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污損性管棲多毛類生態(tài)特點(diǎn)及研究展望

2014-08-08 02:15李韻秋曹文浩胡碧茹
生態(tài)學(xué)報(bào) 2014年21期
關(guān)鍵詞:剛毛污損華美

嚴(yán) 濤,張 慧,李韻秋,曹文浩,胡碧茹

(1. 中國科學(xué)院南海海洋研究所熱帶海洋生物資源與生態(tài)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,廣州 510301;2. 中國科學(xué)院大學(xué), 北京 100049; 3. 國防科學(xué)技術(shù)大學(xué)理學(xué)院,長沙 410073)

污損性管棲多毛類生態(tài)特點(diǎn)及研究展望

嚴(yán) 濤1,2,*,張 慧1, 2,李韻秋3,曹文浩1,胡碧茹3

(1. 中國科學(xué)院南海海洋研究所熱帶海洋生物資源與生態(tài)重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,廣州 510301;2. 中國科學(xué)院大學(xué), 北京 100049; 3. 國防科學(xué)技術(shù)大學(xué)理學(xué)院,長沙 410073)

污損性管棲多毛類屬環(huán)節(jié)動物門,主要由龍介蟲科(Serpulidae)、螺旋蟲科(Spirorbidae)、纓鰓蟲科(Sabellidae)和蟄龍介科(Terebllidae)4科55種組成,以華美盤管蟲(Hydroideselegans)、內(nèi)刺盤管蟲(H.ezoensis)、龍介蟲(Serpulavermicularis)和克氏無襟毛蟲(Pomatoleioskraussii)等種類為優(yōu)勢種,通常成批的附著在物體表面,嚴(yán)重影響人工設(shè)施的安全和性能。污損性管棲多毛類的分布具有明顯的地域性和季節(jié)性,并與深度有關(guān)。今后工作應(yīng)進(jìn)一步開展管棲多毛類基礎(chǔ)生物學(xué)研究,探討外來種的入侵及影響,豐富和發(fā)展生態(tài)和分類等方面的研究內(nèi)容。

污損性多毛類;種類組成;分布;附著

管棲多毛類隸屬環(huán)節(jié)動物門,一般生活在自身分泌的棲管中,營固著和濾食生活,具有生長速度快、繁殖能力強(qiáng)、生命周期較短等特點(diǎn),常常是污損生物群落初期階段的優(yōu)勢種類群[1- 4]。根據(jù)其形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)的差異,污損性管棲多毛類可分為龍介蟲科(Serpulidae)、螺旋蟲科(Spirorbidae)、纓鰓蟲科(Sabellidae)及蟄龍介科(Terebllidae)四大類群[3]。

污損性管棲多毛類的附著會堵塞養(yǎng)殖網(wǎng)箱和海水管道、增加浮標(biāo)重量、增大船底粗糙度進(jìn)而增加航行阻力和燃料消耗,而且蟲體死亡后石灰質(zhì)管也不易自然脫落[4- 8]。另外,棲息附著在船底和壓水艙內(nèi)壁的污損性管棲多毛類,還可隨著船舶活動越洋擴(kuò)散到新的海區(qū),甚至成為危害極大的外來入侵種,導(dǎo)致當(dāng)?shù)卦猩锶郝浣Y(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生變化[9- 10]。

本文根據(jù)已有文獻(xiàn)資料,綜合分析了世界各海區(qū)污損性管棲多毛類的種類組成、分布狀況和附著特點(diǎn),并對潛在的研究熱點(diǎn)和發(fā)展方向進(jìn)行了初步探討,以期人們能更好地了解其生態(tài)特點(diǎn)及研究進(jìn)展?fàn)顩r,為相關(guān)的科學(xué)研究和治理措施的制訂、控制和減輕其可能產(chǎn)生的危害、合理開發(fā)利用海洋資源和保護(hù)生態(tài)環(huán)境提供借鑒。

