許馨月 葉雪梅 陳柏松
摘 要: 為了深入探討車載網(wǎng)絡(luò)協(xié)議IEEE 802.11p的特性,首先對該協(xié)議的物理層、媒體控制訪問層及其幀結(jié)構(gòu)進行了詳細介紹,然后從工作頻率、傳輸速率及最大功耗等方面與其他短距離無線通信技術(shù)進行對比分析,最后歸納出車載網(wǎng)絡(luò)協(xié)議IEEE 802.11p作為一項新的協(xié)議標(biāo)準(zhǔn),在車載網(wǎng)絡(luò)的實際應(yīng)用中有著區(qū)別于其他無線通信技術(shù)的特有優(yōu)勢。因此,對該協(xié)議的突破性研究,將有助于車載網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)在智能交通系統(tǒng)領(lǐng)域走向?qū)嵱?,既具有一定的理論意義,又具有重要的應(yīng)用前景。
關(guān)鍵詞: 智能交通系統(tǒng); IEEE 802.11p; 無線通信技術(shù); 車載自組網(wǎng)
中圖分類號: TN919?34; TP393 文獻標(biāo)識碼: A 文章編號: 1004?373X(2014)10?0086?03
Abstract:In order to further investigate the characteristics of IEEE 802.11p protocol for vehicular networks, first of all, the physical layer, media access control layer and its frame structure are described in detail, and then the working frequency, transmission rate and maximum power consumption of the protocol are compared with those of other short distance wireless communication technologies. Finally, as a new protocol standard, IEEE 802.11p protocol for vehicular networks has a unique advantage from other wireless communication technologies. Therefore, the breakthrough research of the protocol will help vehicular network technologies to move towards practical application for sure in the field of intelligent transportation system, and has the theoretical significance and application prospect.
Keywords: intelligent transportation system; IEEE 802.11p; wireless communication technology; vehicular Ad hoc network
0 引 言
IEEE 802.11p協(xié)議(又稱WAVE),是由IEEE 802.11標(biāo)準(zhǔn)擴充的無線局域網(wǎng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),應(yīng)用于智能交通系統(tǒng)(ITS)中,極大地促進了車載通信(DSRC)[1?2]發(fā)展。IEEE 802.11p在物理(PHY)層和媒體控制訪問(MAC)層上規(guī)范了下半層標(biāo)準(zhǔn),與IEEE 1609系列標(biāo)準(zhǔn)共同組成了車載環(huán)境下無線接入WAVE協(xié)議棧。
當(dāng)前,802.11p的研究逐漸深入,好幾類草案[3?5]標(biāo)準(zhǔn)相繼提出,其中應(yīng)用最廣泛的是2010年美國發(fā)布的IEEE 802.11p標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[6]。
1 IEEE 802.11p協(xié)議標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
1.1 IEEE 802.11p物理層特性
IEEE 802.11p協(xié)議的物理層是由IEEE802.11a標(biāo)準(zhǔn)擴展而來,采用正交頻分復(fù)用(OFDM)技術(shù)。
OFDM技術(shù)是一種高速多載波傳輸技術(shù),應(yīng)用于無線環(huán)境下。這種技術(shù)的特點是各子信道相互正交并各由一個子載波調(diào)制,各子載波并行傳輸,保證了頻譜的重疊性,降低了子載波間的互干擾性,增加了頻譜利用率,有效抑制了無線信道的時間彌散帶來的相互干擾。
