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復(fù)雜應(yīng)力構(gòu)件多荷載工況下的配筋優(yōu)化

2014-10-27 13:40張鵠志劉霞易偉建劉翔

張鵠志 劉霞 易偉建 劉翔

摘要:遺傳演化結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化算法自提出以來(lái),研究主要針對(duì)單荷載工況的情形,研究成果對(duì)于指導(dǎo)實(shí)際工程設(shè)計(jì)存在缺陷.為了滿足工程應(yīng)用的需求,本文以ANSYS有限元軟件的非線性分析為平臺(tái),選用solid65單元和link10單元分別模擬混凝土單元和鋼筋單元,將分離式模型遺傳演化結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化推廣到復(fù)雜應(yīng)力構(gòu)件多荷載工況下的配筋優(yōu)化.通過(guò)選用開(kāi)洞深梁和開(kāi)洞剪力墻作為數(shù)值算例以驗(yàn)證,分離式模型遺傳演化結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化可以綜合考慮多個(gè)荷載工況的影響,減少人為因素的干擾,直觀地計(jì)算出鋼筋配置方案,很好地完成復(fù)雜應(yīng)力構(gòu)件在多荷載工況下的配筋優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì),所得的結(jié)果符合受力機(jī)理,且不會(huì)使鋼筋過(guò)度集中,還因?yàn)樘岣吡虽摻畹睦眯?,所以相比彈性?yīng)力設(shè)計(jì)方法節(jié)省了用鋼量.

關(guān)鍵詞:配筋優(yōu)化;分離式模型;遺傳演化結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化;多荷載工況;復(fù)雜應(yīng)力構(gòu)件

中圖分類號(hào):TU311.41 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A

Abstract:The genetic evolutionary structural optimization (GESO) is used for single loading case study, but it still needs to be improved in practical engineering. In this paper, Separated elements model GESO was used to design reinforcement layout of the reinforced concrete (RC) members under complex elements stress states and multiple loading cases in order to fulfill the needs of engineering application. Separated elements model GESO involves the nonlinear analysis of ANSYS finite element software as a platform, in which solid65 element is chosen as the concrete element, while link10 element is regarded as the reinforcement element herein. Separated elements model GESO is further verified by considering deep beams and shear walls with openings as the numerical examples. The reinforcement layout of RC members under complex stress states can be optimized under multiple loading cases including loading combination. The influence of subjective factors has been dramatically reduced with intuitive reinforcement layout results, which are in accordance with the stress mechanism and will not lead to centralized reinforcement layout. The application of separated elements model GESO can save steel consumption by comparing with elastic stress design method, since the utilization efficiency of reinforcements is also improved.

Key words: reinforcement layout optimization; separated elements model; genetic evolutionary structural optimization; multiple loading cases; members under complex stress state

鋼筋混凝土復(fù)雜應(yīng)力構(gòu)件(例如深梁、剪力墻、框架節(jié)點(diǎn)、加載點(diǎn)、支座等)由于不連續(xù)或加載等因素導(dǎo)致應(yīng)力分布較為紊亂,經(jīng)典的平截面假定不再適用.這類構(gòu)件的配筋設(shè)計(jì),我國(guó)的《混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范》一直推薦經(jīng)驗(yàn)或半經(jīng)驗(yàn)的設(shè)計(jì)方法,可操作性較強(qiáng),但對(duì)復(fù)雜應(yīng)力構(gòu)件的傳力機(jī)理描述還不夠成熟,近年修訂的《混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范》(GB 50010-2010)\[1\]建議了基于彈性應(yīng)力分析的應(yīng)力設(shè)計(jì)方法,概念性強(qiáng),操作較困難.

