摘要:基于Brent現(xiàn)貨價格以及我國實際GDP增長率的季度數(shù)據(jù),本文利用向量自回歸(VAR)模型構(gòu)建與估計、Granger因果關(guān)系檢驗,以及沖擊響應函數(shù)估計方法檢驗國際原油價格波動與我國宏觀經(jīng)濟增長之間的關(guān)聯(lián)性問題。研究表明:在不同滯后階數(shù)的情況下,Brent現(xiàn)貨價格自身的影響作用發(fā)生了顯著的改變,對我國實際GDP增長率的影響作用也都發(fā)生了顯著改變;在不同滯后階數(shù)的情況下,我國實際GDP增長率對Brent現(xiàn)貨價格的影響作用發(fā)生了顯著改變,Brent現(xiàn)貨價格對我國實際GDP增長率的影響作用也都發(fā)生了顯著改變;在Brent現(xiàn)貨價格與我國實際GDP增長率序列之間存在較為顯著的單向Granger影響關(guān)系,即Brent現(xiàn)貨價格能夠顯著影響我國實際GDP增長率,Brent現(xiàn)貨價格正向沖擊會對我國實際GDP增長率產(chǎn)生顯著影響。
關(guān)鍵詞:國際原油價格;中國實際GDP增長率;向量自回歸模型
中圖分類號:F2240 文獻標識碼:A
收稿日期:2013-07-09
作者簡介:楊波(1979-),男,吉林省吉林人,吉林大學商學院博士研究生,研究方向:數(shù)量經(jīng)濟。
目前,國際原油價格的波動對世界各國的宏觀經(jīng)濟運行產(chǎn)生了不同程度的影響,國際原油價格的波動也對我國宏觀經(jīng)濟穩(wěn)健增長產(chǎn)生了重要影響。基于向量自回歸(VAR)模型構(gòu)建與估計、Granger因果關(guān)系檢驗、沖擊響應函數(shù)估計方法,本文具體檢驗國際原油價格波動與我國宏觀經(jīng)濟增長之間的關(guān)聯(lián)性問題,并提出相應的政策啟示。
一、國際原油價格序列與我國宏觀經(jīng)濟增長率序列的選取和描述
由于中國的國內(nèi)石油價格是在1998年開始才真正實現(xiàn)了與國際市場中原油價格全方位地并軌,自1998年起在國際范圍內(nèi)石油價格的作用機制以及傳導機制的影響之下,國際范圍內(nèi)石油價格的波動特征能夠較為直接地影響到我國國內(nèi)的原油價格和成品油價格。在目前的國際原油交易過程中主要是以WTI、Brent以及Dubi原油價格作為最重要的借鑒和參考基礎(chǔ),有50%左右的原油貿(mào)易又都集中于借鑒和參照Brent原油的具體實際定價,Brent原油價格與WTI以及Dubi原油價格相比較,具有更鮮明的代表性。本文選取1998年第1季度至2013年第1季度區(qū)間范圍內(nèi)的Brent現(xiàn)貨價格的季度數(shù)據(jù),具體度量國際原油價格,通過對Brent現(xiàn)貨價格取自然對數(shù)后,用BRENT表示。本文選取1998年第1季度至2013年第1季度區(qū)間范圍內(nèi)我國實際GDP增長率的季度數(shù)據(jù),具體度量我國宏觀經(jīng)濟增長,用GDP表示。本文所研究的具體數(shù)據(jù)來自于中經(jīng)網(wǎng)(http://db.cei.gov.cn)數(shù)據(jù)庫、銳思(RESSET)金融研究數(shù)據(jù)庫,以及美國能源情報署網(wǎng)站(http://www.eia.doe.gov)。本文在圖1和圖2中給出了Brent現(xiàn)貨價格對數(shù)時間序列圖和我國GDP增長率時間序列圖。
觀察表1中所給出的具體計算結(jié)果,發(fā)現(xiàn)滯后一階的Brent現(xiàn)貨價格對Brent現(xiàn)貨價格自身呈現(xiàn)出一定程度的正向影響,滯后二階的Brent現(xiàn)貨價格對Brent現(xiàn)貨價格自身呈現(xiàn)較弱的負向影響,而滯后三階的Brent現(xiàn)貨價格對Brent現(xiàn)貨價格自身再一次呈現(xiàn)出微弱的正向影響。另外,滯后一階的Brent現(xiàn)貨價格對我國實際GDP增長率呈現(xiàn)出一定程度的正向影響,滯后二階的Brent現(xiàn)貨價格對我國實際GDP增長率呈現(xiàn)更強的負向影響,而滯后三階的Brent現(xiàn)貨價格對我國實際GDP增長率再一次呈現(xiàn)出微弱的正向影響。
