屈培華

任何一篇文章，作者都在努力傳達(dá)給讀者一些信息。這些信息中，有的是文章的中心思想或者和中心思想有密切的關(guān)系，這是文章的主要信息；有的是為主旨起鋪設(shè)作用的，這是次要信息。英語閱讀理解題，?？疾樽x者對文章的關(guān)鍵信息的理解，即對文章中心思想的理解。本文將從不同角度對快速捕捉主要信息，準(zhǔn)確鎖定答案的方法進(jìn)行總結(jié)。

第一招，從篇首、篇尾、段首、段尾處找答案。

做好閱讀理解題，首要是把握文章的中心思想，這是一篇文章的關(guān)鍵部分。中考閱讀理解為了考查學(xué)生對文章的理解程度，以各種方式來考查學(xué)生對文章主題的理解。而文章的中心思想一般都會在文章的主題句或主題段落中。一般說來，文章的主題句往往會出現(xiàn)在篇首、篇尾或段首、段尾，因此篇首、篇尾、段首、段尾的文字是閱讀的重心所在。

例如：

Everyone has got two personalities （性格） —the one that is shown to the world and the other that is secret and real. You dont show your secret personality when youre awake because you can control yourself， but when youre asleep， your sleeping position shows the real you.

Q： What does the passage tell us？

A. Sleeping on your side is the best way of sleeping.

B. Changing positions will cause sleeping problems.

C. Sleeping positions show peoples secret personalities.

D. Enough sleep makes people look better and healthier.

【思路點(diǎn)撥】答案為C。該題為主旨題。在文章的篇首處命題，是典型的篇首點(diǎn)題型的考查方式。首先點(diǎn)出“每個人的性格都具有雙重性”這一核心話題，下文一步步展開闡述。所以從主題句我們很容易把握該題的答案。運(yùn)用此法，會更便捷、更清晰、更準(zhǔn)確地切中大多數(shù)的議論文和說明文的主題。

第二招，從轉(zhuǎn)折處找答案。

文章作者往往會借用轉(zhuǎn)折詞來引出某些重要的事實(shí)或觀點(diǎn)，轉(zhuǎn)折詞之后的內(nèi)容往往表達(dá)的是作者真實(shí)的觀點(diǎn)、態(tài)度或?qū)懽饕鈭D，故命題人有時會圍繞轉(zhuǎn)折詞前后內(nèi)容來設(shè)題。常見的表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的詞有：but，however，yet，otherwise，though，although等。

例如：

However， another mother， Susan， made a different choice. She said， “My daughters have always had school dinners. I think they probably get healthier food at school than a few sandwiches I make for them.”

Q： ______ would like the children to have the school meals.

A. Cath B. Susan C. Kaz D. Jamie

【思路點(diǎn)撥】答案為B。該題考查對事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)的理解與辨析。該題是在轉(zhuǎn)折處設(shè)題。上文介紹了一位有三個孩子的母親Cath讓自己的孩子從家里帶食物到學(xué)校去。本段作者筆鋒一轉(zhuǎn)，使用轉(zhuǎn)折詞however引出Susan贊同女兒在學(xué)校吃飯，認(rèn)為在學(xué)校吃的要比自己做的好，故Susan愿意讓孩子在學(xué)校吃飯，反對自己帶飯。

第三招，從對比、比較處找答案。

作者常用對比的手法來表達(dá)自己的觀點(diǎn)，比如：新與舊、好與壞、是與非、正確與錯誤等。前后的詞有明顯的對比關(guān)系。根據(jù)已知的內(nèi)容，通過這種對比關(guān)系，可以發(fā)現(xiàn)兩者的區(qū)別。比較指對兩種或多種事物的優(yōu)點(diǎn)、缺點(diǎn)、用途、功能、原理等特點(diǎn)進(jìn)行比較。這些對比或比較關(guān)系是讀者在理解文章時容易出現(xiàn)偏差的地方，所以這也成為了一個設(shè)題點(diǎn)。

例如：

People with blood type A， for example， are considered more likely to be serious， hard-working and quiet， while people with blood type O are likely to be popular and outgoing， yet often unable to finish what they start.

Q： The writer uses blood type A and O as an example to explain ______.

