摘 要 采用不同提取液,從洗滌過(guò)的巴西橡膠樹(shù)橡膠粒子中提取蛋白質(zhì),并對(duì)其進(jìn)行電泳分離與質(zhì)譜鑒定。分離鑒定了2個(gè)含RicinB_Lectin_2結(jié)構(gòu)域的糖基識(shí)別蛋白質(zhì),分別命名為HbRBLLP-1和HbRBLLP-2。這2個(gè)蛋白質(zhì)可能是橡膠粒子膜蛋白質(zhì)或是與橡膠粒子有較強(qiáng)的相互作用的蛋白質(zhì)。對(duì)HbRBLLP-1及HbRBLLP-2進(jìn)行生物信息學(xué)分析,結(jié)果表明它們的RicinB_Lectin_2結(jié)構(gòu)域均僅有1個(gè)Q-x-W模體,而非蓖麻毒素B鏈所具有的(Q-x-W)3模體。
關(guān)鍵詞 巴西橡膠樹(shù) ;橡膠粒子 ;蛋白質(zhì) ;RicinB_Lectin_2結(jié)構(gòu)域
分類號(hào) S794.1
Abstract Proteins extracted with different buffers from washed Hevea brasiliensis rubber particles were subjected to electrophoresis and mass spectrometry analysis. Two carbohydrate binding RicinB_Lectin_2 domain containing proteins were isolated and identified, and these two proteins were designated as HbRBLLP-1 and HbRBLLP-2, respectively. These two proteins may be membrane proteins of rubber particles or proteins have a strong interaction with rubber particles. Bioinformatics analysis was also carried out on these two proteins. Bioinformatics analysis showed that HbRBLLP-1 and HbRBLLP-2 have only one QxW motif in their RicinB_Lectin_2 domain, respectively; whereas, ricin B chain has a (QxW)3 motif.
Keywords Hevea brasiliensis ; rubber particles ; protein ; RicinB_Lectin_2 domain
巴西橡膠樹(shù)(Hevea brasiliensis)幾乎是工業(yè)用途天然橡膠的唯一來(lái)源[1]。天然橡膠合成的最重要步驟是從異戊二烯焦磷酸多聚化為順式聚異戊二烯的過(guò)程,該過(guò)程發(fā)生于乳管細(xì)胞的特定細(xì)胞器橡膠粒子的表面[2-3]。橡膠粒子膜結(jié)合的橡膠轉(zhuǎn)移酶或橡膠轉(zhuǎn)移酶及輔助因子組成的復(fù)合體被認(rèn)為催化了這一過(guò)程[1]。然而橡膠轉(zhuǎn)移酶及其輔助因子未能確定,因此橡膠生物合成的機(jī)理至今未能闡明。
為了闡明橡膠生物合成的機(jī)理,研究人員進(jìn)行了分離純化橡膠轉(zhuǎn)移酶[3-5]及其它橡膠粒子蛋白質(zhì)的研究。目前,2個(gè)最高豐度的橡膠粒子蛋白質(zhì)得到了分離鑒定:Dennis等[6]報(bào)道了橡膠延伸因子(Rubber elongation factor,REF)的氨基酸序列,Oh等[7]報(bào)道了小橡膠粒子蛋白(Small rubber particle protein,SRPP)的氨基酸序列。此后,一些REF及SRPP異構(gòu)體序列信息被提交至NCBI蛋白質(zhì)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)。Zeng等[8]報(bào)道了定位于橡膠粒子上的K+依賴的Ⅳ型焦磷酸酶。彭世清等[9]克隆了1個(gè)編碼橡膠粒子膜結(jié)合的43 ku多聚泛素的基因。代龍軍等[10]利用磺基異硫氰酸苯酯(SPITC)化學(xué)輔助質(zhì)譜從頭測(cè)序法鑒定了1個(gè)新的REF蛋白異構(gòu)體,命名為REF2。但關(guān)于橡膠粒子蛋白質(zhì)的報(bào)道仍然不夠豐富,橡膠粒子蛋白質(zhì)的全面鑒定是闡明橡膠生物合成機(jī)理及膠乳凝聚機(jī)理的重要基礎(chǔ)性研究工作。