IEEE 802.11p的工作頻率在5.9 GHz附近,頻譜總帶寬由7個10 MHz的信道和一個5 MHz的安全邊界(圖中最左邊部分)組成,如圖1所示[7]。其中,信道Ch172和Ch184用于交通安全, Ch178為控制信道(CCH),用于與交通安全相關(guān)的通信、系統(tǒng)控制和高優(yōu)先級管理,其余信道(Ch174,Ch176,Ch180,Ch182)為業(yè)務(wù)信道,主要用于傳統(tǒng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)應(yīng)用中,傳送非安全性的消息等。
1.2 IEEE 802.11p MAC層特性
2.1 藍牙技術(shù)
藍牙[10]是一種支持設(shè)備短距離通信的無線個人網(wǎng)絡(luò)傳輸(WPAN)應(yīng)用,能在眾多移動設(shè)備之間進行無線信息交換,進而提供一個全世界通行的無線傳輸環(huán)境。其載頻選用在全球都可用的2.45 GHz ISM頻帶,數(shù)據(jù)速率為1 Mb/s,收/發(fā)信機采用跳頻擴譜(FHSS)技術(shù),使用IEEE 802.15協(xié)議。與其他工作在相同頻段的系統(tǒng)相比,藍牙調(diào)頻更快,數(shù)據(jù)包更短,從而系統(tǒng)更穩(wěn)定。
2.2 Wi?Fi技術(shù)
Wi?Fi[9]技術(shù)的工作頻率包括2.4 GHz和5 GHz,速率可達1 Mb/s或2 Mb/s,采用16 MHz的直接序列擴頻(DSSS),作為OFDM調(diào)制技術(shù)的一個補充。為了抵抗噪聲干擾,Wi?Fi技術(shù)在MAC層采用ARQ糾錯與OFDM正交頻分復(fù)用技術(shù)。對于共享頻帶引發(fā)的干擾,Wi?Fi采取發(fā)射功率控制技術(shù)來抵抗。
相較藍牙,Wi?Fi技術(shù)的無線電波的覆蓋范圍更廣,傳輸速度更快。在數(shù)據(jù)安全性上,Wi?Fi采用的WPA2(數(shù)據(jù)加密和身份認證標(biāo)準(zhǔn))相對藍牙的AES?128CCM加密算法更為有力。
2.3 ZigBee技術(shù)
ZigBee[10]技術(shù)的工作頻率為2.4 GHz,基本速率達到250 Kb/s,采用跳頻技術(shù)。ZigBee比藍牙更簡單,速率慢且功率及費用低,可靠性高,應(yīng)用廣泛。此外,ZigBee技術(shù)可實現(xiàn)254個節(jié)點聯(lián)網(wǎng),能更好地滿足人們對電子娛樂游戲、家庭自動化應(yīng)用等需求。
2.4 幾種短距離無線通信技術(shù)的特點比較
ZigBee是以監(jiān)控為明確目標(biāo)的無線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)應(yīng)用標(biāo)準(zhǔn),由藍牙發(fā)展而來,卻表現(xiàn)出更精簡的功能,速率相對更慢,功率及費用也更低,且大多數(shù)時間處于睡眠模式,更適用于工業(yè)控制和監(jiān)控領(lǐng)域這些不需要實時傳輸或連續(xù)更新的場合。藍牙的跳頻技術(shù)使得無線鏈路自身具備了更高的安全性和抗干擾能力。而Wi?Fi在傳輸速率、可靠性、可移動性上更占優(yōu)勢。
這3種技術(shù)及IEEE 802.11p標(biāo)準(zhǔn)在很大程度上是互補的,其中前3種技術(shù)都使用工業(yè)、科學(xué)和醫(yī)用的頻帶。相較而言,從傳輸速度、無線電波覆蓋范圍及行車具體動態(tài)變化的環(huán)境考慮,IEEE 802.11p的應(yīng)用更適合室外高速移動的車輛環(huán)境,滿足在車載網(wǎng)絡(luò)[11]中對無線局域網(wǎng)的要求。
3 結(jié) 語
IEEE 802.11p協(xié)議在汽車通信[12?13]方面的巨大優(yōu)勢將推動其發(fā)展和應(yīng)用,在智能交通系統(tǒng)中,存在巨大的商用價值和使用價值。相較其他無線通信技術(shù),應(yīng)用IEEE 802.11p標(biāo)準(zhǔn)可使得熱點間切換更先進、更支持移動環(huán)境、增強了安全性、加強了身份認證等,保證在迅速變化的環(huán)境下運行和交換信息。
參考文獻
[1] LOCHERT C, SCHEUERMANN B, WEWETZER C, et a1. Data aggregation and roadside unit placement for a VANET traffic information system [C] // Proceedings of the Fifth ACM International Workshop on Vehicular Inter?NET working. New York: ACM, 2008: 58?65.