1 種類組成

主要污損性管棲多毛類涵蓋4科55種,主要有華美盤管蟲(Hydroideselegans)、內(nèi)刺盤管蟲(H.ezoensis)、分離盤管蟲(H.diramphus)、白色盤管蟲(H.albiceps)、克氏無襟毛蟲(Pomatoleioskraussii)、龍介蟲(Serpulavermicularis)、多孔旋鰓蟲(Spirobranchuspolytrema)、五犄旋鰓蟲(S.tetraceros)和乳蟄蟲(Thelepuscincinnatus)等種類。表1列出了世界各大洋主要污損性管棲多毛類的名錄。

1.1 龍介蟲科

龍介蟲科的很多種類都是常見的海洋污損生物[11],其棲息于自身分泌的石灰質(zhì)管中,體對稱,前端具一對特化的漏斗狀鰓冠,鰓絲常具兩排小羽枝,背中線的一個(gè)鰓絲末端膨大成封閉管口的殼蓋。軀干部由至少5個(gè)剛節(jié)的胸區(qū)和許多體節(jié)的腹區(qū)組成,胸區(qū)的背剛毛通常為具翅毛狀剛毛或槍刺狀或呈鰭刺狀,腹剛毛為齒片狀(梳狀);腹區(qū)剛毛的分布與胸區(qū)相反,背剛毛為齒片狀,腹剛毛翅狀或喇叭狀[12]。主要種類有華美盤管蟲、內(nèi)刺盤管蟲、分離盤管蟲、白色盤管蟲、管蓋盤管蟲(Hydroidesoperculatus)和盤管蟲(H.sanctaecrucis)[13- 15]。

表1 各大洋主要污損性管棲多毛類名錄

1.2 螺旋蟲科

螺旋蟲科的成員依靠石灰質(zhì)棲管附著,其蟲體小,不對稱,具有螺旋狀圓形石灰質(zhì)殼管;體前端具鰓冠,軀干分為胸區(qū)和腹區(qū),前者常具3—4剛節(jié),第1剛節(jié)常無腹齒片剛毛,其余均具背剛毛和腹齒片剛毛;后者雖具背齒片剛毛和腹剛毛,但分布與胸區(qū)相反;有的鰓絲特化成石灰質(zhì)殼蓋,呈圓錐狀或內(nèi)陷的圓柱狀,殼蓋柄無小羽枝[16]。隸屬螺旋蟲科的污損性管棲多毛類主要種類為紋章環(huán)旋蟲(Circeisarmoricana)、有孔右旋蟲(Dexiospiraforaminosus)、薄片右旋蟲(D.lamellosa)和日本右旋蟲(D.nipponica)[17]。

1.3 纓鰓蟲科

纓鰓蟲科的種類具有泥質(zhì)、革質(zhì)或膠質(zhì)蟲管,無殼蓋,具有兩個(gè)有溝觸角和1對膜狀唇位于鰓葉間。鰓冠位于體前端,由兩個(gè)半圓形或螺旋狀鰓葉組成,鰓葉上有很多鰓絲,鰓絲上有很多橫排小羽枝。軀干部呈光滑圓柱狀(其中胸區(qū)短且具背翅毛狀剛毛和腹齒片或者鉤狀剛毛枕;腹區(qū)很長,且剛毛的分布與胸區(qū)相反,具背齒片枕和腹翅毛狀剛毛),尾部則為圓錐狀[16]。常見污損性種類主要有纓鰓蟲(Sabellaspallanzanii)、麥纓蟲(Megalommacingulata)、斑鰭纓蟲(Branchiommacingulata)[3]。

1.4 蟄龍介科

蟄龍介科種類具粘有沙和泥的粘液性棲管,體前端具許多不能縮入口中的有溝觸手,口背腹面具觸手葉。軀干部分為較粗大的前區(qū)(疣足為雙葉型,有時(shí)具腹面腺墊,鰓和側(cè)葉常位于前3體節(jié)上;背剛毛呈翅毛狀,腹剛毛齒片狀)和僅具腹足葉和腹齒片的后區(qū)(無背足葉和背剛毛或僅具不發(fā)達(dá)的小背足葉,尾節(jié)無肛須)[12]。蟄龍介蟲科主要污損性種類為乳蟄蟲、側(cè)口乳蟄蟲(Thelepusplagiostoma)、刺毛乳蟄蟲(T.setosus)、扁蟄蟲(Loimiamedus)、似蟄蟲(Amaeanatrilobata)、蟄龍介蟲(Terebellaverrilli)[18- 20]。