A. the difference between the two blood types

B. the relationship between the two blood types

C. the influence of blood type on ones behavior

D. the connection between personality and blood type

【思路點(diǎn)撥】答案為D。該題為主旨?xì)w納題。此處把A型血與O型血人的性格進(jìn)行對比，得出兩種血型的人性格各不相同，從而得出血型與性格之間有聯(lián)系。該題是在對比之處命題，通過對比，得出兩者之間的區(qū)別，這是我們解答閱讀題特別要掌握的技巧之一。endprint

第四招，從并列、列舉、舉例處找答案。

并列、列舉處是指多個意思相近或者相同的事物用并列連詞連接在一起的結(jié)構(gòu)，最常見的連詞有：and，or等。有時也用：first， then， next， finally， not only ... but also ...， on the one hand ... on the other hand ...等表示順承關(guān)系的詞語列舉出的一系列的并列的事實(shí)情況。

并列處和列舉處是考查事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)的主要信息點(diǎn)。為了使自己的觀點(diǎn)更有說服力，更加明確，作者還經(jīng)常會使用舉例的方法來進(jìn)行論證，明顯的標(biāo)志是：for example， such as， like， as等。這些例經(jīng)常會成為命題人設(shè)題的焦點(diǎn)。

例如：

“When can I get a cell phone？” The answer is when your parents think you need one， though many kids seem to be getting them around age 12 or 13. Some younger kids may have them because their parents see it as a matter of safety and convenience. For example， a kid can call mom and dad when sports practice is over. And a cell phone can give kids almost instant access （快捷通道） to their parents if something goes wrong or they need help. It can give parents quick access to their kids so they can check on them and make sure theyre OK.

Q： Parents buy cell phones for their kids because ______.

A. they think it is necessary

B. they think their kids are old enough

C. they have asked the author for advice

D. they want to follow their kids wherever they are

【思路點(diǎn)撥】答案為A。該題為主旨?xì)w納題。文章開頭提到何時買手機(jī)由父母決定。后用for example引出例子，舉例證實(shí)這一觀點(diǎn)。此處舉例論證了該段的主旨大意：父母為孩子買手機(jī)因?yàn)樗麄冋J(rèn)為很有必要。

第五招，從指代關(guān)系處找答案。

為了簡單明了地表達(dá)事物及邏輯關(guān)系，文章有時利用各種代詞來代替上下文提到過的人、物或事。當(dāng)代詞前后的句子結(jié)構(gòu)比較復(fù)雜時，這種指代關(guān)系往往不容易被區(qū)分清楚?？疾榇~是閱讀理解部分常見的一個考查方面，主要用來測試考生對文章中出現(xiàn)的詞或詞組的指代意義的理解。

例如：

I heard a low hum （嗡嗡聲）， which was growing louder. From a distance， the group of bees looked almost like a cloud of smoke. As it got closer， I realized it was actually thousands of bees flying towards me.

Q： The underlined word “it” refers to ______.

A. a rock B. the group of bees C. a hill D. the river

【思路點(diǎn)撥】答案為B。該題為事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。該題是在指代關(guān)系處設(shè)題。it指上文提到的the group of bees。

第六招，從文章觀點(diǎn)、態(tài)度處找答案。

文章中表達(dá)作者對于某人或某事的觀點(diǎn)或態(tài)度的地方、涉及他人或組織機(jī)構(gòu)的觀點(diǎn)或態(tài)度的地方也很受命題人青睞。解題時要留意文章中出現(xiàn)的think，guess，argue，believe，hate，against，decide等詞引出的句子以及一些帶有感情色彩的特殊句式（祈使句、感嘆句、反問句等）。

例如：

Another secret to living a happy life is to be active， and have hobbies where you forget your problems and time. Many people experience this by dancing， or playing a sport， such as swimming. You can forget about your problems， and only think about the activity. Finally， many people find happiness in helping others. Studies show that people feel good when they spend their time helping others. If you want to feel happier， do good things for someone. You can help a friend with his or her studies， go shopping to buy food for an elderly person， or simply help out around the house by washing the dishes.endprint

Q： The writer thinks that ______.

