陳振華+謝配孺+姜勇+陳鼎
摘要:通過模擬空間特殊環(huán)境,對純鈦、TA7,TC4和TC10鈦合金在深冷處理及冷熱循環(huán)處理環(huán)境下的顯微組織及力學(xué)性能進(jìn)行了研究;并進(jìn)行了維氏硬度觀察及金相組織、XRD,掃描電鏡分析.結(jié)果表明:深冷及冷熱循環(huán)處理可以改善鈦合金的顯微組織,也可以提高其力學(xué)性能,同時(shí)冷熱循環(huán)處理可以引起純鈦孿晶增生的現(xiàn)象.
關(guān)鍵詞:鈦合金;深冷處理;冷熱循環(huán)處理;XRD;顯微組織
中圖分類號:TB31 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼:A
與其它傳統(tǒng)金屬合金相比,鈦合金因密度小、比強(qiáng)度高、耐高溫、耐蝕、無磁、可焊等優(yōu)異的綜合性能在航空領(lǐng)域得到廣泛應(yīng)用,如發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的葉片、機(jī)匣、機(jī)身的框梁等
1實(shí)驗(yàn)材料與方法
實(shí)驗(yàn)用材料購自東莞市鴻鈦鈦合金金屬有限公司生產(chǎn)的軋制態(tài)純鈦、TA7,TC4和TC10鈦合金,其化學(xué)成分如表1所示.本文通過模擬空間特殊環(huán)境,來研究深冷處理和冷熱循環(huán)處理對純鈦、鈦合金的微觀組織及性能的影響.根據(jù)文獻(xiàn)所給的信息:鈦及鈦合金材質(zhì)的航天裝備在空間特殊環(huán)境下使用時(shí),其向陽面的溫度大概在400 K左右,所以冷熱循環(huán)熱處理中的熱處理設(shè)定溫度為400 K;而在背陽面時(shí)溫度低至液氮溫度,根據(jù)文獻(xiàn)資料和前期研究基礎(chǔ),將深冷處理溫度定為液氮溫度(約80 K). 本文采用的深冷處理方法為急冷急熱法,即將試樣從室溫直接浸入液氮中保溫一段時(shí)間后取出,在空氣中自然回復(fù)到室溫.而冷熱循環(huán)處理方法即將試樣直接浸入液氮中保溫12 h后取出,在空氣中回復(fù)到室溫,緊接著將試樣置于溫度為400 K的熱處理箱中保溫12 h后取出再浸入液氮中,依次循環(huán).兩種工藝路徑的處理時(shí)間為1~60 d,期間取10個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)取樣,分別為1 d,3 d,5 d,7 d,11 d,18 d,30 d,40 d,50 d,60 d(d代表Day),然后進(jìn)行組織和性能的對比分析.為了消除試樣內(nèi)應(yīng)力和組織性能的均勻化,在實(shí)驗(yàn)前對試樣進(jìn)行了去應(yīng)力退火處理工藝,具體參數(shù)見表2.并采用401 MVA型維氏顯微硬度儀、Y500型Xray衍射儀、金相儀、掃描電鏡對深冷處理及冷熱循環(huán)處理前后試樣的力學(xué)性能和顯微組織進(jìn)行檢測并分析.
2結(jié)果與分析
2.1顯微硬度
對未處理和深冷及冷熱循環(huán)處理1 d,3 d,5 d,7 d,11 d,18 d,30 d,40 d,50 d,60 d的4種鈦合金試樣分別進(jìn)行顯微硬度測量(HV0.2),多次測量取平均值(10~15個(gè)點(diǎn)).表3 給出了TA7,純鈦,TC10和TC4鈦合金經(jīng)長時(shí)間深冷處理及冷熱循環(huán)處理前后的顯微硬度最大增長百分比.實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明:深冷處理及冷熱循環(huán)處理可以提高某些鈦合金的顯微硬度,如純鈦、TA7;而對α+β系鈦合金的顯微硬度影響不明顯,如TC4,TC10.但不是深冷及冷熱循環(huán)時(shí)間越長越好,而是存在一個(gè)最佳的深冷及冷熱循環(huán)時(shí)間.對純鈦,其最佳冷熱循環(huán)時(shí)間為3 d,硬度從18.92上升到21.14,提高了11.7%;對TA7,其最佳深冷時(shí)間為11 d,顯微硬度從24.59增加到26.67,提高了8.45%.而TC4和TC10的硬度值最大變化不超過5%,可以認(rèn)為在實(shí)驗(yàn)誤差范圍之內(nèi)而忽略不計(jì).
