高考英語書面表達(dá)是限定性寫作，要求考生根據(jù)一定的提示，包括文字、圖表、圖畫等進(jìn)行寫作。雖然近幾年高考作文也有嘗試向開放性過渡（2013年北京卷），但受高考評卷和評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的約束，要求考生自由發(fā)揮的空間仍受到一定限制。因此，英語寫作還是有章可循的。

一、研讀《考試說明》知曉命題特點

縱觀近十年的高考書面表達(dá)命題形式，看圖命題是常采用的形式之一（2013年江蘇卷、北京卷、福建卷和重慶卷）。圖的類型也是多樣化，有一幅或一組畫面 （含漫畫），有圖示 （路線圖或建筑物位置圖），也有分析數(shù)據(jù)的統(tǒng)計圖表，同時給出一定的文字說明。

所給題材主要涉及到考生的日常生活，大多數(shù)也是考生經(jīng)歷過或可能經(jīng)歷的。文體也常以記敘文、說明文、應(yīng)用文等為主。這類看圖作文命題的目的是考查考生根據(jù)對圖畫內(nèi)容的細(xì)心觀察，充分發(fā)揮自己的想象力和理解力，有條理有重點，生動準(zhǔn)確地把圖畫內(nèi)容加工成書面語言。

快樂體驗

請根據(jù)你對以下兩幅圖的理解，以“Actions Speak Louder than Words”為題，用英語寫一篇作文。（2013江蘇卷）

參考詞匯： banner （橫幅）；stump （樹樁）

你的作文應(yīng)包括以下內(nèi)容：

1.簡要描述兩幅圖的內(nèi)容；

2.概述你對兩幅圖中不同做法的理解；

3.舉例說明兩幅圖對你的啟示。

注意：

1.可參照圖片適當(dāng)發(fā)揮；

2.作文詞數(shù)150詞左右；

3.作文中不得提及有關(guān)考生個人身份的任何信息，如校名、人名等。

Actions Speak Louder than Words

二、解題策略三部曲

第一步：謀篇布局。

拿到作文材料后，考慮篇章布局十分重要。

1.整體構(gòu)思：醞釀文章的大致寫作思路.包括：

（1）題材研究：英語寫作題材多樣，以記敘文、說明文、議論文常見。還有命題作文和看圖/漫畫作文。認(rèn)真閱讀寫作要求，弄清楚該運用何種體裁。如果是應(yīng)用文該用何種格式。上文是一篇看圖寫作題，是高考英語寫作中對考生來說相對比較難的一種。它主要考查考生綜合應(yīng)用語言的能力，要求考生通過觀察和分析單幅或一組畫，把圖畫內(nèi)容轉(zhuǎn)化成文字信息。但是，它并不是要求考生按照試題里的“提示”進(jìn)行逐句翻譯，而是要求考生在充分領(lǐng)會“提示”的前提下，用自己的語言寫成一篇內(nèi)容充實，語言正確，句子連貫，用詞貼切的作文。

（2）材料研究：高考英語作文所提供的材料豐富，與中學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)、生活息息相關(guān)，以提綱、圖表和圖畫或漫畫形式展現(xiàn)。把提供的材料要點化，分清詳略，避免遺漏要點。必要時可分條列舉出來，注意零碎細(xì)節(jié)的處理。切不可對材料進(jìn)行任意過度的發(fā)揮，注意詞數(shù)限制。根據(jù)圖片內(nèi)容，可以確定以下要點：

① 人們以不同的方式慶?！暗厍蛉铡薄?/p>

② 一個人豎起一面旗子而一對夫婦正在植樹。

③ 我們的地球正在遭受著破壞，我們應(yīng)該立即行動起來保護(hù)地球。

④ 空喊口號沒用，應(yīng)該做一些實際的事情。

⑤ 發(fā)表啟示：舉例說明圖畫給你的啟示。

（3）時態(tài)的使用： 行文時態(tài)主要取決于事件的發(fā)生時間，避免錯用時態(tài)。上文中應(yīng)主要使用一般現(xiàn)在時，個別地方可用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時。

2.全文布局：通過研讀高考作文范文，我們不難發(fā)現(xiàn)一個規(guī)律：整個作文基本上采用“三段式”。第一段描述情景內(nèi)容，提出情景所要揭示的問題，第二段分析問題（問題的成因或可能產(chǎn)生的影響）；第三段談?wù)剛€人看法或建議。此類作文的常用句型有：

開頭段： What is illustrated in the picture is...（提出情景所要揭示的問題）/ From the picture（s） we can see that...（描述情景內(nèi)容）；

中間段：There may be... （2 or 3） reasons responsible for / contributing to / accounting for this phenomenon；

結(jié)尾段：As far as I am concerned / In my opinion， effective steps should be taken to...