觀察表1中所給出的具體計算結(jié)果還能夠發(fā)現(xiàn)滯后一階的我國實際GDP增長率對Brent現(xiàn)貨價格呈現(xiàn)出微弱的負向影響,滯后二階的我國實際GDP增長率對Brent現(xiàn)貨價格呈現(xiàn)出微弱的正向影響,而滯后三階的我國實際GDP增長率對Brent現(xiàn)貨價格自身再一次呈現(xiàn)出微弱的負向影響。滯后一階的我國實際GDP增長率對我國實際GDP增長率自身呈現(xiàn)出一定程度的正向影響,滯后二階的我國實際GDP增長率對我國實際GDP增長率自身呈現(xiàn)出微弱的正向影響,而滯后三階的我國實際GDP增長率對我國實際GDP增長率自身卻呈現(xiàn)出微弱的負向影響。
三、基本結(jié)論及政策啟示
本文基于向量自回歸(VAR)模型構(gòu)建與估計、Granger因果關(guān)系檢驗、沖擊響應函數(shù)估計方法,具體檢驗國際原油價格波動與我國宏觀經(jīng)濟增長之間的關(guān)聯(lián)性問題,最終獲得了如下幾方面的重要結(jié)論:
首先,基于二元向量自回歸(VAR) 模型的實證檢驗結(jié)果,表明Brent現(xiàn)貨價格在滯后一階、二階以及三階的情況下,不僅對Brent現(xiàn)貨價格自身的影響都發(fā)生了顯著的改變,而且對我國實際GDP增長率的影響也都發(fā)生了顯著的改變。此外,我國實際GDP增長率在滯后一階、二階以及三階的情況下,不僅對Brent現(xiàn)貨價格的影響都發(fā)生了顯著的改變,而且對我國實際GDP增長率自身的影響也都發(fā)生了顯著的改變。
其次,基于經(jīng)典Granger因果關(guān)系檢驗方法的實證結(jié)果,表明在95%的顯著性水平下,Brent現(xiàn)貨價格能夠顯著影響我國實際GDP增長率。我們無法獲得支持我國實際GDP增長率能夠顯著影響B(tài)rent現(xiàn)貨價格的可靠證據(jù),即在Brent現(xiàn)貨價格與我國實際GDP增長率序列之間存在較為顯著的單向Granger影響關(guān)系。
最后,基于沖擊反應函數(shù)估計的實證結(jié)果,表明當Brent現(xiàn)貨價格發(fā)生1標準單位正向沖擊以后,我國實際GDP增長率在該沖擊發(fā)生的第1個季度就達到正向反應水平,隨后不斷攀升,并在第2個季度達到正向最大值,該沖擊響應在此之后逐漸緩慢減弱,并自第9個季度起,我國實際GDP增長率的沖擊影響方向發(fā)生改變,即變?yōu)樨撓?。但是,在?個季度至第12個季度的時間范圍內(nèi),我國實際GDP增長率序列對Brent現(xiàn)貨價格的正向沖擊影響的反應一直維持在較低的負向水平。因此,國際原油價格的上升對我國宏觀經(jīng)濟增長所產(chǎn)生的抑制作用并不十分顯著。究其原因,主要是因為我國堅持對國內(nèi)成品油價格進行積極的財政補貼,使得成品油價格長期處于較低的水平。所以,我國在進一步理順成品油價格以及天然氣價格的同時,應積極推動和健全石油價格的改革機制,健全和完善石油期貨市場,以有效阻斷由于國際原油價格的劇烈波動而引發(fā)我國國內(nèi)宏觀經(jīng)濟增長所產(chǎn)生的抑制作用。此外,我國還應該盡快構(gòu)建和完備我國的石油戰(zhàn)略儲備系統(tǒng),通過多種途徑積極吸引民間資本能夠參與我國石油戰(zhàn)略儲備的長期建設(shè);同時,應該不斷放開石油市場,并且應該引入競爭機制作為保障。當然,我國還應該大力推廣有效的節(jié)能技術(shù),并不斷培養(yǎng)節(jié)能意識,真正實現(xiàn)能源的多元化戰(zhàn)略。
參考文獻:
[1] 韓民春,樊琦.國際油價價格波動與我國工業(yè)制成品出口的相關(guān)關(guān)系研究[J].數(shù)量經(jīng)濟技術(shù)經(jīng)濟,2007(2).