2.2微觀組織
為了探討深冷處理及冷熱循環(huán)處理對鈦合金顯微硬度的作用機(jī)理,對顯微硬度變化較為明顯的試樣和未經(jīng)處理的試樣進(jìn)行顯微組織觀察,并進(jìn)行比較與分析.圖1(a,b)為純鈦經(jīng)冷熱循環(huán)處理前后的顯微組織,其中(a)為原始樣的金相組織,(b)為冷熱循環(huán)處理3 d的金相組織,在冷熱循環(huán)處理之前所有試樣均經(jīng)過退火處理,晶粒內(nèi)部有少許孿晶,并殘留了部分殘余應(yīng)力(如圖1(a)所示),而經(jīng)冷熱循環(huán)處理3 d后,孿晶數(shù)量明顯增多(如圖1(b)所示).同時(shí),每一次冷熱循環(huán)都會(huì)產(chǎn)生變形而使試樣原有的殘余應(yīng)力降低.Gu等
2.3SEM分析
為了探討冷熱循環(huán)處理對純鈦顯微硬度提高的作用機(jī)理,選擇顯微硬度變化較為明顯的冷熱循環(huán)處理3 d的試樣和未經(jīng)過處理的試樣進(jìn)行掃描電鏡分析.圖3給出了純鈦經(jīng)冷熱循環(huán)處理3 d前后試樣的掃描電鏡和能譜照片.圖3(a)為純鈦原始樣的形貌,晶界與孿晶上均勻分布著白色條狀物,如黑色圓圈位置所示;圖3(b)為純鈦冷熱循環(huán)處理3 d后的形貌,同樣,晶界與孿晶上彌散分布著白色顆粒,經(jīng)過能譜分析,晶界及孿晶上的白色物質(zhì)為TiN,而且經(jīng)冷熱循環(huán)處理后的試樣N的含量明顯增多.由此可知,純鈦經(jīng)冷熱循環(huán)處理之后,N在孿晶和晶界處發(fā)生了聚集現(xiàn)象;同時(shí)TiN的形貌也發(fā)生了明顯變化,由原來的條狀轉(zhuǎn)變成了顆粒狀.這可能是導(dǎo)致純鈦顯微硬度提高的又一原因.
(a) 純鈦原始樣SEM
3結(jié)論
本文對軋制態(tài)純鈦、TA7,TC10和TC4鈦合金的深冷及冷熱循環(huán)處理進(jìn)行了研究和討論,結(jié)論如下:
1)合適的冷熱循環(huán)處理時(shí)間可以提高純鈦的顯微硬度值.其最佳冷熱循環(huán)處理時(shí)間為3 d,試樣顯微硬度值提高11.7%,其顯微硬度的升高是孿晶數(shù)量的增多、晶界及孿晶位置氮化物形貌及N含量增多等綜合作用的結(jié)果.
2)選擇合適的深冷處理時(shí)間可以提高TA7的硬度值.其最佳深冷時(shí)間為11 d,顯微硬度從24.59提高到26.67,漲幅8.45%.其顯微硬度提高的作用機(jī)理主要表現(xiàn)在深冷處理后晶粒的長大、殘余應(yīng)力的消除及晶粒轉(zhuǎn)向的偏轉(zhuǎn).