2 世界各海區(qū)管棲多毛類分布狀況

污損性管棲多毛類的種類繁多,分布范圍廣,由于環(huán)境因素和地理位置的差異,其種類組成及分布狀況在各海區(qū)又表現(xiàn)出一定的差異和特點(diǎn)。本文按從東向西,從北往南的順序,對世界各大洋及其屬海(即太平洋、印度洋、大西洋)的污損性管棲多毛類進(jìn)行探討。

2.1 太平洋海域

在東太平洋海域,污損性管棲多毛類以盤管蟲屬的多樣性最高[21],盤管蟲(Hydroidesbrachyacanthus)、鰭纓蟲(Branchiommabairdi)等種類是墨西哥馬薩特蘭港常見的污損生物[22],華美盤管蟲和分離盤管蟲為加拉帕戈斯群島海域管棲多毛類優(yōu)勢種[23]。在珍珠港海域,華美盤管蟲是污損人工設(shè)施的重要種類,且四季均可附著[2];日本北部沿海則以內(nèi)刺盤管蟲為主[14]。澳大利亞海域1—3月份附著量最高的種類是側(cè)刺盤管蟲(Hydroidesnorvegicus)[24],盤管蟲(H.sanctaecrucis)和纓鰓蟲估計(jì)是由船舶攜帶的外來入侵種[10, 25]。

黃、渤海的污損性管棲多毛類均以內(nèi)刺盤管蟲和華美盤管蟲為主,其次為龍介蟲(Serpulavermicularis)、有孔右旋蟲和小刺盤管蟲(H.fusicola)等種類[26]。另外,在渤海污損生物群落中,還會有馬旋鰓蟲(Spirobranchusmaldivensis)和三犄旋鰓蟲(S.tricornis)出現(xiàn);而棒棘盤管蟲(Hydroidescf.novaepommeraniae)、絲管蟲(Filogranaimplexa)、乳蟄蟲、刺毛乳蟄蟲和斑鰭纓蟲則是黃海污損生物群落的重要組成[14,26- 27]。

東海沿岸海區(qū)污損性管棲多毛類以內(nèi)刺盤管蟲、分離盤管蟲、華美盤管蟲、克氏無襟毛蟲、龍介蟲(Serpulavermicularis)、斑鰭纓蟲等種類為主,另還有扁蟄蟲、側(cè)口乳蟄蟲、似蟄蟲和三犄旋鰓蟲等種類出現(xiàn)[19,28- 31]。在舟山群島海域,常見的種類為乳蟄蟲、內(nèi)刺盤管蟲、有孔右旋蟲和華美盤管蟲[18, 32];而在臺灣基隆八斗子港和屏東大鵬灣,優(yōu)勢種是斑鰭纓蟲和巖螺旋蟲(Spirorbisrupestris),其次為華美盤管蟲[31]。

南海污損性管棲多毛類的優(yōu)勢種是華美盤管蟲,其次為白色盤管蟲、長柄盤管蟲(Hydroideslongistylairs)、龍介蟲(Serpulavermicularis)、多孔旋鰓蟲、有孔右旋蟲、左旋蟲(Spirorbispapillatus)和斑鰭纓蟲等23個(gè)種類[13, 33- 36];另外,在南海北部近海離岸深水設(shè)施上,還有華美盤管蟲、龍介蟲(Serpulavermicularis)、褐棘盤管蟲(Hydroidesfusca)、分離盤管蟲、馬旋鰓蟲、三犄旋鰓蟲、迪氏線管蟲(Salmacinadysteri)、克氏無襟毛蟲、扁蟄蟲8個(gè)等種類出現(xiàn)[14, 37]。