A. everyone knows how to live a happier life B. its wrong to spend time on work

C. hobbies take up too much time D. doing good things for someone can make you happier

【思路點(diǎn)撥】答案為D。該題為主旨?xì)w納題。該題是在作者觀點(diǎn)處命題。文章最后一段清楚地表明人們對待幸福的態(tài)度“最后，許多人在幫助別人時能找到幸福快樂?！庇纱苏f明人們對待幸福的態(tài)度。

第七招，從因果關(guān)系處找答案。

文章中的因果關(guān)系也常是設(shè)題處。一般來說，這種題有兩種形式：由原因推結(jié)果，或由結(jié)論找原因。能夠體現(xiàn)因果關(guān)系的詞語包括：because （of），since，as，so，for等。

例如：

You have a low opinion of yourself and often protect yourself from being hurt， so you are very defensive. Youre shy and you dont usually like meeting people. You like to be on your own.

Q： What does the word “defensive” mean in the passage？

A. 易怒的 B. 攻擊性的 C. 外向的 D. 有戒心的

【思路點(diǎn)撥】答案為D。該題為詞義猜測題。前半句的意思時“你對自己的評價不高，經(jīng)常保護(hù)自己不受傷害”，后半句是由so引導(dǎo)的句子，考點(diǎn)所在句采用因果關(guān)系，說明“因?yàn)椤浴?，再結(jié)合下文“你很害羞”，可知defensive意為“保護(hù)的，有戒心的”。

第八招，從特殊句式、復(fù)雜句式處找答案。

句子的主語、謂語和賓語是傳達(dá)信息的主要載體，其他成分，不論有多么長多么復(fù)雜，都只是輔助成分。我們只要抓住了主要結(jié)構(gòu)就很容易判斷了。解答這類題時，考生要注意弄清句子的層次邏輯關(guān)系。

例如：

In a normal night， of course， you often change your sleeping positions. The important position that best shows your secret personality is the one that you go to sleep.

Q： When does the sleeping position best show your secret personality？

A. In the daytime. B. At the beginning of sleep.

C. At night. D. During the deep sleep.

【思路點(diǎn)撥】答案為B。該題是在復(fù)雜句式處命題。文中that best shows your secret personality和that you go to sleep是兩個定語從句，前面一個從句修飾先行詞position，后一個從句修飾先行詞the one。此類題需要深入分析邏輯層次，才能做出判斷，得出正確答案。短語go to sleep意為“入睡”，所以選B。

第九招，從解釋中找答案。

有些詞擔(dān)負(fù)著傳達(dá)主要信息的功能，而有些詞主要起語法作用，或者它所傳達(dá)的信息和下文的其他信息有一些聯(lián)系。這些非重要信息往往有一個同位語來解釋說明它們的意思。我們還可以根據(jù)同一篇文章中的其他信息來幫助判斷答案。這類信息有：同位語、下定義、解釋、舉例、同義詞、反義詞、上下文以及標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號，如破折號、冒號、括號都表示解釋和說明。

例如：

Perhaps youve had such experiences as these. Most people have. But most of them havent realized that they have a memory problem. Neither do they know a simple but important fact： memory can be improved. If youll just accept that， the following will show you how.

Q： When you forget things， you ______.

A. must be too careless B. shouldnt lose heart about your memory

C. must accept the fact D. shouldnt take notice of the result

【思路點(diǎn)撥】答案為B。該題為推理判斷題。該題是冒號處命題。冒號前提到“沒有人知道一個簡單而又重要的事實(shí)”，冒號后說明了這個事實(shí)：記憶力是可以提高的。因此推斷出“不該對記憶力失去信心”，故選B。

第十招，從引言處找答案。

引言是增強(qiáng)文章說服力的一種有效手段。作者在論證自己的觀點(diǎn)或闡述某一問題時，常會引用其他人或組織結(jié)構(gòu)的論斷、陳述及其研究發(fā)現(xiàn)等，以增強(qiáng)文章的說服力和可信度。因此，引言處也是出題人經(jīng)?？疾榈牡胤健?/p>

例如：

Just before the final race Wang Meng caught a bad cold and coughed terribly. With the words of “You can， you can do！” she won at last. She said， “I really feel these three gold medals belong to my team， to China. It was with the help of my team that I won the prize.”

Q： In Wang Mengs opinion， ______ made her win the prize at last.

A. a strong body B. a bad cold C. her teams help D. much exercise

【思路點(diǎn)撥】答案為C。該題為事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。答案為C。文中Wang Meng的引言為，“我感到這三枚金牌屬于我們隊(duì)，屬于中國。它是在我們所有隊(duì)員的幫助之下贏得的?！彼栽擃}答案為C。此處是從引言處設(shè)題的典型例證。endprint