最近,本實(shí)驗(yàn)室采用不同的提取液,從洗滌過(guò)的橡膠樹(shù)橡膠粒子中提取橡膠粒子蛋白質(zhì),并且進(jìn)行16-BAC/SDS PAGE雙向電泳分析[10-11],采用新公布的基因組及轉(zhuǎn)錄組測(cè)序數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)[12]進(jìn)行質(zhì)譜鑒定,使一些不能從檢索NCBI植物蛋白質(zhì)庫(kù)獲得鑒定的蛋白質(zhì)得到了鑒定[11],如醌氧化還原酶、含蓖麻毒素B鏈凝集素結(jié)構(gòu)域蛋白及枯萎/脫水相關(guān)蛋白等,其中2個(gè)新鑒定的含蓖麻毒素B鏈凝集素(RicinB_Lectin_2)結(jié)構(gòu)域蛋白質(zhì)命名為HbRBLLP-1及HbRBLLP-2。本研究對(duì)為HbRBLLP-1和HbRBLLP-2編碼的基因序列進(jìn)行了PCR擴(kuò)增驗(yàn)證,并對(duì)這2個(gè)蛋白質(zhì)進(jìn)行了生物信息學(xué)分1.2 方法
采用不同提取液抽提橡膠粒子蛋白質(zhì),并進(jìn)行雙向電泳分析[10-11],采用新公布的基因組及轉(zhuǎn)錄組測(cè)序數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)[12]進(jìn)行質(zhì)譜鑒定。蛋白質(zhì)提取、電泳、質(zhì)譜鑒定等使用的材料與方法請(qǐng)參見(jiàn)代龍軍等[10-11]的文獻(xiàn)資料。
1.2.1 橡膠樹(shù)膠乳總RNA提取
參照曾日中等[13]的方法提取膠乳總RNA。
1.2.2 cDNA第一鏈合成
使用Invitrogen公司3′RACE試劑盒中的反轉(zhuǎn)錄酶及AP引物參照說(shuō)明書(shū)進(jìn)行反轉(zhuǎn)錄獲得cDNA第一鏈。
1.2.3 基因ORF區(qū)的擴(kuò)增
2個(gè)新發(fā)現(xiàn)的蛋白質(zhì)點(diǎn)所匹配的橡膠樹(shù)轉(zhuǎn)錄組組裝序列(Transcriptome Shotgun Assembly,TSA),即gi|387086993和gi|387077282已具備完整的ORF,采用Oligo 7軟件從ORF兩側(cè)設(shè)計(jì)引物,如表1所示。基因的擴(kuò)增采用熱啟動(dòng)Taq酶,并按Touch down程序[14]進(jìn)行擴(kuò)增。PCR產(chǎn)物經(jīng)凝膠電泳(膠濃度為1%)、切膠回收后連入pMD-18T載體,轉(zhuǎn)化大腸桿菌DH5α感受態(tài)細(xì)胞,進(jìn)行菌落PCR篩選陽(yáng)性克隆,并送往Invitrogen公司進(jìn)行核酸測(cè)序。endprint
2 結(jié)果與分析
2.1 2個(gè)蛋白質(zhì)的16-BAC/SDS PAGE及質(zhì)譜鑒定結(jié)果
2種配方提取液抽提蛋白質(zhì)的16-BAC/SDS PAGE圖譜可分別查閱參考文獻(xiàn)[10]和[11],HbRbllP-1為文獻(xiàn)[11]圖2中的5號(hào)點(diǎn),HbRbllP-2為文獻(xiàn)[10]圖2中的18號(hào)點(diǎn),質(zhì)譜鑒定結(jié)果如表2所示。2個(gè)蛋白質(zhì)均以遠(yuǎn)高于閾值(69分)的得分被鑒定,將2個(gè)蛋白質(zhì)分別命名為HbRBLLP-1(H. brasiliensis ricin B lectin like protein,對(duì)應(yīng)基因的登錄號(hào)為gi|387086993)和HbRBLLP-2(對(duì)應(yīng)基因的登錄號(hào)為gi|387077282)。
2.2 核酸序列PCR驗(yàn)證結(jié)果
依據(jù)從NCBI獲得的核酸序列,使用gi|387086993的1對(duì)引物應(yīng)擴(kuò)增609 bp的核酸片段,使用gi|387077282的1對(duì)引物應(yīng)擴(kuò)增1 167 bp的核酸片段。由圖1可知,2個(gè)基因的擴(kuò)增結(jié)果與預(yù)期的片段長(zhǎng)度吻合,測(cè)序結(jié)果也與從NCBI獲取的TSA序列相吻合。HbRBLLP-1與 HbRBLLP-2的氨基酸序列比對(duì)結(jié)果見(jiàn)圖2,結(jié)果顯示2個(gè)蛋白質(zhì)的氨基酸序列長(zhǎng)短不一,序列一致性為49.5%。