[2] Anon. Definition of vehicular ad?hoc network [EB/OL]. [2013?01?07]. http://www. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicular_ad?hoc_network.
[3] IEEE. IEEE P802.11pTM/D1.1. draft amendment to standard for information technology?telecommunications and information exchange between systems?LAN/MAN specific requirements, part11: wireless LAN medium access control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) specifications: wireless access in vehicular environments [R]. USA: IEEE, 2005.
[4] IEEE. IEEE P802.11pTM/D3.0. draft standard for information technology?telecommunications and information exchange between systems? local and metropolitan area networks?specific requirements, part11: wireless LAN medium access control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) specifications amendment 7: wireless access in vehicular environments [R]. USA: IEEE, 2007.
[5] IEEE. IEEE P802.11pTM/D10.0. draft standard for information technology? telecommunications and information exchange between systems?local and metropolitan area networks?specific requirements, part11: wireless LAN medium access control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) specifications amendment 7: wireless access in vehicular environments [R]. USA: IEEE, 2010.
[6] IEEE. IEEE P802.llpTM/D10.0. IEEE 802.11 working group of the IEEE 802 committee [R]. USA: IEEE, 2010.
[7] IEEE P802.11pTM/D10.0. draft standard for information technology?telecommunications and information exchange between systems?local and metropolitan area networks?specific requirements?part11:wireless LAN medium access control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) specifications amendment 7: wireless access in vehicular environments [R]. USA:IEEE, 2010.
[8] BILSTRUP K, UHLEMANN E, STROM E G. Evaluation of the IEEE 802.11p MAC method for vehicle?to?vehicle communication [C]// IEEE 68th Vehicular Technology Conference. [S.l.]: IEEE, 2008: 21?24.
[9] 孫弋.短距離無線通信及組網(wǎng)技術(shù)[M].西安:西安電子科技大學(xué)出版社,2008.
[10] 原羿,蘇鴻根.基于ZigBee技術(shù)的無線網(wǎng)絡(luò)應(yīng)用研究[J].計算機應(yīng)用與軟件,2004,21(6):11?15.
[11] 常促宇,向勇,史美林.車載自組網(wǎng)的現(xiàn)狀與發(fā)展[J].通信學(xué)報,2007,28(11):116?126.
[12] TOOR Y, MUHLETHALER P, LAOUITI A. Vehicle Ad hoc networks: applications and related technical issues [J]. IEEE Communications Surveys&Tutorials, 2008, 10(3): 74?88.
[13] 魏李琦,肖曉強,陳穎文,等.基于相對速度的802.11p車載網(wǎng)絡(luò)自適應(yīng)退避算法[J].計算機應(yīng)用研究,2011,28(10):3878?3880.