全篇共1012句， 每句話不少于1214個單詞，這就要求考生對所提供材料進(jìn)行加工、分類、整合，避免堆砌。

3.每段布局

每一段的結(jié)構(gòu)可采用總—分式或分—總式， 用一句話概述該段中心，其余句子圍繞中心展開，做到條理清楚， 層次分明， 觀點明確。如上文：

第一段中心：People celebrate Earth Day differently.

第二段中心：Our earth is suffering severe damage.

第三段中心：Actions are important in other fields， too.

第二步：草擬詞匯、句型，然后拓展成句。

根據(jù)上面的要點和圖畫內(nèi)容，用英語草擬可能要使用的詞匯和句型結(jié)構(gòu)：

① celebrate Earth Day， put up a banner， surround， stumps， plant trees

② Actions speak louder than words， suffer damage， take measures

③ take steps， cut down trees， better the environment

④ shout empty slogans， donate books and sports goods， follow traffic rules， stop at the red light， complain about traffic jams

⑤ match ones words with actions， make a difference

根據(jù)草擬的詞匯和句型結(jié)構(gòu)寫好句子，并且所寫的每一個句子的英語語言要地道，避免詞法、句法和語法上的錯誤。2013年江蘇省高考書面表達(dá)閱卷要點的認(rèn)定就有一條：“考生必須用比較完整的句子表達(dá)出要點。如果只寫出關(guān)鍵詞而無主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，不可視為表達(dá)出該要點”。由此可見拓展成句的重要性。

針對該書面表達(dá)，利用上面草擬的詞匯和句型可以拓展成下列一些句子：

（1） People celebrate Earth Day.

（2） A man is trying to put up a banner on a lonely tree.

（3） The lonely tree is surrounded by stumps.

（4） A couple is planting trees.

（5） Our earth is suffering damage.

（6） We should take measures to protect our earth.

（7） To better the environment， we should stop cutting down trees.

（8） We shouldnt shout empty slogans.

（9） Wed better donate books and sports goods to children in need.

（10） We should strictly and voluntarily follow traffic rules.

（11） We must stop at the red light. Wed better not complain about traffic jams.

（12） We can make a difference in whatever we hope to accomplish.

第三步：修改潤色。

一篇文章中句子和句子之間的銜接至關(guān)重要。因此，在組句成文時要注意適當(dāng)?shù)厥褂靡恍┍硎静⒘?、轉(zhuǎn)折、對比、因果、時間和空間、遞進(jìn)和強(qiáng)調(diào)、解釋和說明、得出結(jié)論等過渡詞，以便使圖與圖之間內(nèi)容過渡自然、層次清楚。

近年來高考書面表達(dá)的評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)鼓勵考生“盡量使用一些高級詞匯和復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)”，并對由此產(chǎn)生的錯誤采取了寬容的態(tài)度。因此，考生可以適當(dāng)?shù)厥褂靡恍└呒壴~匯和復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)。這樣才可以使文章大為增色，從而獲得書面表達(dá)的高分。高級詞匯這個概念很模糊，只要表達(dá)出來的意思更地道、更符合英語語言習(xí)慣就是高級詞匯或者理解成高中詞匯以及高中詞匯中模塊九、十和十一里面的詞匯。至于復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)是指三大從句、固定句型、非謂語動詞、獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)、插入成分以及倒裝句等。

以本文所舉的書面表達(dá)為例：

第一句可加上一個狀語differently或者in a different way；第（2）句和第（3）句可以用分詞句或定語從句連接起來：A man is trying to put up a banner on a lonely tree （which / that is） surrounded by stumps. 再用并列連詞while表對比“而”將第（4）句連接起來while a couple is happily planting trees. 就比原來三個句子增色不少。在第（5）句damage前加形容詞severe修飾一下。將第（6）句改為一般疑問句效果更好。同時考慮動作的執(zhí)行者不明確或不需要說出或為了避免多個句子中重復(fù)使用“we”時可考慮使用被動語態(tài)。再用舉例的方法將第（7）句連接起來Actions should be taken like / such as stopping cutting down trees， to better the environment.

