聚片雙晶和鈉長石雙晶,環(huán)帶結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)育,局部有弱蝕變,被綠泥石交代形成斜長石的反應邊結(jié)構(gòu);石英普遍具波狀消光,部分有亞顆?;F(xiàn)象,分布不均勻,多充填在黑云母、角閃石和斜長石的空穴中;角閃石具有顯著的角閃石式解理,黃綠色,呈柱狀單體(圖3d);可見到黃銅礦化和黃鐵礦化(圖3f)。

3.2 測試方法

挑選新鮮樣品在無污染環(huán)境下粉碎至200目。全巖主量、微量元素分析在河北省區(qū)域地質(zhì)礦產(chǎn)調(diào)查研究所完成。主量元素由Axios X射線熒光光譜儀測定,微量元素由X Serise2等離子體質(zhì)譜儀測定。

鋯石挑選由河北省廊坊市宇能巖石礦物分選技術(shù)服務有限公司完成。鋯石的制靶和陰極發(fā)光顯微照相(CL)在北京鋯年領(lǐng)航科技有限公司完成,用于控制靶位和檢測每個鋯石的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)及選擇合適的分析點位置。LA-MC-ICP-MS鋯石 U-Pb測年在中國地質(zhì)科學院礦產(chǎn)資源研究所MC-ICP-MS實驗室完成。鋯石定年分析所用儀器為Finnigan Neptune型 MC-ICP-MS及與之配套的 Newwave UP 213激光剝蝕系統(tǒng)。鋯石U-Pb定年以鋯石GJ-1為外標,U、Th質(zhì)量分數(shù)以鋯石M127[41]為外標進行校正。數(shù)據(jù)處理采用ICPMSDataCal程序[42],詳細實驗測試過程可參見文獻[43]。樣品分析過程中,Plesovice標樣作為未知樣品的分析結(jié)果為(336.5±1.1)Ma(n=3,2σ),對應的年齡推薦值為(337.13±0.37)Ma(2σ)[44],兩者在誤差范圍內(nèi)完全一致。文中采用諧和度大于90%的數(shù)據(jù)點。

4 分析結(jié)果

4.1 LA-ICP-MS鋯石U-Pb測年

筆者對青海托克妥Cu-Au(Mo)礦床含礦斑巖體中二長花崗斑巖(B-004)和花崗閃長斑巖(B-006)2件樣品進行了鋯石U-Pb定年(表1和圖4)。這2個樣品中的大多數(shù)鋯石顯示較好的生長紋帶,大部分呈不完整的不規(guī)則棱角狀或渾圓狀,核部為黑色,少部分為長柱狀(長寬比為2∶1~4∶1),黑色生長邊較薄或無。

圖4 青海托克妥Cu-Au(Mo)礦床含礦斑巖體的鋯石U-Pb年齡諧和圖和典型的CL圖像Fig.4 U-Pb concordia diagrams and cathodoluminescence(CL)images of the ore-bearing porphyry in the Tuoketuo porphyry Cu-Au(Mo)deposit

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二長花崗斑巖樣品B-004中,18顆鋯石的Th/U值為0.39~1.23,206Pb/238U年齡為(232.49±0.93)Ma(MSWD=0.41);花崗閃長斑巖樣品B-006中,18顆鋯石的Th/U值為0.71~1.19,206Pb/238U年齡為(232.6±1.2)Ma(MSWD=0.32)。

4.2 全巖元素地球化學

筆者研究的11件東昆中青海托克妥Cu-Au(Mo)礦床樣品(其中6件含礦斑巖和5件礦石)均發(fā)生了不同程度的蝕變,本次將東昆北卡而卻卡斑巖銅金礦床含礦斑巖(6件)[45]、東昆南下得波利斑巖銅鉬礦床含礦斑巖(6件)[30]樣品數(shù)據(jù)放入圖中,以便后文討論。