2.2 印度洋海域

白色盤管蟲、華美盤管蟲、克氏無襟毛蟲、五犄旋鰓蟲和側(cè)刺盤管蟲均是印度洋海域重要的污損性管棲多毛類[13, 38],其中阿拉伯海沿岸在7—9月份以華美盤管蟲和管蓋盤管蟲的附著量最大,另一常見的污損性種類是尤氏根管蟲(Ficopomatususchakovi)[39]。在維沙卡帕特南海域,浮標(biāo)、碼頭、防波堤和船舶底部常被龍介蟲(Serpulavermicularis)、華美盤管蟲、分離盤管蟲、突出盤管蟲(Hydroidesminax)、盤管蟲(H.heterocerus)、心旋鰓蟲(Spirobranchussemperi)等種類附著污損[40]。

蘇伊士運(yùn)河的污損性管棲多毛類優(yōu)勢種為華美盤管蟲、分離盤管蟲、克氏無襟毛蟲、龍介蟲(Serpulavermicularis)、馬旋鰓蟲和五犄旋鰓蟲[41]。隨著華美盤管蟲在9月份大量出現(xiàn),分離盤管蟲、克氏無襟毛蟲、龍介蟲(S.vermicularis)和五犄旋鰓蟲等數(shù)量會顯著減少,且春季以華美盤管蟲和克氏無襟毛蟲的數(shù)量居多[42]。至于紅海海域,常見污損性管棲多毛類為克氏無襟毛蟲,另還有華美盤管蟲、五犄旋鰓蟲、馬旋鰓蟲和龍介蟲(S.vermicularis)等種類出現(xiàn)[41]。

2.3 大西洋海域

北海常見的污損性管棲多毛類為側(cè)刺盤管蟲、馬旋鰓蟲、龍介蟲(S.vermicularis)和絲管蟲[43],其中馬旋鰓蟲在其南部的油氣平臺導(dǎo)管架底部和近海風(fēng)力發(fā)電設(shè)施混凝土基座大量附著[44- 45]。地中海北部的亞得里亞海和利古里亞海,主要的污損種類是馬旋鰓蟲、側(cè)刺盤管蟲和龍介蟲(S.vermicularis)[46- 47];而在東部的梅爾辛灣和伊斯肯德倫灣,前者克氏無襟毛蟲的生物附著量極大,而后者碼頭樁柱上則常見分離盤管蟲[8]。華美盤管蟲和分離盤管蟲在地中海應(yīng)是外來種,可能由船舶經(jīng)直布羅陀海峽攜帶而來[48]。

在巴哈馬群島海域,水下約1700 m、接近海底的試板會被龍介蟲科和纓鰓蟲科生物附著[49];在墨西哥灣北部的近海石油平臺導(dǎo)管架上,則有蟄龍介蟲和刺毛乳蟄蟲等種類出現(xiàn)[20,50]。盤管蟲(Hydroidessanctaecrucis)和五犄旋鰓蟲是加勒比海地區(qū)常見的污損性管棲多毛類[23],而且其南部海域的人工設(shè)施則還會被偽柱蓋蟲(Pseudovermiliaoccidentalis)污損[51]。另外,在阿拉伊阿爾港浮標(biāo)可觀察到大旋鰓蟲(Spirobranchusgiganteus)的附著[52],而馬德普拉塔港污損性管棲多毛類通常以根管蟲(Ficopomatusenigmaticus)和華美盤管蟲為主[53]。

3 附著特點(diǎn)

污損性管棲多毛類分布和污損狀況具有明顯的地域性和季節(jié)性特征。在中國沿海,華美盤管蟲是東海和南海的污損性管棲多毛類優(yōu)勢種,而渤海則以內(nèi)刺盤管蟲和華美盤管蟲為主。再有,龍介蟲在南海為優(yōu)勢種,但在東海和黃海的附著量明顯減少[54];至于渤海,該種生物僅在個(gè)別海區(qū)偶爾出現(xiàn)[26]。

污損性管棲多毛類的附著在黃渤海海域集中于6—10月份[55- 56],東海為5—10月份;南海則全年均有附著,但仍以5—9月份的附著量較大,且種類也非常豐富[54, 57]。然而,在阿拉伯海的芒格洛爾海域,6—8月份卻未觀察到管棲多毛類的附著,其附著高峰出現(xiàn)在冬春季,尤其在4月份[58]。