為了避免多次使用“we”，我們可用instead of和形式主語代替不定式作真正主語將第（8）句和第（9）句連接起來Instead of shouting empty slogans， it is more meaningful to donate books and sports goods to children in need. 再用現(xiàn)在分詞短語作狀語用來補(bǔ)充說明并用rather than將第（10）句和第（11）句連接起來。最后我們在第（12）句中使用高級句型——倒裝句Only when we... can we... “只有當(dāng)我們……時，我們才能……”來潤色一下，使得整篇文章有一個漂亮的結(jié)尾。

【參考范文】

Actions Speak Louder than Words

People celebrate Earth Day differently. In Picture 1， a man is trying to put up a banner on a lonely tree surrounded by stumps， but in vain， while Picture 2 shows a couple is happily planting trees.

The message conveyed here is clear： “Actions speak louder than words.” Our earth is suffering severe damage. Should we just pay lip service or take practical measures to protect it？ The answer is definitely the latter. Immediate actions should be taken， like stopping cutting down trees， to better the environment.

Actions are important in other fields， too. Instead of shouting empty slogans， it is more meaningful to donate books and sports goods to children in need. We should strictly and voluntarily follow traffic rules， stopping at the red light rather than complaining about traffic jams. Only when we match our words with actions can we make a difference in whatever we hope to accomplish.

三、常用文體的常用句式

1.英語書信（含電子郵件）的常見寫作模板

開頭部分：Im very grateful for your help. / How nice to hear from you again. / Im writing to you with reference to... / Thanks so much for your letter， which arrived... / Let me tell you something about the activity. / Im glad to have received your letter of May Day. / There are some problems that I wish to bring to attention. For one thing...； for another... / Im pleased to hear that youre coming to China for a visit. / You must give me the chance to return your kindness when you visit here. / I wish to express my sincere appreciation for... / Because of your warm entertainment， I had a wonderful time in... / Im writing to thank you for your help during my stay in Nanjing. Thank you for inviting me to your birthday party， but I regret to say I cant come.

結(jié)尾部分：With best wishes. / We sincerely hope you can attend. / Im looking forward to your reply. / Id appreciate it if you could reply earlier. / I believe you will be kind enough to solve the problem as soon as possible. / Thank you again for your wonderful hospitality and Im looking forward to seeing you again. / I would appreciate it if you could solve the problem as soon as possible.

2. 口頭通知常見寫作模板

呼語和開場白：

Everyone is welcome / expected to attend... / Ladies and gentlemen， May I have your attention， please？ I have an announcement to make.

正文部分：

Please come on time and dont be late. / Please take your notebooks and take notes. / All the teachers and students are required to attend it. / Please listen carefully and well have a discussion in groups after the report.

結(jié)束語部分：

Thats all. Thank you. / Please come and join in it. / Everybody is welcome to attend it. / I hope youll have a nice time here. / Thank you for your listening / joining. / Please get everything ready ahead of time. Dont be late. / Please be there / present on time / Please be sure to attend on time.

3. 議論文模板

（1）正反觀點式議論文模板：

導(dǎo)入：Recently weve had a discussion about whether we should... （導(dǎo)入話題）

Our opinions are divided on this topic into...（觀點有分歧）

正文：Most of the students are in favour of it.（正方觀點）

Here are the reasons. First... Second... Finally...（列出2～3個贊成的理由）

However， the others are strongly against it. （反方觀點）

Their reasons are as follows. In the first place... Whats more... In addition... Besides...（列出2～3個反對的理由）

結(jié)論：Personally speaking， the advantages overweigh the disadvantages， for it will do us more harm than good， so I support it.（個人觀點）

（2）“A或者B”類議論文模板：

導(dǎo)入：Some people hold the opinion that A is superior to B in many ways. Others， however， argue that B is much better. Personally， I would prefer A because I think A has more advantages.