拉壓桿模型是分析復(fù)雜應(yīng)力構(gòu)件的常用方法,不少學(xué)者運(yùn)用拉壓桿模型針對(duì)復(fù)雜應(yīng)力構(gòu)件展開(kāi)了一系列的研究\[2-3\],但是他們獲取拉壓桿模型的方法各不相同,很少采用優(yōu)化方法.通過(guò)對(duì)拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化方法\[4-5\]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),優(yōu)化方法可成為構(gòu)造拉壓桿模型的手段,特別是漸進(jìn)結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化方法\[6-7\],它能夠計(jì)算出相對(duì)較優(yōu)的拉壓桿模型.為提高算法的尋優(yōu)能力,易偉建等\[8\]提出遺傳演化結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化(GESO)方法.運(yùn)用GESO算法,劉霞等\[9\]計(jì)算了開(kāi)洞深梁的拉壓桿模型,對(duì)相應(yīng)的優(yōu)化參數(shù)展開(kāi)了討論,與其它的優(yōu)化方法進(jìn)行了對(duì)比\[10-11\],再通過(guò)Michell準(zhǔn)則從理論上對(duì)其優(yōu)化拓?fù)溥M(jìn)行分析\[12\],采用試驗(yàn)對(duì)該方法的準(zhǔn)確性進(jìn)行了驗(yàn)證\[13\].但這些研究在有限元分析時(shí)都將鋼筋和混凝土視為復(fù)合材料,抗拉和抗壓均具備一定的能力,這顯然與真實(shí)情況相悖,而且在文獻(xiàn)\[13\]的試驗(yàn)中,復(fù)雜應(yīng)力構(gòu)件的破壞形態(tài)與拉壓桿模型的預(yù)期有一定差別,并非拉桿、壓桿的失效或節(jié)點(diǎn)的破壞,這些都說(shuō)明拉壓桿模型方法存在局限性.分離式模型GESO\[14\]的提出一定程度上彌補(bǔ)了這些缺陷,但之前的研究?jī)H針對(duì)單個(gè)荷載工況,基于此,本文將發(fā)揮GESO的優(yōu)勢(shì),采用分離式模型進(jìn)行開(kāi)洞深梁和開(kāi)洞剪力墻在多荷載工況下的配筋拓?fù)鋬?yōu)化.

1多荷載工況下的分離式模型GESO

結(jié)構(gòu)在日常工作中常處于恒荷載和活荷載的組合工況之下,如果考慮氣候條件、地震災(zāi)害等其他因素的影響,風(fēng)荷載、雪荷載和地震荷載等也不可忽視,它們一般形成兩到三個(gè)效應(yīng)組合,如永久荷載效應(yīng)控制的基本組合,可變荷載效應(yīng)控制的基本組合,地震作用下的效應(yīng)組合等.單荷載工況的模擬是優(yōu)化算法研究的基礎(chǔ),能夠說(shuō)明GESO的可行性和穩(wěn)定性,但終究與設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)用還有一段距離,將其推廣到多荷載工況才能符合工程實(shí)際,所以多荷載工況下的配筋優(yōu)化是一個(gè)值得研究的問(wèn)題.

分離式模型GESO將混凝土與鋼筋單元分離式建模,使優(yōu)化有目的性地針對(duì)鋼筋.多荷載工況下的分離式模型GESO的流程圖見(jiàn)圖1.

5結(jié)論和建議

本文以分離式模型GESO為思路,以復(fù)雜應(yīng)力構(gòu)件的多荷載工況為背景,對(duì)鋼筋混凝土復(fù)雜應(yīng)力構(gòu)件進(jìn)行了配筋優(yōu)化研究,得出了以下結(jié)論:

1)分離式模型GESO可以進(jìn)行復(fù)雜應(yīng)力構(gòu)件在多荷載工況下的配筋優(yōu)化,能綜合考慮各個(gè)荷載工況的影響,直觀地計(jì)算出鋼筋配置方案,減少人為因素的干擾,具有良好的操作性;

2)與拉壓桿模型相比,分離式模型GESO不會(huì)使鋼筋過(guò)度集中,與經(jīng)驗(yàn)方法相比,鋼筋的配置又更符合力學(xué)概念;

3)配置斜鋼筋更符合復(fù)雜應(yīng)力構(gòu)件的受力機(jī)理,提高了鋼筋的利用效率;

4)較之彈性應(yīng)力方法,多工況分離式模型GESO方法更節(jié)省用鋼量.

由前面的研究可知,鋼筋配筋方案中存在部分斜向鋼筋,不利于構(gòu)件的施工,說(shuō)明算法還需進(jìn)一步改進(jìn)以增加計(jì)算結(jié)果的工程實(shí)用性.另外,隨著工況的增加和構(gòu)件的加大,計(jì)算效率將成為另一個(gè)問(wèn)題,這些都需要在后續(xù)研究中深入探討.

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\[10\]LIU X, YI W J, LI Q S, et al. Genetic evolutionary structural optimization\[J\]. Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 2008,64:305-311.

\[11\]劉霞, 易偉建. 鋼筋混凝土平面構(gòu)件的配筋優(yōu)化\[J\]. 計(jì)算力學(xué)學(xué)報(bào), 2010, 27(1): 110-114, 126.