污損性管棲多毛類很多種類的分布與溫度帶呈現(xiàn)密切關(guān)系。盤管蟲(Hydroidessanctaecrucis)和分離盤管蟲分布在環(huán)熱帶或者亞熱帶海域[21],白色盤管蟲則是印度洋和太平洋中熱帶及亞熱帶海域的常見種[13];內(nèi)刺盤管蟲多分布在溫帶海域[54],華美盤管蟲則廣泛分布在溫帶、亞熱帶和熱帶海域,為全球性的主要污損生物[3],扁蟄蟲為環(huán)熱帶、亞熱帶種類[48, 59]。

污損性管棲多毛類從潮間帶至深海均有分布[7,60- 62],其中沿岸海域主要為克氏無襟毛蟲、華美盤管蟲、盤管蟲(H.brachyacanthus)等種類[5, 8]。華美盤管蟲和分離盤管蟲主要附著在10 m以淺水層,五犄旋鰓蟲多出現(xiàn)在水下11—25 m[8, 13]。扁蟄蟲從潮間帶至100 m水層均有分布[59],而在水下200 m處出現(xiàn)馬旋鰓蟲的幾率比較大[8]。

船舶、碼頭、養(yǎng)殖設(shè)施及航運(yùn)通道等處常出現(xiàn)污損性管棲多毛類[13],其中港口鄰近海域尤以華美盤管蟲為主[63]。管蓋盤管蟲和克氏無襟毛蟲多附著于船體底部[8],而分離盤管蟲和華美盤管蟲等種類則傾向選擇碼頭和水產(chǎn)養(yǎng)殖設(shè)施[3, 8]。側(cè)刺盤管蟲的附著主要在船底,尤其龍骨部位附近[3];管蓋盤管蟲、旋鰓蟲(Spirobranchuslamarcki)和克氏無襟毛蟲等種類常附著在繩索和輪胎上,在碼頭燈塔基座附著數(shù)量較多的是旋鰓蟲和克氏無襟毛蟲[8]。盤管蟲(Hydroidessanctaecrucis)主要分布在表層(人工設(shè)施水下1—5 m處)[13, 64]。

在北海海域,群居的絲管蟲常附著在60 m以深水層的近海設(shè)施結(jié)構(gòu)上,其棲管相互纏繞粘結(jié),形成半球形或平鋪的薄層狀群落,通常前者直徑可達(dá)50 cm、高為20 cm,而后者直徑多為30—50 cm、但高度僅2 cm;另外,呈半球狀的鄰近群落還會逐漸融合在一起,形成更大的生物群落[43]。至于獨(dú)居的側(cè)刺盤管蟲、龍介蟲、馬旋鰓蟲等種類,在各水層均有分布,且其棲管可為后來污損生物提供穩(wěn)固的附著基質(zhì)[43]。

側(cè)刺盤管蟲的生長速度很快,尤其在水溫較高的月份。其分泌的棲管約呈圓形,壁薄且脆,緊密粘附在基底上;但在密集附著的水體環(huán)境中,棲管可脫離附著基表面生長[24]。在澳大利亞新南威爾士海域,側(cè)刺盤管蟲除了冬季的幾個(gè)月份外均可繁殖附著[24]。在地中海東部海域,克氏無襟毛蟲的繁殖附著一般均在夏季[8]。因此,水溫較高的夏季應(yīng)是污損性管棲多毛類繁殖附著的高峰期。

4 研究展望

污損性管棲多毛類種類繁多,分布廣泛,以龍介蟲科和螺旋蟲科的成員為主(尤其是龍介蟲科的盤管蟲屬),繁殖附著期通常在水溫較高的夏季,熱帶海域則全年均可附著。水溫和深度是影響種類分布的關(guān)鍵因素,而且設(shè)施類型及其部位的差異也會對其附著產(chǎn)生一定的影響。了解污損性管棲多毛類的生態(tài)特點(diǎn),既可為防污工作提供依據(jù),也有利于掌握其在污損生物群落中的地位及作用,為揭示海洋生態(tài)系統(tǒng)內(nèi)在本質(zhì)規(guī)律積累基礎(chǔ)資料。