青海托克妥 Cu-Au(Mo)礦床含礦斑巖w(SiO2)為63.11%~71.48%(平均為67.47%),具有高鉀(w(K2O)=2.62%~3.61%,平均為3.11%)、高鎂(w(MgO)=0.52%~1.89%,平均為1.20%)和低鈦(w(TiO2)=0.26%~0.53%,平均為0.39%)、偏鋁質(zhì)(A/CNK=1.05~1.10,平均為1.08)的特征,屬于高鉀鈣堿性系列的二長花崗斑巖或花崗閃長斑巖(表2,圖5)。

在以w(SiO2)為橫軸的Harker圖解(圖6)上,樣品隨w(SiO2)增加,TiO2、Al2O3、TFeO、MgO、CaO和P2O5質(zhì)量分數(shù)降低,表現(xiàn)出明顯的線性相關(guān)(圖6a,b,c,e,f)。樣品在 Al2O3/CaO-Na2O/CaO圖解上也表現(xiàn)出正線性相關(guān)關(guān)系(圖6i),但MnO、Na2O質(zhì)量分數(shù)均未表現(xiàn)出可識別的趨勢(圖6d,g),暗示了東昆侖斑巖型礦床含礦巖體主要經(jīng)歷了巖漿的結(jié)晶分異作用和有部分巖漿混合作用。

青海托克妥Cu-Au(Mo)礦床含礦斑巖和礦石樣品微量元素和稀土元素具有相似的特征(表2,圖7),均顯示大離子親石元素Rb、Ba、K和Pb等富集,高場強元素Nb、Ta、Ti和P虧損;具有中等的輕重稀土分餾特征(含礦斑巖平均(La/Yb)N=10.67,礦石平均(La/Yb)N=8.12),中等的Eu異常(含礦斑巖平均δEu=0.95,礦石平均δEu=1.22),且稀土總量低(含礦斑巖平均w(∑REE)=121.31×10-6,礦石平均w(∑REE)=79.34×10-6)。

圖5 青海托克妥Cu-Au(Mo)礦床含礦斑巖的地球化學圖解Fig.5 Geochemical plots of the ore-bearing porphyry in the Tuoketuo porphyry Cu-Au(Mo)deposit

表2 青海托克妥Cu-Au(Mo)礦床礦石和含礦斑巖的主量和微量元素數(shù)據(jù)Table 2 Major and trace element data in the Tuoketuo porphyry Cu-Au(Mo)deposit

表2(續(xù))

5 討論

5.1 巖體成因類型

圖6 青海托克妥Cu-Au(Mo)礦床含礦斑巖Harker圖解Fig.6 Selected geochemical plots of the ore-bearing porphyry in the Tuoketuo porphyry Cu-Au(Mo)deposit

青海托克妥Cu-Au(Mo)礦床含礦斑巖樣品為偏鋁質(zhì)花崗質(zhì)巖石,樣品中的Zr、Nb、Ce和Y質(zhì)量分數(shù)較低,在w(Ce)-w(SiO2)圖解中落入I型花崗巖范圍內(nèi)(圖8a),且樣品的w(P2O5)隨w(SiO2)增加而降低(圖6h),與I型花崗巖的演化趨勢一致[54-56];在TFeO/MgO-w(Zr+Nb+Ce+Y)散點圖中落入了高分異與未分異花崗巖的范圍內(nèi)(圖8b),恰好說明了與成礦的關(guān)系,二長花崗斑巖更加靠近礦體,鉀化蝕變更加強烈;在(Al2O3+CaO)/(TFeO+Na2O+K2O)-100(TFeO+MgO+TiO2)/SiO2散點圖上,顯示了普通鈣堿性巖石特征(圖8c)。在CIPW計算中,鈦鐵礦質(zhì)量分數(shù)平均為0.76%,磷灰石質(zhì)量分數(shù)平均為0.21%,經(jīng)歷了磷灰石、鈦鐵礦等副礦物和長石類造巖礦物分離結(jié)晶作用的I型花崗巖。結(jié)合巖相學觀察,花崗質(zhì)巖石中有普通角閃石的出現(xiàn)(圖3d),因此,青海托克妥Cu-Au(Mo)礦床含礦斑巖屬于I型花崗質(zhì)巖石。