LIU Xia, YI Weijian. Reinforcement layout optimization of RC plane components\[J\]. Chinese Journal of Computational Mechanics, 2010,27(1):110-114,126. (In Chinese)

\[12\]LIU Xia, YI Weijian. Michelllike 2D layouts generated by genetic ESO\[J\]. Struct Multidisc Optim, 2010,42:111-123.

\[13\]劉霞, 張鵠志, 易偉建,等. 鋼筋混凝土開(kāi)洞深梁拉壓桿模型方法與經(jīng)驗(yàn)方法試驗(yàn)對(duì)比研究\[J\]. 建筑結(jié)構(gòu)學(xué)報(bào), 2013,34(7):139-147.

LIU Xia, ZHANG Huzhi, YI Weijian,et al. Testing comparison between strutandtie model method and empirical method for RC deep beams with openings\[J\]. Journal of Building Structures, 2013,34(7):139-147. (In Chinese)

\[14\]ZHANG H Z, LIU X, YI W J. Reinforcement layout optimization of RC Dregions members\[J\]. Advances in Structural Engineering, 2014,17(7):979-992.

\[9\]劉霞, 易偉建, 沈蒲生. 鋼筋混凝土深梁的拓?fù)鋬?yōu)化模型\[J\]. 工程力學(xué), 2006,23(9):93-97.

LIU Xia, YI Weijian, SHEN Pusheng. Topology optimization of strutandtie models in deep reinforced concrete beams\[J\]. Engineering Mechanics, 2006,23(9):93-97. (In Chinese)

\[10\]LIU X, YI W J, LI Q S, et al. Genetic evolutionary structural optimization\[J\]. Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 2008,64:305-311.

\[11\]劉霞, 易偉建. 鋼筋混凝土平面構(gòu)件的配筋優(yōu)化\[J\]. 計(jì)算力學(xué)學(xué)報(bào), 2010, 27(1): 110-114, 126.

LIU Xia, YI Weijian. Reinforcement layout optimization of RC plane components\[J\]. Chinese Journal of Computational Mechanics, 2010,27(1):110-114,126. (In Chinese)

\[12\]LIU Xia, YI Weijian. Michelllike 2D layouts generated by genetic ESO\[J\]. Struct Multidisc Optim, 2010,42:111-123.

\[13\]劉霞, 張鵠志, 易偉建,等. 鋼筋混凝土開(kāi)洞深梁拉壓桿模型方法與經(jīng)驗(yàn)方法試驗(yàn)對(duì)比研究\[J\]. 建筑結(jié)構(gòu)學(xué)報(bào), 2013,34(7):139-147.

LIU Xia, ZHANG Huzhi, YI Weijian,et al. Testing comparison between strutandtie model method and empirical method for RC deep beams with openings\[J\]. Journal of Building Structures, 2013,34(7):139-147. (In Chinese)

\[14\]ZHANG H Z, LIU X, YI W J. Reinforcement layout optimization of RC Dregions members\[J\]. Advances in Structural Engineering, 2014,17(7):979-992.

\[9\]劉霞, 易偉建, 沈蒲生. 鋼筋混凝土深梁的拓?fù)鋬?yōu)化模型\[J\]. 工程力學(xué), 2006,23(9):93-97.

LIU Xia, YI Weijian, SHEN Pusheng. Topology optimization of strutandtie models in deep reinforced concrete beams\[J\]. Engineering Mechanics, 2006,23(9):93-97. (In Chinese)

\[10\]LIU X, YI W J, LI Q S, et al. Genetic evolutionary structural optimization\[J\]. Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 2008,64:305-311.

\[11\]劉霞, 易偉建. 鋼筋混凝土平面構(gòu)件的配筋優(yōu)化\[J\]. 計(jì)算力學(xué)學(xué)報(bào), 2010, 27(1): 110-114, 126.

LIU Xia, YI Weijian. Reinforcement layout optimization of RC plane components\[J\]. Chinese Journal of Computational Mechanics, 2010,27(1):110-114,126. (In Chinese)

\[12\]LIU Xia, YI Weijian. Michelllike 2D layouts generated by genetic ESO\[J\]. Struct Multidisc Optim, 2010,42:111-123.

\[13\]劉霞, 張鵠志, 易偉建,等. 鋼筋混凝土開(kāi)洞深梁拉壓桿模型方法與經(jīng)驗(yàn)方法試驗(yàn)對(duì)比研究\[J\]. 建筑結(jié)構(gòu)學(xué)報(bào), 2013,34(7):139-147.

LIU Xia, ZHANG Huzhi, YI Weijian,et al. Testing comparison between strutandtie model method and empirical method for RC deep beams with openings\[J\]. Journal of Building Structures, 2013,34(7):139-147. (In Chinese)

\[14\]ZHANG H Z, LIU X, YI W J. Reinforcement layout optimization of RC Dregions members\[J\]. Advances in Structural Engineering, 2014,17(7):979-992.

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