幼蟲生物學(xué)及其培養(yǎng)技術(shù)是許多研究工作的基礎(chǔ)。然而,污損性管棲多毛類幼蟲生長發(fā)育及附著變態(tài)等方面的研究,目前仍限于華美盤管蟲、內(nèi)刺盤管蟲等少數(shù)優(yōu)勢種類[65- 67]。開展污損性管棲多毛類各階段幼蟲形態(tài)特征研究,闡明其變態(tài)附著的具體過程及作用機(jī)理,掌握環(huán)境因子對其生長發(fā)育及附著變態(tài)的影響,解決大批量培養(yǎng)問題,不僅有助于豐富和發(fā)展海洋生物學(xué)知識,還可為構(gòu)建污損性管棲多毛類防除測試模型、開發(fā)新型防污技術(shù)奠定基礎(chǔ)。

外來種入侵與人類活動導(dǎo)致某種生物來到新的棲息環(huán)境有關(guān),甚至可能造成生態(tài)災(zāi)害[68]。某些污損性管棲多毛類的適應(yīng)能力強(qiáng)、分布范圍廣,可通過船舶攜帶擴(kuò)散。由于新環(huán)境中可能缺乏相應(yīng)的制約因素,可能會導(dǎo)致外來物種不受控制而大量增殖,甚至危害當(dāng)?shù)卦猩鷳B(tài)系統(tǒng)的平衡。故隨著海洋航運(yùn)行業(yè)的發(fā)展,應(yīng)加強(qiáng)外來污損性管棲多毛類的檢測、監(jiān)測及防治研究,并探討其與當(dāng)?shù)匚锓N之間的關(guān)系。

污損生物通常來源于當(dāng)?shù)丶班徑S虻讞锶郝涞挠紫x和孢子,故其群落結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)及形成發(fā)展趨勢應(yīng)直接與當(dāng)?shù)睾^(qū)底棲生物狀況密切相關(guān)[69]。開展污損性管棲多毛類生態(tài)調(diào)查研究,分析各海域其優(yōu)勢種群的生物學(xué)特點(diǎn),探討其與群落中其他生物種類之間的關(guān)系,揭示其在污損生物群落形成及發(fā)展中的作用,弄清關(guān)鍵影響因子,將可為了解和掌握其在海洋生態(tài)環(huán)境系統(tǒng)中的演替變化規(guī)律創(chuàng)造條件。

分類定種是生物學(xué)研究領(lǐng)域的基礎(chǔ),基于傳統(tǒng)分類方法是依據(jù)生物體的形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)特征,故具有一定的局限性,這不僅可能引發(fā)學(xué)術(shù)爭議(比如華美盤管蟲和側(cè)刺盤管蟲是否為同一種類[70]),甚至可能導(dǎo)致種類鑒定的不準(zhǔn)確,從而獲得錯(cuò)誤的信息和結(jié)論。利用現(xiàn)代分子生物學(xué)技術(shù),可從分子水平開展污損性管棲多毛類種類鑒定工作(即DNA分類學(xué)),將表型相似種或者近緣種進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確的區(qū)分,從而為進(jìn)一步的生態(tài)研究和環(huán)保工作奠定基礎(chǔ)。

隨著海洋開發(fā)從近海向大洋、由淺海往深水拓展,在大洋深處和寒帶海域進(jìn)行勘探、調(diào)查和從事各種經(jīng)濟(jì)活動的機(jī)會也日益增多,這必將伴隨著越來越多人工設(shè)施的出現(xiàn)?;诤Q蟾g和生物污損現(xiàn)象是影響海洋設(shè)施結(jié)構(gòu)安全和使用壽命的重要因素,因此,開展深海環(huán)境和寒帶海域海洋設(shè)施上污損性管棲多毛類種類組成、結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)及其潛在影響等方面研究具有重要的理論和現(xiàn)實(shí)意義,也應(yīng)是今后的研究熱點(diǎn)。

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An overview of fouling sedentary polychaetes