3)鈦合金在深冷處理過程中會(huì)有形成亞晶結(jié)構(gòu)的現(xiàn)象,從而使晶粒細(xì)化,形成細(xì)晶強(qiáng)化,提高鈦合金材料的顯微硬度.
4)鈦合金TA7經(jīng)深冷處理11 d后有些晶粒發(fā)生了向(002)晶面取向的偏轉(zhuǎn);純鈦經(jīng)冷熱循環(huán)處理3 d后某些晶粒發(fā)生了向(101)晶面取向的偏轉(zhuǎn).
參考文獻(xiàn)
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CHEN D, HUANG P Y, LI W X.The development of cryogenic treatment about metal materials[J].Hot Working Technology,2001,3(4):57-59.(In Chinese)
\[5\]JIANG Y,CHEN D,JIANG Q.Infilence of thermocold cycling treatment on AZ91 magnesium alloy[J].Metal Science and Heat Treatment,2012,53(11/12):589-593.
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\[7\]黃云戰(zhàn),晉芳偉.深冷處理對銅合金組織和性能的影響\[J\].金屬熱處理,2001,26(7):5-6.
HUANG Y Z,JIN F W.Effect of crygenic treatment on microstructure and property of copper alloys\[J\].Heat Treatment of Metals,200l,26(7):5-6.(In Chinese)
\[8\]ZHIRAFAR S.Effect of cryogenic treatment on the mechanical properties of steel and aluminum alloys\[D\].Montreal,Canada:Master Thesis of Concordia University,2005.
\[9\]SHEVTSOV M A.Some new tendencies in the development of electrical resistance furnace and production processes for heat and chemical heat treatment of metal abroad\[J\].Metal Science and Heat Treatment,1987,29(5/6):428-434.
\[10\]SONG X P, GU H C. Twining in tensile and cyclic deformation of commercially pure titanium at cryogenic temperature\[J\]. Chinese Journal of Materials Research,2000,14(1):194-199.
\[11\]SUN Q Y, GU H C. Tensile and lowcycle fatigue behavior of commercially and Ti5Al2.5Sn alloy at 293K and 77K\[J\]. Mater Sci Eng A,2001,A316:80-86.
\[12\]SUN Q Y, ZHU R H, GU H C.Monotonic and cyclic behavior of Ti2.5Cu alloy at room temperature(293K) and 77K\[J\]. Materials Letters,2002,54(2/3):164-168.
\[13\]陳瑞潤,丁宏升. 熱處理對Ti46Al0.5W0.5Si合金組織和性能的影響\[J\].特種鑄造及有色合金,2008(s):271-273.
CHEN R R, DING H S. Effect of heat treatments on structure and mechanical properties of Ti46Al0.5W0.5Si alloys[J].Special Casting & Nonferrous Alloys,2008(s):271-273.(In Chinese)
\[14\]駱軍,朱航天,梁敬魁. 晶粒尺寸和應(yīng)變的X射線粉末衍射法測定\[J\]. 物理, 2009, 38(4):267-275.
LUO J, ZHU H T,LIANG J K. Determination of crystallite size and strain by Xray powder\[J\].Physics, 2009,38(4):267-275.(In Chinese)
\[15\]JIANG Y,CHEN Z H, LUI J W. Effect of cryogenic treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of AZ31 Magnesium alloy[J]. Materials and Manufacturing Processes,2010,25(8):837-841.
\[16\]陳鼎,夏樹人.鎂合金深冷處理研究\[J\].湖南大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào):自然科學(xué)版,2008,35(1):62-65.
CHEN D, XIA S R. Study on improving performance of magnesium alloy by deep cryogenict reatment\[J\].Journal of Hunan University:Natural Sciences,2008,35(1):62-65.(In Chinese)
\[17\]陳鼎,黎文獻(xiàn).深冷處理下鋁和鋁合金的晶粒轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)\[J\].中南工業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào):自然科學(xué)版,2000,3l(6):544-547.