2.3 氨基酸序列的生物信息學(xué)分析結(jié)果
使用ProParam工具(http://web.expasy.org/protparam/)分析蛋白質(zhì)的理化性質(zhì),結(jié)果見(jiàn)表3。結(jié)果顯示,2個(gè)蛋白質(zhì)具有不同的等電點(diǎn),HbRBLLP-1呈弱堿性,HbRBLLP-2呈弱酸性。
采用SignalP4.1工具進(jìn)行蛋白質(zhì)信號(hào)肽序列預(yù)測(cè),結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)HbRBLLP-1與 HbRBLLP-2均無(wú)引導(dǎo)蛋白質(zhì)定位至葉綠體或線粒體的信號(hào)肽序列。使用TMHMM Server v2.0工具分析,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)2個(gè)蛋白質(zhì)均無(wú)跨膜區(qū),然而,對(duì)豐度最高的REF(gi|21689593)和SRPP(gi|14423933)進(jìn)行跨膜區(qū)分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)這2個(gè)蛋白質(zhì)也無(wú)典型的跨膜區(qū)[15,7],但它們是公認(rèn)的橡膠粒子膜蛋白質(zhì)。與此形成鮮明對(duì)照的是,同樣具有半單位膜結(jié)構(gòu)的油體的結(jié)構(gòu)蛋白—油質(zhì)蛋白(oleosin)具有2個(gè)典型的跨膜結(jié)構(gòu)域。使用PredictProtein工具進(jìn)行二級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)分析,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),HbRBLLP-1主要包含β折疊和Loop結(jié)構(gòu),無(wú)螺旋結(jié)構(gòu);HbRBLLP-2主要包含折疊和Loop結(jié)構(gòu),包含1個(gè)僅由5個(gè)氨基酸殘基(209~213)構(gòu)成的α螺旋結(jié)構(gòu)。
使用NCBI的BLASTP工具進(jìn)行結(jié)構(gòu)域分析,HbRBLLP-1和 HbRBLLP-2為pfam14200保守結(jié)構(gòu)域蛋白質(zhì)(ricin-type beta-trefoil lectin domain-like)。pfam14200家族目前包含52個(gè)可查詢的蛋白質(zhì),其中3個(gè)來(lái)源于蘑菇的凝集素已確定三級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu):2X2S[16]、2IHO[17]和3NBE[18]。這3個(gè)凝集素的活性形式均為相同亞基構(gòu)成的二聚體,每個(gè)亞基含有單一的RicinB lectin結(jié)構(gòu)域,因此只有1個(gè)糖結(jié)合位點(diǎn),二聚體凝集素的雙重糖結(jié)合位點(diǎn)使之具有凝集活性。其中2X2S、3NBE的RicinB lectin結(jié)構(gòu)域在C端,2IHO的RicinB lectin結(jié)構(gòu)域在N端。
蓖麻毒素B鏈(Ricin B)具有2個(gè)同源的Ricnin結(jié)構(gòu)域(每個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)域包含α、β、γ三個(gè)同源的長(zhǎng)度為40個(gè)氨基酸殘基的亞結(jié)構(gòu)域,每個(gè)亞結(jié)構(gòu)域都有1個(gè)Q-x-W保守結(jié)構(gòu)[19]),2個(gè)Ricnin結(jié)構(gòu)域各自包含的(Q-x-W)3模體及糖結(jié)合位點(diǎn);HbRBLLP-1和 HbRBLLP-2均含有單個(gè)RicinB_Lectin_2結(jié)構(gòu)域,且都存在于蛋白質(zhì)的C端(圖3),但它們的RicinB_Lectin_2結(jié)構(gòu)域均僅有1個(gè)Q-x-W模體,而非蓖麻毒素B鏈所具有的(Q-x-W)3模體。
3 討論與結(jié)論
3.1 HbRBLLP-1和HbRBLLP-2與橡膠粒子的關(guān)系