2.3 ZigBee技術(shù)
ZigBee[10]技術(shù)的工作頻率為2.4 GHz,基本速率達到250 Kb/s,采用跳頻技術(shù)。ZigBee比藍牙更簡單,速率慢且功率及費用低,可靠性高,應(yīng)用廣泛。此外,ZigBee技術(shù)可實現(xiàn)254個節(jié)點聯(lián)網(wǎng),能更好地滿足人們對電子娛樂游戲、家庭自動化應(yīng)用等需求。
2.4 幾種短距離無線通信技術(shù)的特點比較
ZigBee是以監(jiān)控為明確目標(biāo)的無線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)應(yīng)用標(biāo)準(zhǔn),由藍牙發(fā)展而來,卻表現(xiàn)出更精簡的功能,速率相對更慢,功率及費用也更低,且大多數(shù)時間處于睡眠模式,更適用于工業(yè)控制和監(jiān)控領(lǐng)域這些不需要實時傳輸或連續(xù)更新的場合。藍牙的跳頻技術(shù)使得無線鏈路自身具備了更高的安全性和抗干擾能力。而Wi?Fi在傳輸速率、可靠性、可移動性上更占優(yōu)勢。
這3種技術(shù)及IEEE 802.11p標(biāo)準(zhǔn)在很大程度上是互補的,其中前3種技術(shù)都使用工業(yè)、科學(xué)和醫(yī)用的頻帶。相較而言,從傳輸速度、無線電波覆蓋范圍及行車具體動態(tài)變化的環(huán)境考慮,IEEE 802.11p的應(yīng)用更適合室外高速移動的車輛環(huán)境,滿足在車載網(wǎng)絡(luò)[11]中對無線局域網(wǎng)的要求。
3 結(jié) 語
IEEE 802.11p協(xié)議在汽車通信[12?13]方面的巨大優(yōu)勢將推動其發(fā)展和應(yīng)用,在智能交通系統(tǒng)中,存在巨大的商用價值和使用價值。相較其他無線通信技術(shù),應(yīng)用IEEE 802.11p標(biāo)準(zhǔn)可使得熱點間切換更先進、更支持移動環(huán)境、增強了安全性、加強了身份認證等,保證在迅速變化的環(huán)境下運行和交換信息。
參考文獻
[1] LOCHERT C, SCHEUERMANN B, WEWETZER C, et a1. Data aggregation and roadside unit placement for a VANET traffic information system [C] // Proceedings of the Fifth ACM International Workshop on Vehicular Inter?NET working. New York: ACM, 2008: 58?65.
[2] Anon. Definition of vehicular ad?hoc network [EB/OL]. [2013?01?07]. http://www. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicular_ad?hoc_network.
[3] IEEE. IEEE P802.11pTM/D1.1. draft amendment to standard for information technology?telecommunications and information exchange between systems?LAN/MAN specific requirements, part11: wireless LAN medium access control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) specifications: wireless access in vehicular environments [R]. USA: IEEE, 2005.
[4] IEEE. IEEE P802.11pTM/D3.0. draft standard for information technology?telecommunications and information exchange between systems? local and metropolitan area networks?specific requirements, part11: wireless LAN medium access control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) specifications amendment 7: wireless access in vehicular environments [R]. USA: IEEE, 2007.
[5] IEEE. IEEE P802.11pTM/D10.0. draft standard for information technology? telecommunications and information exchange between systems?local and metropolitan area networks?specific requirements, part11: wireless LAN medium access control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) specifications amendment 7: wireless access in vehicular environments [R]. USA: IEEE, 2010.
[6] IEEE. IEEE P802.llpTM/D10.0. IEEE 802.11 working group of the IEEE 802 committee [R]. USA: IEEE, 2010.
[7] IEEE P802.11pTM/D10.0. draft standard for information technology?telecommunications and information exchange between systems?local and metropolitan area networks?specific requirements?part11:wireless LAN medium access control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) specifications amendment 7: wireless access in vehicular environments [R]. USA:IEEE, 2010.
[8] BILSTRUP K, UHLEMANN E, STROM E G. Evaluation of the IEEE 802.11p MAC method for vehicle?to?vehicle communication [C]// IEEE 68th Vehicular Technology Conference. [S.l.]: IEEE, 2008: 21?24.
[9] 孫弋.短距離無線通信及組網(wǎng)技術(shù)[M].西安:西安電子科技大學(xué)出版社,2008.
[10] 原羿,蘇鴻根.基于ZigBee技術(shù)的無線網(wǎng)絡(luò)應(yīng)用研究[J].計算機應(yīng)用與軟件,2004,21(6):11?15.
[11] 常促宇,向勇,史美林.車載自組網(wǎng)的現(xiàn)狀與發(fā)展[J].通信學(xué)報,2007,28(11):116?126.
[12] TOOR Y, MUHLETHALER P, LAOUITI A. Vehicle Ad hoc networks: applications and related technical issues [J]. IEEE Communications Surveys&Tutorials, 2008, 10(3): 74?88.