YAN Tao1,2,*, ZHANG Hui1, 2, LI Yunqiu3, CAO Wenhao1, HU Biru3

1KeyLaboratoryofTropicalMarineBio-resourcesandEcology,SouthChinaSeaInstituteofOceanology,ChineseAcademyofScience,Guangzhou510301,China2UniversityofChineseAcademyofSciences,Beijing100049,China3CollegeofScience,NationalUniversityofDefenseTechnology,Changsha410073,China

Sedentary polychaetes are conspicuous with numerous species in marine environments. They can also be a major component of fouling communities. As fouling organisms, they can be divided into four families (Serpulidae, Spirorbidae, Sabellidae and Terebllidae) with a total of 55 species identified, of which the dominant species areHydroideselegans,H.ezoensis,H.diramphus,H.norvegicus,H.operculatus,Pomatoleioskraussii,Serpulavermicularis,Spirobranchuspolytrema,S.tetraceros,FicopomatusenigmaticusandThelepuscincinnatus.

Sedentary polychaetes usually live in tubes, which they themselves secrete. Tubes are either attached to surfaces or to each other forming tangled batches; such tubes are difficult to remove even when the occupying worms have died. Their larvae can settle on various underwater man-made substrata, and post-settlement tube growth may cause serious impairment problems such as adding weight to buoys, decreasing ship speed (more fuel consumption, so increasing CO2emission), blocking seawater pipelines and aquaculture nets.

Fouling sedentary polychaetes are widely distributed in tropical, subtropical and temperate waters. However, they are not homogeneously distributed over the different biogeographical regions. In the Pacific Ocean the common species areHydroideselegans,H.ezoensis,H.centrospina,H.longistylairs,H.multispinosa,H.prisca,Serpulacf.hartmanaeandS.tetratropia. WhereasFicopomatususchakovi,Hydroidesheterocerus,H.minaxandSpirobranchussemperiare only found in the Indian Ocean andHydroidesbrachyacanthus,Serpulaconcharum,SpirobranchuslamarckiandPseudovermiliaoccidentalismainly occur in the Atlantic Ocean.

Fouling sedentary polychaetes range from shallow coastal habitats to deep water. However, most previous work is restricted to coastal waters as studies in the deep ocean are rare. Moreover, different species prefer particular substrata. For examplePomatoleioskraussiiandHydroidesoperculatustend to settle on the hulls of ships, whereasH.ezoensisandH.diramphusare generally abundant on quay and aquaculture equipment. Understanding their settlement processes is likely to contribute to the development of novel antifouling technology.

Sedentary polychaetes are appropriate representative animals to evaluate the impact of environmental factors on marine ecological systems and from the viewpoint of antifouling studies, they are also ideal testing models. Therefore, further work should be focused on the aspects of larval development and settlement mechanisms of the dominant species. Moreover, with the increase in oceanic development and utilization activities, more man-made facilities now occur in deeper and colder waters. Lack of information on fouling sedentary polychaetes in such environment means urgent further studies are now necessary.

Due to the limitations of traditional taxonomic methods it is sometimes difficult to identify related polychaete species effectively. Modern genetic technology should provide the answers. Furthermore, some sedentary polychaetes can be easily transported by ship to new environments. As such alien invasive species they can cause serious ecological problems. Based on the reasons mentioned above future work should address the issues of taxonomy and invasive species.

fouling sedentary polychaetes; species composition; distribution; settlement

國家自然科學(xué)基金(41176102,31100260); 廣州市科技計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(2013J4300046); 廣東省海洋與漁業(yè)科技推廣專項(xiàng)重點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目(A201101F03)

2013- 11- 02;

2014- 04- 08

10.5846/stxb201311022651

*通訊作者Corresponding author.E-mail: yantao@scsio.ac.cn

嚴(yán)濤,張慧,李韻秋,曹文浩,胡碧茹.污損性管棲多毛類生態(tài)特點(diǎn)及研究展望.生態(tài)學(xué)報(bào),2014,34(21):6049- 6057.

Yan T, Zhang H, Li Y Q, Cao W H, Hu B R.An overview of fouling sedentary polychaetes.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(21):6049- 6057.

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