研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),分子量較小的HbRBLLP-1比分子量較大的HbRBLLP-2更容易被提取。僅用1% Na2CO3水溶液或更弱的提取液即可將HbRBLLP-1從洗滌過(guò)的橡膠粒子中提取[11];而HbRBLLP-2需用更強(qiáng)的提取液(配方分別見(jiàn)文獻(xiàn)[10]和[11])抽提。同源蛋白質(zhì)中分子量較大的蛋白質(zhì)與橡膠粒子結(jié)合更緊密的現(xiàn)象也存在于REF及SRPP異構(gòu)體中[11]。
橡膠粒子膜為半單位膜結(jié)構(gòu),橡膠粒子內(nèi)部為疏水的橡膠烴,蛋白質(zhì)存在于橡膠粒子膜或橡膠粒子表面。經(jīng)過(guò)3次洗滌,橡膠粒子上仍存在HbRBLLP-1和 HbRBLLP-2,推測(cè)它們是橡膠粒子膜蛋白或與橡膠粒子有較強(qiáng)的相互作用。研究結(jié)果表明,橡膠粒子中HbRBLLP-1和 HbRBLLP-2的豐度均不高,可排除因含量特別高而在橡膠粒子洗滌過(guò)程中蛋白質(zhì)未被溶液充分置換與稀釋的可能。
HbRBLLP-1和 HbRBLLP-2與橡膠粒子的較強(qiáng)結(jié)合,可能與橡膠粒子存在功能上的關(guān)聯(lián),這需要進(jìn)一步的研究予以證實(shí)。關(guān)于這2個(gè)蛋白質(zhì)是否橡膠粒子膜蛋白質(zhì)的問(wèn)題,無(wú)法通過(guò)TMHMM Server v2.0等工具分析得出簡(jiǎn)單的結(jié)論。
3.2 HbRBLLP-1和HbRBLLP-2的功能
Ricin超家族蛋白質(zhì)與酶催化活性、抑制性毒性及信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)相關(guān)。具有RicinB_Lectin_2結(jié)構(gòu)域的蛋白質(zhì)是Ricin超家族蛋白質(zhì)的一個(gè)分支,具有糖基識(shí)別功能,如凝集素、糖苷酶等。HbRBLLP-1和 HbRBLLP-2具有RicinB_Lectin_2結(jié)構(gòu)域,因此具有糖基識(shí)別功能,但具體功能有待進(jìn)一步研究。
目前已報(bào)道的橡膠樹(shù)凝集素有Hevein(4.7 ku),它是膠乳中的一個(gè)高豐度蛋白質(zhì),是一種抗真菌凝集素[18],在膠乳凝集中起著重要作用[19]。Wititsuwannakul等[20]發(fā)現(xiàn)了1個(gè)17 ku的橡膠樹(shù)凝集素,也參與膠乳凝集,但未獲得該蛋白質(zhì)的核酸及蛋白質(zhì)序列信息。需要從膠乳中純化或進(jìn)行重組表達(dá)HbRBLLP-1和HbRBLLP-2,以獲得足夠的量進(jìn)行生物活性研究,如凝集實(shí)驗(yàn)等,以探知它們的確切功能。endprint
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[17] Grahn E, Askarieh G, Holmner A, et al. Crystal Structure of the Marasmius Oreades mushroom lectin in complex with a Xenotransplantation epitope[J]. Journal of Molecular Biology, 2007, 369(3): 710-721.
[18] Pohleven J, Renko M, Magister S, et al. Bivalent carbohydrate binding is required for biological activity of Clitocybe nebularis lectin(CNL), the N,N'-diacetyllactosediamine (GalNAcbeta1-4GlcNAc,LacdiNAc)-specific lectin from basidiomycete C. nebularis[J]. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2012, 287(13): 10 602-10 612.
[19] Rutenber E, Ready M, Robertus J D. Structure and evolution of ricin B chain[J]. Nature, 1987, 326(4): 624-626.