[13] 魏李琦,肖曉強,陳穎文,等.基于相對速度的802.11p車載網(wǎng)絡(luò)自適應(yīng)退避算法[J].計算機應(yīng)用研究,2011,28(10):3878?3880.
2.3 ZigBee技術(shù)
ZigBee[10]技術(shù)的工作頻率為2.4 GHz,基本速率達到250 Kb/s,采用跳頻技術(shù)。ZigBee比藍牙更簡單,速率慢且功率及費用低,可靠性高,應(yīng)用廣泛。此外,ZigBee技術(shù)可實現(xiàn)254個節(jié)點聯(lián)網(wǎng),能更好地滿足人們對電子娛樂游戲、家庭自動化應(yīng)用等需求。
2.4 幾種短距離無線通信技術(shù)的特點比較
ZigBee是以監(jiān)控為明確目標(biāo)的無線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)應(yīng)用標(biāo)準(zhǔn),由藍牙發(fā)展而來,卻表現(xiàn)出更精簡的功能,速率相對更慢,功率及費用也更低,且大多數(shù)時間處于睡眠模式,更適用于工業(yè)控制和監(jiān)控領(lǐng)域這些不需要實時傳輸或連續(xù)更新的場合。藍牙的跳頻技術(shù)使得無線鏈路自身具備了更高的安全性和抗干擾能力。而Wi?Fi在傳輸速率、可靠性、可移動性上更占優(yōu)勢。
這3種技術(shù)及IEEE 802.11p標(biāo)準(zhǔn)在很大程度上是互補的,其中前3種技術(shù)都使用工業(yè)、科學(xué)和醫(yī)用的頻帶。相較而言,從傳輸速度、無線電波覆蓋范圍及行車具體動態(tài)變化的環(huán)境考慮,IEEE 802.11p的應(yīng)用更適合室外高速移動的車輛環(huán)境,滿足在車載網(wǎng)絡(luò)[11]中對無線局域網(wǎng)的要求。
3 結(jié) 語
IEEE 802.11p協(xié)議在汽車通信[12?13]方面的巨大優(yōu)勢將推動其發(fā)展和應(yīng)用,在智能交通系統(tǒng)中,存在巨大的商用價值和使用價值。相較其他無線通信技術(shù),應(yīng)用IEEE 802.11p標(biāo)準(zhǔn)可使得熱點間切換更先進、更支持移動環(huán)境、增強了安全性、加強了身份認證等,保證在迅速變化的環(huán)境下運行和交換信息。
參考文獻
[1] LOCHERT C, SCHEUERMANN B, WEWETZER C, et a1. Data aggregation and roadside unit placement for a VANET traffic information system [C] // Proceedings of the Fifth ACM International Workshop on Vehicular Inter?NET working. New York: ACM, 2008: 58?65.
[2] Anon. Definition of vehicular ad?hoc network [EB/OL]. [2013?01?07]. http://www. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicular_ad?hoc_network.
[3] IEEE. IEEE P802.11pTM/D1.1. draft amendment to standard for information technology?telecommunications and information exchange between systems?LAN/MAN specific requirements, part11: wireless LAN medium access control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) specifications: wireless access in vehicular environments [R]. USA: IEEE, 2005.
[4] IEEE. IEEE P802.11pTM/D3.0. draft standard for information technology?telecommunications and information exchange between systems? local and metropolitan area networks?specific requirements, part11: wireless LAN medium access control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) specifications amendment 7: wireless access in vehicular environments [R]. USA: IEEE, 2007.
[5] IEEE. IEEE P802.11pTM/D10.0. draft standard for information technology? telecommunications and information exchange between systems?local and metropolitan area networks?specific requirements, part11: wireless LAN medium access control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) specifications amendment 7: wireless access in vehicular environments [R]. USA: IEEE, 2010.
[6] IEEE. IEEE P802.llpTM/D10.0. IEEE 802.11 working group of the IEEE 802 committee [R]. USA: IEEE, 2010.
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