CHEN D,LI W X.Grain preferred orientation of Al and Al alloys through cryogenic treatment\[J\].Joumal of Central South University of Technology:Natural Science,2000,3l(6):544-547.(In Chinese)
ZHAO Y Q, XI Z P, QU H L.Current situation of titanium alloy materials used for national aviation\[J\].Journal of Aeronautical Materials,2003, 23:215-219.(In Chinese)
\[2\]黃天娥,范桂彬.航空用鈦合金材料及鈦合金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)發(fā)展綜述\[J\].航空標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化與質(zhì)量,2010(3):30-33.
HUANG T E, FAN G B.The development of titanium and titanium alloy standard used for national aviation[J].Aeronautic Standardization and Quality,2010(3):30-33.(In Chinese)
\[3\]陳振華.鈦及鈦合金[M].北京:化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社,2005.
CHEN Z H.Titanium and titanium alloys[M].Beijing: Chemical Industry Press,2005.(In Chinese)
\[4\]陳鼎,黃培云,黎文獻(xiàn).金屬材料的深冷處理發(fā)展概況\[J\].熱加工工藝,2001,3(4):57-59.
CHEN D, HUANG P Y, LI W X.The development of cryogenic treatment about metal materials[J].Hot Working Technology,2001,3(4):57-59.(In Chinese)
\[5\]JIANG Y,CHEN D,JIANG Q.Infilence of thermocold cycling treatment on AZ91 magnesium alloy[J].Metal Science and Heat Treatment,2012,53(11/12):589-593.
\[6\]陳鼎.鋁和鋁合金的深冷處理\[D\].長沙:中南大學(xué),2000.
CHEN D. Cryogenic treatment of Al and Al anoys\[D\].Chang-sha:Central South University,2000.(In Chinese)
\[7\]黃云戰(zhàn),晉芳偉.深冷處理對銅合金組織和性能的影響\[J\].金屬熱處理,2001,26(7):5-6.
HUANG Y Z,JIN F W.Effect of crygenic treatment on microstructure and property of copper alloys\[J\].Heat Treatment of Metals,200l,26(7):5-6.(In Chinese)
\[8\]ZHIRAFAR S.Effect of cryogenic treatment on the mechanical properties of steel and aluminum alloys\[D\].Montreal,Canada:Master Thesis of Concordia University,2005.
\[9\]SHEVTSOV M A.Some new tendencies in the development of electrical resistance furnace and production processes for heat and chemical heat treatment of metal abroad\[J\].Metal Science and Heat Treatment,1987,29(5/6):428-434.
\[10\]SONG X P, GU H C. Twining in tensile and cyclic deformation of commercially pure titanium at cryogenic temperature\[J\]. Chinese Journal of Materials Research,2000,14(1):194-199.
\[11\]SUN Q Y, GU H C. Tensile and lowcycle fatigue behavior of commercially and Ti5Al2.5Sn alloy at 293K and 77K\[J\]. Mater Sci Eng A,2001,A316:80-86.
\[12\]SUN Q Y, ZHU R H, GU H C.Monotonic and cyclic behavior of Ti2.5Cu alloy at room temperature(293K) and 77K\[J\]. Materials Letters,2002,54(2/3):164-168.
\[13\]陳瑞潤,丁宏升. 熱處理對Ti46Al0.5W0.5Si合金組織和性能的影響\[J\].特種鑄造及有色合金,2008(s):271-273.
CHEN R R, DING H S. Effect of heat treatments on structure and mechanical properties of Ti46Al0.5W0.5Si alloys[J].Special Casting & Nonferrous Alloys,2008(s):271-273.(In Chinese)
\[14\]駱軍,朱航天,梁敬魁. 晶粒尺寸和應(yīng)變的X射線粉末衍射法測定\[J\]. 物理, 2009, 38(4):267-275.