正文：There are many reasons why I prefer A. The main reason is that... Another reason is that... （贊同A的原因）

Of course， B also has advantages to some extent... （列出1～2個B的優(yōu)勢）

結(jié)論：But if all these factors are considered， A is much better than B. From what has been discussed above， we may finally draw the conclusion that... （得出結(jié)論）

（3）觀點論述類議論文模板：

導(dǎo)入：提出一種現(xiàn)象或某個決定作為議論的話題

As a student， I am strongly in favour of the decision. （亮明自己的觀點是贊成還是反對）The reasons for this may be listed as follows. （過渡句，承上啟下）

正文：First of all... Secondly... Besides...（列出2～3個贊成或反對的理由）

結(jié)論：In conclusion， I believe that... （照應(yīng)第1段，構(gòu)成“總—分—總”結(jié)構(gòu)）

4. 圖表作文寫作模板

It can be seen / concluded from the picture / table / figures that... / As is shown in the bar graph （條形圖）， ... / From the changes shown in the charts， we can predict that... / According to the statistics shown in the first / second graph... / From the diagram / chart， we can see / know that... / There are several reasons for the changes. Firstly， ... Secondly， ... / Judging by the figures / statistics， it is not difficult to see that... / From what has been discussed / mentioned above， we may conclude that... / Taking into account all these factors， we may reach the conclusion that... / Therefore， it is not difficult to draw the conclusion that... / The chart gives us an overall picture of the... / The first thing we notice is the... / This means that as... / We can see from the statistics given that... / The figures also tell us that... / In the column， we can see that... / Judging from these figures， we can draw the conclusion that... / The reason for this， as far as I am concerned is that... / It is high time that we should...

5. 圖畫類寫作模板

（1） 開頭

Look at this picture. / The picture shows that... / From this picture， we can see... / As is shown in the picture... / As is seen in the picture...

（2） 銜接句

As we all know， ... / As is known to all，... / It is well known that... / In my opinion，... / As far as I am concerned，... / This sight reminds me of something in my daily life.

（3） 結(jié)尾句

In conclusion... / In brief... / On the whole... / In short... / In a word... / Generally speaking... / As has been stated...

（作者：吳濤，南京市第三高級中學(xué)）考前練兵考前練兵

3. 議論文模板

（1）正反觀點式議論文模板：

導(dǎo)入：Recently weve had a discussion about whether we should... （導(dǎo)入話題）

Our opinions are divided on this topic into...（觀點有分歧）

正文：Most of the students are in favour of it.（正方觀點）

Here are the reasons. First... Second... Finally...（列出2～3個贊成的理由）

However， the others are strongly against it. （反方觀點）

Their reasons are as follows. In the first place... Whats more... In addition... Besides...（列出2～3個反對的理由）

結(jié)論：Personally speaking， the advantages overweigh the disadvantages， for it will do us more harm than good， so I support it.（個人觀點）

（2）“A或者B”類議論文模板：

導(dǎo)入：Some people hold the opinion that A is superior to B in many ways. Others， however， argue that B is much better. Personally， I would prefer A because I think A has more advantages.

正文：There are many reasons why I prefer A. The main reason is that... Another reason is that... （贊同A的原因）

Of course， B also has advantages to some extent... （列出1～2個B的優(yōu)勢）

結(jié)論：But if all these factors are considered， A is much better than B. From what has been discussed above， we may finally draw the conclusion that... （得出結(jié)論）

（3）觀點論述類議論文模板：

導(dǎo)入：提出一種現(xiàn)象或某個決定作為議論的話題

As a student， I am strongly in favour of the decision. （亮明自己的觀點是贊成還是反對）The reasons for this may be listed as follows. （過渡句，承上啟下）

正文：First of all... Secondly... Besides...（列出2～3個贊成或反對的理由）

結(jié)論：In conclusion， I believe that... （照應(yīng)第1段，構(gòu)成“總—分—總”結(jié)構(gòu)）

4. 圖表作文寫作模板

It can be seen / concluded from the picture / table / figures that... / As is shown in the bar graph （條形圖）， ... / From the changes shown in the charts， we can predict that... / According to the statistics shown in the first / second graph... / From the diagram / chart， we can see / know that... / There are several reasons for the changes. Firstly， ... Secondly， ... / Judging by the figures / statistics， it is not difficult to see that... / From what has been discussed / mentioned above， we may conclude that... / Taking into account all these factors， we may reach the conclusion that... / Therefore， it is not difficult to draw the conclusion that... / The chart gives us an overall picture of the... / The first thing we notice is the... / This means that as... / We can see from the statistics given that... / The figures also tell us that... / In the column， we can see that... / Judging from these figures， we can draw the conclusion that... / The reason for this， as far as I am concerned is that... / It is high time that we should...