[2] 翁非.石油價格沖擊與中國經(jīng)濟增長:基于三變量VAR模型的研究[J].統(tǒng)計與決策,2006(11).
[3] Hamilton, J.D.Oil and the macroeconomy since World War II[J].Journal of Political Economy,1983,91:228-248.
[4] Hamilton, J.D. This is what happened to the oil price?macroeconomy relationship[J].Journal of Monetary Economics,1996,38:215-220.
[5] Hamilton, J. D. What is an oil shock?[J].Journal of Econometrics,2003,113:363-398.
[6] Jiménez-Rodríguez.The impact of oil price shocks: Evidence from the industries of six OECD countries[J].Energy Economics,2008,30:3095-3108.
[7] Rong-Gang Cong, Yi-Ming Wei, Jian-Lin Jiao,Ying Fan, Relationships between oil price shocks and stock market: An empirical analysis from China[J].Energy Policy,2008,36:3544-3553.
[8] Sandrine Lardic, Valerie Mignon, Oil price and economic activity: An asymmetric cointegration approach[J].Energy Economics, 2008, 30:847-855.
[9] Soytas, U., Sari, R.The relationship between energy and production: evidence from the Turkish manufacturing industry[J].Energy Economics, forthcoming,2006.
Abstract:Based on the Brent spot price and quarterly data of real GDP growth rate, this article uses vector auto regression (VAR) model building and estimation, Granger causality test and impulse response function estimation method to test the relationship between international crude oil price volatility and China′s macroeconomic growth. Research shows that: in the case of different lag orders, Brent spot price itself influences the occurrence of a significant change, the influence on China′s real GDP growth rate has also undergone a significant change. In the case of different lag orders, the influence of China′s real GDP growth rate on the Brent spot price has undergone a significant change, Brent spot price influence on China′s real GDP growth has also undergone a significant change; there is a more significant one-way Granger causality relationship between the Brent spot price time series and real GDP growth rate sequence, namely, Brent spot price can significantly affect our real GDP growth rate,and Brent spot price positive impact has significant effects on China′s real GDP growth rate.
Key words: international crude oil price;China′s real GDP growth rate; vector autoregressive model
(責任編輯:關(guān)立新)
參考文獻:
[1] 韓民春,樊琦.國際油價價格波動與我國工業(yè)制成品出口的相關(guān)關(guān)系研究[J].數(shù)量經(jīng)濟技術(shù)經(jīng)濟,2007(2).
[2] 翁非.石油價格沖擊與中國經(jīng)濟增長:基于三變量VAR模型的研究[J].統(tǒng)計與決策,2006(11).
[3] Hamilton, J.D.Oil and the macroeconomy since World War II[J].Journal of Political Economy,1983,91:228-248.
[4] Hamilton, J.D. This is what happened to the oil price?macroeconomy relationship[J].Journal of Monetary Economics,1996,38:215-220.
[5] Hamilton, J. D. What is an oil shock?[J].Journal of Econometrics,2003,113:363-398.