5.2 巖漿源區(qū)示蹤

成巖與成礦是區(qū)域構(gòu)造-巖漿-流體演化一脈相承的產(chǎn)物[13,57],近年來研究認為幔源物質(zhì)可能是斑巖銅礦中成礦元素的主要來源[58-60]。Bouse等[61]研究證實部分地區(qū)的Cu、Mo和巖漿共同來源于下地殼。幔源巖漿與地殼熔體的混合物可能為大規(guī)模成礦作用提供成礦元素的認識已經(jīng)被大部分學者所接受[62-63]。

青海托克妥Cu-Au(Mo)礦床含礦斑巖以較低的w(Yb)(平均1.4×10-6)和w(Y)(平均11.38×10-6)、較高的La/Yb和Sr/Y值為特征(圖9a,b),顯示典型的埃達克巖特征[65-66],符合后碰撞埃達克質(zhì)巖高鉀(w(K2O)=2.63%~3.66%)、高鎂(Mg#=12.27~23.07)的特征[67];結(jié)合青海托克妥 Cu-Au(Mo)礦床含礦斑巖屬高鉀鈣堿性系列,富集大離子親石元素(Rb、Ba、K和Pb)和輕稀土元素,虧損高場強元素(Nb、Ta、Ti和P),其地球化學特征與弧火山巖相似,很可能形成于厚地殼背景下與板片俯沖有關(guān)的島弧環(huán)境[68-69]。Nb-Ta的虧損可能是板片斷離引起的軟流圈上涌過程中與地殼組分混染或與富集巖石圈地幔混合的結(jié)果[70],這與東昆侖中生代所處的特殊構(gòu)造部位及經(jīng)歷的區(qū)域構(gòu)造動力體制時空轉(zhuǎn)換有關(guān),深部特殊地質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)的動力學條件激發(fā)了強烈殼-幔相互作用[71-72]。

圖7 青海托克妥Cu-Au(Mo)礦床含礦斑巖的原始地幔標準化元素蛛網(wǎng)圖(a)和球粒隕石標準化稀土元素配分模式圖(b)Fig.7 Primitive mantle-normalized trace-element spidergram(a)and chondrite-normalized REE pattern(b)for the samples in the Tuoketuo porphyry Cu-Au(Mo)deposit

青海托克妥Cu-Au(Mo)礦床含礦斑巖顯示出巖漿與俯沖有關(guān)的特點,暗示巖漿源區(qū)可能曾經(jīng)發(fā)生過俯沖板片流體的交代富集作用[73-74]。在 Nb/U-w(Nb)圖解(圖10a)[75]上,也可以看出巖漿源區(qū)曾經(jīng)發(fā)生過俯沖板片流體的交代富集作用;在Nb/Zr-Ba/Th圖(圖10b)中,低的 Nb/Zr值是地幔因先前的熔融作用而發(fā)生虧損的標志[79],顯示了虧損地幔源區(qū)受到富集地幔源流體影響的地球化學特點;為了限定青海托克妥Cu-Au(Mo)礦床含礦斑巖的巖漿源區(qū),在Mg#-w(SiO2)圖解(圖10c)中,分別列出了地幔橄欖巖、地殼基性巖和俯沖板片不同源巖實驗產(chǎn)生的熔體成分區(qū)及地殼和地幔AFC的演化趨勢[80],可見與實驗確定的由榴輝巖和石榴子石角閃巖產(chǎn)生的部分熔融體成分相近[81],意味著它們主要與俯沖板片或含有一定量幔源組分的鎂鐵質(zhì)下地殼(約60%)[82-84](圖10d)有關(guān),之后產(chǎn)生埃達克質(zhì)巖漿熔體[67,85]。在斜長石、鉀長石和角閃石的部分分離結(jié)晶作用發(fā)生時,釋放出大量流體,埃達克質(zhì)巖漿熔體將變得富水并呈高氧化態(tài),成為斑巖銅礦的潛在含礦巖漿[86]。由此認為,青海托克妥Cu-Au(Mo)礦床含礦斑巖發(fā)育于板片俯沖斷離后碰撞地殼伸展環(huán)境,巖漿來源于俯沖板片或含有一定量幔源組分的鎂鐵質(zhì)下地殼。