LUO J, ZHU H T,LIANG J K. Determination of crystallite size and strain by Xray powder\[J\].Physics, 2009,38(4):267-275.(In Chinese)
\[15\]JIANG Y,CHEN Z H, LUI J W. Effect of cryogenic treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of AZ31 Magnesium alloy[J]. Materials and Manufacturing Processes,2010,25(8):837-841.
\[16\]陳鼎,夏樹人.鎂合金深冷處理研究\[J\].湖南大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào):自然科學(xué)版,2008,35(1):62-65.
CHEN D, XIA S R. Study on improving performance of magnesium alloy by deep cryogenict reatment\[J\].Journal of Hunan University:Natural Sciences,2008,35(1):62-65.(In Chinese)
\[17\]陳鼎,黎文獻(xiàn).深冷處理下鋁和鋁合金的晶粒轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)\[J\].中南工業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào):自然科學(xué)版,2000,3l(6):544-547.
CHEN D,LI W X.Grain preferred orientation of Al and Al alloys through cryogenic treatment\[J\].Joumal of Central South University of Technology:Natural Science,2000,3l(6):544-547.(In Chinese)
ZHAO Y Q, XI Z P, QU H L.Current situation of titanium alloy materials used for national aviation\[J\].Journal of Aeronautical Materials,2003, 23:215-219.(In Chinese)
\[2\]黃天娥,范桂彬.航空用鈦合金材料及鈦合金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)發(fā)展綜述\[J\].航空標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化與質(zhì)量,2010(3):30-33.
HUANG T E, FAN G B.The development of titanium and titanium alloy standard used for national aviation[J].Aeronautic Standardization and Quality,2010(3):30-33.(In Chinese)
\[3\]陳振華.鈦及鈦合金[M].北京:化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社,2005.
CHEN Z H.Titanium and titanium alloys[M].Beijing: Chemical Industry Press,2005.(In Chinese)
\[4\]陳鼎,黃培云,黎文獻(xiàn).金屬材料的深冷處理發(fā)展概況\[J\].熱加工工藝,2001,3(4):57-59.
CHEN D, HUANG P Y, LI W X.The development of cryogenic treatment about metal materials[J].Hot Working Technology,2001,3(4):57-59.(In Chinese)
\[5\]JIANG Y,CHEN D,JIANG Q.Infilence of thermocold cycling treatment on AZ91 magnesium alloy[J].Metal Science and Heat Treatment,2012,53(11/12):589-593.
\[6\]陳鼎.鋁和鋁合金的深冷處理\[D\].長沙:中南大學(xué),2000.
CHEN D. Cryogenic treatment of Al and Al anoys\[D\].Chang-sha:Central South University,2000.(In Chinese)
\[7\]黃云戰(zhàn),晉芳偉.深冷處理對銅合金組織和性能的影響\[J\].金屬熱處理,2001,26(7):5-6.
HUANG Y Z,JIN F W.Effect of crygenic treatment on microstructure and property of copper alloys\[J\].Heat Treatment of Metals,200l,26(7):5-6.(In Chinese)
\[8\]ZHIRAFAR S.Effect of cryogenic treatment on the mechanical properties of steel and aluminum alloys\[D\].Montreal,Canada:Master Thesis of Concordia University,2005.
\[9\]SHEVTSOV M A.Some new tendencies in the development of electrical resistance furnace and production processes for heat and chemical heat treatment of metal abroad\[J\].Metal Science and Heat Treatment,1987,29(5/6):428-434.
\[10\]SONG X P, GU H C. Twining in tensile and cyclic deformation of commercially pure titanium at cryogenic temperature\[J\]. Chinese Journal of Materials Research,2000,14(1):194-199.
\[11\]SUN Q Y, GU H C. Tensile and lowcycle fatigue behavior of commercially and Ti5Al2.5Sn alloy at 293K and 77K\[J\]. Mater Sci Eng A,2001,A316:80-86.
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