吳 迪
(首都醫(yī)科大學潞河教學醫(yī)院麻醉科,北京101149)
異丙酚靜脈靶控輸注時事件相關電位的變化
吳 迪
(首都醫(yī)科大學潞河教學醫(yī)院麻醉科,北京101149)
目的 研究異丙酚靜脈靶控輸注時事件相關電位變化規(guī)律。方法 13名志愿者加入本研究。異丙酚靜脈靶控輸注初始效應室靶濃度設定為0.6μg/ml,后以0.3μg/ml遞增,達到預設濃度后行OAA/S評分,記錄N1、N2、P3波幅峰值和潛伏期值。結果 OAA/S評分3分時,N1波幅變淺(P<0.01),潛伏期延長(P<0.05);N2波幅加深(P<0.01),潛伏期延長(P<0.01);P3波峰降低(P<0.01),潛伏期延長(P<0.01)。OAA/S評分2分時,N1波峰值和潛伏期數(shù)值與3分時比較無顯著性差異;N2潛伏期與3分時比較有顯著性差異(P<0.05);P3波消失。結論 P3存在可以作為監(jiān)測麻醉期間意識恢復的指標。意識消失后,中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)仍可接受外界刺激信息,但處理信息速度減慢,認知功能受損。
事件相關電位;靜脈靶控輸注;OAA/S評分;異丙酚
(Chin J Lab Diagn,2014,18:1165)
麻醉中知曉是指病人對麻醉手術過程中所發(fā)生事件的回憶,其發(fā)生率因手術種類不同有所不同[14]。全麻下發(fā)生知曉的原因和機制尚不清楚,從神經(jīng)電生理角度看,知曉發(fā)生時必定伴隨腦電圖或腦誘發(fā)電位的改變。
晚潛伏期聽覺誘發(fā)電位(LLAEP),也稱事件相關電位(Event-related Potentials,ERPs),是聽覺誘發(fā)電位的晚期成分,其N1為外源性成分,N2、P3為內源性成分,有學者[5]認為與術中意識恢復、記憶有關,本研究擬通過觀察異丙酚靜脈靶控輸注麻醉過程中ERPs變化規(guī)律,探討不同麻醉深度下認知功能的變化。
1.1 研究對象 ASAⅠ-Ⅱ級健康青年志愿者13人,平均年齡30.5歲(±3.1),身高171cm(± 4.1),體重72.7kg(±6.9)。無心肺及神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾患,無濫用藥物及嗜酒史,近期沒有應用影響中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)功能藥物,雙耳聽力正常。
1.2 改良的OAA/S評分標準 5分:對正常呼名反應迅速;4分:對正常呼名反應遲鈍;3分:對大聲呼喚有反應;2分:對大聲呼喚無反應,睫毛反射消失;1分:僅對擠壓三角肌有反應;0分:對擠壓三角肌無反應。
1.3 儀器 事件相關電位檢查儀:DAVINCITM系列腦誘發(fā)電位儀(美國Medcare公司,軟件版本1.02);耳機:CosonicMDR-CD850型耳機;電極:氯化銀盤狀電極;靜脈靶控輸注泵:Graseby3500靜脈輸注泵(Marsh參數(shù));生命體征監(jiān)測:多功能生命體征監(jiān)測儀(HP公司);異丙酚:Astra-Zeneca公司(50ml);試驗環(huán)境:屏蔽、恒溫、半暗、安靜。
1.4 方法 向志愿者詳細講明本研究的研究目的、方法步驟、試驗過程中的注意事項,簽署知情同意書。試驗前一天洗澡,保證充足睡眠,當天早晨禁飲禁食,排空二便。試驗步驟:①試驗皆在上午8點開始。志愿者入室后開放靜脈補液,監(jiān)測無創(chuàng)血壓、心電圖、脈搏血氧飽和度,常規(guī)經(jīng)面罩吸氧(氧流量3 L/min),維持呼吸及循環(huán)穩(wěn)定。②志愿者平臥,全身放松,閉目,預演聽覺刺激(Oddball模式),練習計數(shù)。平靜10分鐘,測定基礎對照值,包括事件相關電位(N1、N2、P3)各波幅峰值及潛伏期,被試者的血壓、心率和血氧飽和度數(shù)值。③異丙酚靜脈靶控輸注初始效應室靶濃度設定為0.6μg/ml,達到預設濃度后10分鐘進行OAA/S評分,測定、記錄N1、N2、P3波幅峰值和潛伏期值。完成每一步驟后,異丙酚效應室靶濃度以0.3μg/ml遞增,重復以上試驗步驟。④選擇OAA/S評分3分、2分兩個時點N1、N2、P3波幅峰值及潛伏期數(shù)值。
1.5 統(tǒng)計學處理 應用SPSS11.0軟件進行統(tǒng)計學處理。采用方差分析比較OAA/S評分為5分、3分、2分時N1、N2、P3波幅峰值和潛伏期、血壓、心率、血氧飽和度有無顯著性差異。P<0.05認為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
2.1 當OAA/S評分為3分和2分時,志愿者血壓與基礎值比較明顯降低(P<0.01),但仍在正常范圍內(降低數(shù)值均未超過對照值20%),無一例志愿者需要應用升壓藥物。試驗過程中志愿者心率、血氧飽和度沒有明顯變化(P>0.05),見表1。
表1 志愿者血壓、心率、血氧飽和度的變化(ˉx±s,n=13)
2.2 隨著異丙酚效應室濃度加深,事件相關電位各波變化表現(xiàn)如下:與基礎值比較,OAA/S評分為3分時,N1潛伏期延長(P<0.05),波幅變淺(P<0.01);N2波幅加深(P<0.01),潛伏期延長(P<0.01);P3波峰降低(P<0.01),潛伏期延長(P<0.01)。
OAA/S評分為2分時,N1波與OAA/S評分3分時比較峰值變淺,潛伏期延長,但無統(tǒng)計學顯著性差異(P>0.05);N2波峰加深,與3分時比較無顯著性差異(P>0.05);N2潛伏期進一步延長,與3分時比較有顯著性差異(P<0.05);OAA/S評分為2分時P3波消失。見表2。
表2 事件相關電位各波變化趨勢(ˉx±s,n=13)