5.3 動力學背景分析

東昆侖深部地球物理探測資料和地質(zhì)-地球化學研究[87-88]表明,深部巖石圈地幔處于多塊體疊瓦向北俯沖、物質(zhì)與能量會聚和冷巖石圈下沉的區(qū)域,并提出了板片斷離-巖漿底侵-巖漿混合-拆沉作用模型[89]。李王曄[37]認為東昆南和東昆北地塊在泥盆紀時(396~448Ma)沿東昆中斷裂已完成碰撞;許志琴等[90]研究認為,東昆侖—巴彥喀拉古特提斯縫合帶走滑斷裂形成于220~240Ma;郭正府等[91]提出陸內(nèi)造山階段于190~230Ma開始。東昆侖含礦斑巖構(gòu)造-巖漿-成礦系統(tǒng)的時空分布和成因研究為這些模型提供了新的限制和豐富了轉(zhuǎn)換構(gòu)造動力體制理論[92-97]。

從晚泥盆世—早石炭世開始,東昆侖地塊與巴顏喀拉地塊之間存在洋盆的擴張、俯沖、消亡的演化過程,經(jīng)歷了板塊的裂解與拼合、洋陸的相互轉(zhuǎn)化、古特提斯洋打開[39,91,98],進入洋殼擴張階段(260~360Ma),以大洋動力體制為主導。苦?!愂蔡辽呔G巖組合40Ar-39Ar年齡為(368±1.4)Ma[99],阿尼瑪卿構(gòu)造帶西段布青山地區(qū)蛇綠巖鋯石U-Pb年齡為(332.8±3.1)Ma[100],德爾尼蛇綠巖熔巖中的鋯石 SHRIMP U-Pb平均年齡為(308.2±4.9)Ma[101],均表明了東昆侖地塊與巴顏喀拉地塊之間存在一個快速擴張的洋脊,東昆侖地區(qū)成為復雜的活動大陸邊緣(圖11a)。

圖8 青海托克妥Cu-Au(Mo)礦床含礦斑巖的巖石成因判別圖解Fig.8 Distrimination diagrams of petrogenetic types for the ore-bearing porphyry in the Tuoketuo porphyry Cu-Au(Mo)deposit

圖9 青海托克妥Cu-Au(Mo)礦床含礦斑巖的構(gòu)造環(huán)境判別圖解Fig.9 Distriminatize of tectonic settings for the orebearing porphyry in the Tuoketuo porphyry Cu-Au(Mo)deposit

隨巴顏喀拉—阿尼瑪卿洋不斷俯沖和楔入,陸續(xù)有與洋殼俯沖作用有關(guān)的火山噴發(fā)和巖漿侵入,下大武弧火山巖基性熔巖全巖Rb-Sr等時線年齡為260Ma左右[102],布爾汗布達島弧巖漿帶237~260 Ma[90],進入了俯沖造山階段(240~260Ma),相當于鄧軍等[92]轉(zhuǎn)換動力體制之下的洋陸轉(zhuǎn)換階段。俯沖的巴顏喀拉—阿尼瑪卿洋殼板片與附著其后的東昆侖陸塊板片發(fā)生斷離[105],導致軟流圈穿過板片窗上涌,誘發(fā)幔源巖漿活動,產(chǎn)生鎂鐵質(zhì)巖漿并造成底侵作用,以千瓦大橋北角閃輝長巖體((239±6)Ma)為代表;同時東昆侖陸塊下地殼部分熔融,發(fā)生殼幔巖漿混合,大量發(fā)育 MME包體((241±5)Ma)[103],產(chǎn)生含 Mo巖漿,形成東昆南下得波利斑巖型Cu-Mo礦床((244.0±2.1)Ma)(圖11b)。