[6] Jiménez-Rodríguez.The impact of oil price shocks: Evidence from the industries of six OECD countries[J].Energy Economics,2008,30:3095-3108.
[7] Rong-Gang Cong, Yi-Ming Wei, Jian-Lin Jiao,Ying Fan, Relationships between oil price shocks and stock market: An empirical analysis from China[J].Energy Policy,2008,36:3544-3553.
[8] Sandrine Lardic, Valerie Mignon, Oil price and economic activity: An asymmetric cointegration approach[J].Energy Economics, 2008, 30:847-855.
[9] Soytas, U., Sari, R.The relationship between energy and production: evidence from the Turkish manufacturing industry[J].Energy Economics, forthcoming,2006.
Abstract:Based on the Brent spot price and quarterly data of real GDP growth rate, this article uses vector auto regression (VAR) model building and estimation, Granger causality test and impulse response function estimation method to test the relationship between international crude oil price volatility and China′s macroeconomic growth. Research shows that: in the case of different lag orders, Brent spot price itself influences the occurrence of a significant change, the influence on China′s real GDP growth rate has also undergone a significant change. In the case of different lag orders, the influence of China′s real GDP growth rate on the Brent spot price has undergone a significant change, Brent spot price influence on China′s real GDP growth has also undergone a significant change; there is a more significant one-way Granger causality relationship between the Brent spot price time series and real GDP growth rate sequence, namely, Brent spot price can significantly affect our real GDP growth rate,and Brent spot price positive impact has significant effects on China′s real GDP growth rate.
Key words: international crude oil price;China′s real GDP growth rate; vector autoregressive model
(責任編輯:關(guān)立新)
參考文獻:
[1] 韓民春,樊琦.國際油價價格波動與我國工業(yè)制成品出口的相關(guān)關(guān)系研究[J].數(shù)量經(jīng)濟技術(shù)經(jīng)濟,2007(2).
[2] 翁非.石油價格沖擊與中國經(jīng)濟增長:基于三變量VAR模型的研究[J].統(tǒng)計與決策,2006(11).
[3] Hamilton, J.D.Oil and the macroeconomy since World War II[J].Journal of Political Economy,1983,91:228-248.
[4] Hamilton, J.D. This is what happened to the oil price?macroeconomy relationship[J].Journal of Monetary Economics,1996,38:215-220.
[5] Hamilton, J. D. What is an oil shock?[J].Journal of Econometrics,2003,113:363-398.
[6] Jiménez-Rodríguez.The impact of oil price shocks: Evidence from the industries of six OECD countries[J].Energy Economics,2008,30:3095-3108.
[7] Rong-Gang Cong, Yi-Ming Wei, Jian-Lin Jiao,Ying Fan, Relationships between oil price shocks and stock market: An empirical analysis from China[J].Energy Policy,2008,36:3544-3553.
[8] Sandrine Lardic, Valerie Mignon, Oil price and economic activity: An asymmetric cointegration approach[J].Energy Economics, 2008, 30:847-855.
[9] Soytas, U., Sari, R.The relationship between energy and production: evidence from the Turkish manufacturing industry[J].Energy Economics, forthcoming,2006.
Abstract:Based on the Brent spot price and quarterly data of real GDP growth rate, this article uses vector auto regression (VAR) model building and estimation, Granger causality test and impulse response function estimation method to test the relationship between international crude oil price volatility and China′s macroeconomic growth. Research shows that: in the case of different lag orders, Brent spot price itself influences the occurrence of a significant change, the influence on China′s real GDP growth rate has also undergone a significant change. In the case of different lag orders, the influence of China′s real GDP growth rate on the Brent spot price has undergone a significant change, Brent spot price influence on China′s real GDP growth has also undergone a significant change; there is a more significant one-way Granger causality relationship between the Brent spot price time series and real GDP growth rate sequence, namely, Brent spot price can significantly affect our real GDP growth rate,and Brent spot price positive impact has significant effects on China′s real GDP growth rate.
Key words: international crude oil price;China′s real GDP growth rate; vector autoregressive model
(責任編輯:關(guān)立新)