神經(jīng)電生理研究認為ERPs波幅潛伏期代表大腦對外界刺激的反應速度,而波幅峰值反應大腦加工、處理外界刺激信息數(shù)量。在選擇性注意過程中N1、N2、P3具有重要意義,N1屬于外源性成分,表示刺激定勢,代表大腦對感覺傳入刺激的早期分辨加工過程,與機體注意程度有關[6],Van Hooff[5]認為N1是術中知曉發(fā)生的必要條件。N2、P3屬于內源性成分,與復雜的認知過程有關,反應感覺、記憶、理解、判斷和推理等心理過程,代表大腦皮層高級活動功能。N2為皮層近場電位,是認知過程的前期表現(xiàn)即識別加工信息的準備期,反應機體警覺注意狀態(tài)[7,8]。N2、P3波潛伏期提示大腦在識別刺激中對時間進行編碼、分類、識別的速度,客觀反映大腦認知和判斷功能等高級思維活動;P3波幅高低取決于接受信息的量和注意程度的變化。P3存在的意義表示反應定勢,代表大腦對所感知信息進行編碼、分類、識別、加工的后續(xù)階段,與記憶形成有關[9]。
本試驗結果證實,隨著麻醉深度加深,OAA/S評分降至3分時,ERPs波形形態(tài)表現(xiàn)為N1、N2、P3潛伏期延長,N1波幅逐漸變淺,P3波幅降低,與文獻結果一致[10,11]。N1、N2、P3存在說明刺激通過感覺傳導通路傳遞至大腦皮層并被有意識的識別加工,其潛伏期延長反應機體警覺水平降低,對外界聽覺刺激信息反應和加工速度減慢,N1、P3波幅降低,預示大腦對聽覺刺激注意程度降低,對刺激反應準確率下降,提示P3波形的變化反應了大腦皮層功能抑制水平[12,13]。
OAA/S評分為2分時,志愿者對言語命令無反應,意識消失,ERPs表現(xiàn)為P3波形消失,N1、N2波存在[14],說明意識消失后聽覺刺激信息仍可以經(jīng)感覺傳導通路傳至大腦皮層并被感知,但大腦皮層喪失了對聽覺信息有意識進行注意、推理判斷等加工處理的能力[12-16],其記憶受損[17]。與本試驗結果相反,有報道異丙酚麻醉下N1波消失[18,19],其原因分析可能為是否有手術刺激、異丙酚給藥途徑及麻醉深度有關。由試驗結果我們認為可通過監(jiān)測麻醉狀態(tài)下P3波了解手術患者是否存有意識恢復,P3存在可作為麻醉狀態(tài)下意識恢復的有用指標。至于N1、N2波與意識消失、恢復之間的關系,尚需進一步研究證實。
綜上所述,本研究得出結論如下:①P3波存在可以作為監(jiān)測麻醉期間意識恢復的指標。②隨著麻醉深度增加,ERPs波幅降低,潛伏期延長,反映大腦對信息的處理速度減慢,處理信息量減少。③意識消失后N1、N2波形存在,說明聽覺信息仍可通過感覺傳入通道傳至大腦皮層,但大腦皮層不能對信息進行有意識地加工處理。
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The changing manner of ERPs with target-controlled infusion of propofol
WU Di.
(Department of Anesthesiology,Lu-He Teaching Hospital,Capital Medical University,Tongzhou District,Beijing101149,China)
Objective To study the changing manner of event-related potentials with target-controlled infusion of propofol.Methods Thirteen volunteers were involved in this study.Anesthesia was maintained with target-controlled infusion of propofol.The initial Ce of propofol was 0.6μg/ml,and increased by 0.3μg/ml stepwise until consciousness was lost.At each stage,an OAA/S score was evaluated,N1,N2,P3was recorded.Results At an OAA/S score of 3,compared with that of baseline,the amplitude of N1attenuated(P<0.01),the latency of N1prolonged(P<0.05);the amplitude of N2deepened(P<0.01),the latency of N2prolonged(P<0.01);the amplitude of P3was suppressed(P<0.01)and the latency of P3prolonged(P<0.01).There was no different between the values of N1measured at the stage of OAA/S score of 3and 2;and there was a significantly difference between the values of N2latency measured at OAA/S score of 2and 3(P<0.05).At an OAA/S score of 2,P3disappeared.Conclusion P3may be a useful predictor for the recovery of consciousness.When the consciousness was lost,the central nerves system(CNS)receives information from the environment yet,but the processing procedure is delayed,the cognitive function is impaired.
Event-relared Potentials(ERPs);Target-controlled Infusion(TCI);OAA/S score;Propofol
R614.2
A
2013-07-27)
1007-4287(2014)07-1165-03