圖10 青海托克妥Cu-Au(Mo)礦床含礦斑巖的源區(qū)判別圖解Fig.10 Distriminatize of source area for the ore-bearing porphyry in the Tuoketuo porphyry Cu-Au(Mo)deposit

圖11 東昆侖碰撞帶構(gòu)造-巖漿演化及斑巖成礦作用示意圖Fig.11 Schematic illustrations of evolution of the east Kunlun continental orogenic zone

巴顏喀拉—阿尼瑪卿洋閉合以后,在240~190 Ma,擠壓應力場的持續(xù)作用促使陸內(nèi)碰撞造山作用的發(fā)生,轉(zhuǎn)而受大陸動力體制控制。東昆侖南緣碰撞-后碰撞陸內(nèi)造山產(chǎn)物S型花崗巖同位素年齡為237~190Ma[39],東—西大灘轉(zhuǎn)換擠壓構(gòu)造帶[109]形成的走滑斷裂時代為237~190Ma[39],巖石圈急劇增厚,整個區(qū)域上升成陸,同時形成雙巖漿弧,靠近板塊邊界的火山巖以鈣堿性系列為主,遠離板塊邊界則以鉀玄巖系列為主[98]。陸陸碰撞觸發(fā)了俯沖板片的斷離或拆沉,導致軟流圈上涌,形成下伏鎂鐵質(zhì)加厚下地殼,加厚巖石圈拆沉,誘發(fā)幔源巖漿底侵作用,如外灘角閃輝長巖((222.2±3.3)Ma)[105];之后鎂鐵質(zhì)下地殼的部分熔融和地殼的分異,最終隨著造山帶的冷卻和加厚下地殼的榴輝巖化[15],含礦斑巖系統(tǒng)在靠近俯沖大陸一側(cè)分布[14],形成東昆中托克妥斑巖型 Cu-Au(Mo)礦床((232±0.2)Ma)和東昆北卡而卻卡斑巖型Cu-Au礦床((227.3±1.8)Ma)(圖11c),這與板片斷離有關(guān)的巖漿大爆發(fā)時間相一致(發(fā)生板片斷離時間一般在初始碰撞之后10~20Ma[110])。

6 結(jié)論

基于對東昆侖托克妥斑巖Cu-Au(Mo)礦床含礦斑巖巖漿成因、起源、演化及斑巖成礦作用的綜合研究,可以得出如下認識:

1)青海托克妥Cu-Au(Mo)礦床含礦斑巖為二長花崗斑巖或花崗閃長斑巖,具有富硅,高鉀、高鎂和低鈦,偏鋁質(zhì)的特征,富集大離子親石元素,虧損高場強元素;具有中等的輕重稀土分餾特征,中等的Eu異常,且稀土總量低,屬于高鉀鈣堿性系列的I型花崗巖。2)鋯石LA-ICP-MS測年結(jié)果表明,東昆侖托克妥斑巖Cu-Au(Mo)礦床含礦斑巖二長花崗斑巖年齡為(232.49±0.93)Ma,花崗閃長斑巖年齡為(232.6±1.2)Ma。其形成于大陸動力體制下的伸展背景,與阿尼瑪卿洋殼巖石圈北向俯沖碰撞有關(guān)的俯沖板片斷離有關(guān)。3)青海托克妥Cu-Au(Mo)礦床含礦斑巖主要來源于與板片斷離引起的軟流圈上涌過程中與地殼組分混染或與富集巖石圈地幔(約60%)混合的結(jié)果,之后產(chǎn)生埃達克質(zhì)巖漿熔體,分離結(jié)晶作用發(fā)生,釋放出大量流體,成為斑巖銅礦的潛在含礦巖漿。

鋯石U-Pb測年得到中國地質(zhì)科學院礦產(chǎn)資源研究所國土資源部成礦作用與資源評價重點實驗室侯可軍老師的大力支持和協(xié)助;葛良勝高級工程師、張靜教授在成文過程中提出了寶貴的建議,受益匪淺。謹致謝忱。

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