5. 圖畫類寫作模板

（1） 開頭

Look at this picture. / The picture shows that... / From this picture， we can see... / As is shown in the picture... / As is seen in the picture...

（2） 銜接句

As we all know， ... / As is known to all，... / It is well known that... / In my opinion，... / As far as I am concerned，... / This sight reminds me of something in my daily life.

（3） 結(jié)尾句

In conclusion... / In brief... / On the whole... / In short... / In a word... / Generally speaking... / As has been stated...

（作者：吳濤，南京市第三高級中學(xué)）考前練兵考前練兵

3. 議論文模板

（1）正反觀點式議論文模板：

導(dǎo)入：Recently weve had a discussion about whether we should... （導(dǎo)入話題）

Our opinions are divided on this topic into...（觀點有分歧）

正文：Most of the students are in favour of it.（正方觀點）

Here are the reasons. First... Second... Finally...（列出2～3個贊成的理由）

However， the others are strongly against it. （反方觀點）

Their reasons are as follows. In the first place... Whats more... In addition... Besides...（列出2～3個反對的理由）

結(jié)論：Personally speaking， the advantages overweigh the disadvantages， for it will do us more harm than good， so I support it.（個人觀點）

（2）“A或者B”類議論文模板：

導(dǎo)入：Some people hold the opinion that A is superior to B in many ways. Others， however， argue that B is much better. Personally， I would prefer A because I think A has more advantages.

正文：There are many reasons why I prefer A. The main reason is that... Another reason is that... （贊同A的原因）

Of course， B also has advantages to some extent... （列出1～2個B的優(yōu)勢）

結(jié)論：But if all these factors are considered， A is much better than B. From what has been discussed above， we may finally draw the conclusion that... （得出結(jié)論）

（3）觀點論述類議論文模板：

導(dǎo)入：提出一種現(xiàn)象或某個決定作為議論的話題

As a student， I am strongly in favour of the decision. （亮明自己的觀點是贊成還是反對）The reasons for this may be listed as follows. （過渡句，承上啟下）

正文：First of all... Secondly... Besides...（列出2～3個贊成或反對的理由）

結(jié)論：In conclusion， I believe that... （照應(yīng)第1段，構(gòu)成“總—分—總”結(jié)構(gòu)）

4. 圖表作文寫作模板

It can be seen / concluded from the picture / table / figures that... / As is shown in the bar graph （條形圖）， ... / From the changes shown in the charts， we can predict that... / According to the statistics shown in the first / second graph... / From the diagram / chart， we can see / know that... / There are several reasons for the changes. Firstly， ... Secondly， ... / Judging by the figures / statistics， it is not difficult to see that... / From what has been discussed / mentioned above， we may conclude that... / Taking into account all these factors， we may reach the conclusion that... / Therefore， it is not difficult to draw the conclusion that... / The chart gives us an overall picture of the... / The first thing we notice is the... / This means that as... / We can see from the statistics given that... / The figures also tell us that... / In the column， we can see that... / Judging from these figures， we can draw the conclusion that... / The reason for this， as far as I am concerned is that... / It is high time that we should...

5. 圖畫類寫作模板

（1） 開頭

Look at this picture. / The picture shows that... / From this picture， we can see... / As is shown in the picture... / As is seen in the picture...

（2） 銜接句

As we all know， ... / As is known to all，... / It is well known that... / In my opinion，... / As far as I am concerned，... / This sight reminds me of something in my daily life.

（3） 結(jié)尾句

In conclusion... / In brief... / On the whole... / In short... / In a word... / Generally speaking... / As has been stated...

（作者：吳濤，南京市第三高級中學(xué)）考前練兵考前練兵