[20] Parijs J, Broekaert W F, Goldstein I J, et al. Hevein:an antifungal protein from rubber-tree (Hevea brasiliensis)latex[J]. Planta, 1991, 183(2):258-264.
[21] Gidrol X, Chrestin H, Tan H L, et al. Hevein,a lectin-like protein from Hevea brasiliensis (rubber tree)is involved in the coagulation of latex[J]. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 1994, 269(12): 9 278-9 283.
[22] Wititsuwannakul R, Pasitkul P, Kanokwiroon K, et al. A role for a Hevea latex lectin-like protein in mediating rubber particle aggregation and latex coagulation[J]. Phytochemistry, 2008, 69(2): 339-347.endprint
[16] Sulzenbacher G, Roig-Zamboni V, Peumans W J, et al. Crystal structure of the GalNAc/Gal-specific agglutinin from the phytopathogenic ascomycete Sclerotinia sclerotiorum reveals novel adaptation of a beta-trefoil domain[J]. Journal of Molecular Biology, 2010, 400(4): 715-723.
[17] Grahn E, Askarieh G, Holmner A, et al. Crystal Structure of the Marasmius Oreades mushroom lectin in complex with a Xenotransplantation epitope[J]. Journal of Molecular Biology, 2007, 369(3): 710-721.
[18] Pohleven J, Renko M, Magister S, et al. Bivalent carbohydrate binding is required for biological activity of Clitocybe nebularis lectin(CNL), the N,N'-diacetyllactosediamine (GalNAcbeta1-4GlcNAc,LacdiNAc)-specific lectin from basidiomycete C. nebularis[J]. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2012, 287(13): 10 602-10 612.
[19] Rutenber E, Ready M, Robertus J D. Structure and evolution of ricin B chain[J]. Nature, 1987, 326(4): 624-626.
[20] Parijs J, Broekaert W F, Goldstein I J, et al. Hevein:an antifungal protein from rubber-tree (Hevea brasiliensis)latex[J]. Planta, 1991, 183(2):258-264.
[21] Gidrol X, Chrestin H, Tan H L, et al. Hevein,a lectin-like protein from Hevea brasiliensis (rubber tree)is involved in the coagulation of latex[J]. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 1994, 269(12): 9 278-9 283.
[22] Wititsuwannakul R, Pasitkul P, Kanokwiroon K, et al. A role for a Hevea latex lectin-like protein in mediating rubber particle aggregation and latex coagulation[J]. Phytochemistry, 2008, 69(2): 339-347.endprint
[16] Sulzenbacher G, Roig-Zamboni V, Peumans W J, et al. Crystal structure of the GalNAc/Gal-specific agglutinin from the phytopathogenic ascomycete Sclerotinia sclerotiorum reveals novel adaptation of a beta-trefoil domain[J]. Journal of Molecular Biology, 2010, 400(4): 715-723.
[17] Grahn E, Askarieh G, Holmner A, et al. Crystal Structure of the Marasmius Oreades mushroom lectin in complex with a Xenotransplantation epitope[J]. Journal of Molecular Biology, 2007, 369(3): 710-721.
[18] Pohleven J, Renko M, Magister S, et al. Bivalent carbohydrate binding is required for biological activity of Clitocybe nebularis lectin(CNL), the N,N'-diacetyllactosediamine (GalNAcbeta1-4GlcNAc,LacdiNAc)-specific lectin from basidiomycete C. nebularis[J]. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2012, 287(13): 10 602-10 612.
[19] Rutenber E, Ready M, Robertus J D. Structure and evolution of ricin B chain[J]. Nature, 1987, 326(4): 624-626.
[20] Parijs J, Broekaert W F, Goldstein I J, et al. Hevein:an antifungal protein from rubber-tree (Hevea brasiliensis)latex[J]. Planta, 1991, 183(2):258-264.
[21] Gidrol X, Chrestin H, Tan H L, et al. Hevein,a lectin-like protein from Hevea brasiliensis (rubber tree)is involved in the coagulation of latex[J]. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 1994, 269(12): 9 278-9 283.
[22] Wititsuwannakul R, Pasitkul P, Kanokwiroon K, et al. A role for a Hevea latex lectin-like protein in mediating rubber particle aggregation and latex coagulation[J]. Phytochemistry, 2008, 69(2): 339-347.endprint